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Articles 541 - 570 of 615
Full-Text Articles in Economics
Moonlighting In The United States, Jean Kimmel
Moonlighting In The United States, Jean Kimmel
Employment Research Newsletter
No abstract provided.
Assisting Workers Displaced By Structural Change: An International Perspective, Duane E. Leigh
Assisting Workers Displaced By Structural Change: An International Perspective, Duane E. Leigh
Upjohn Press
Leigh begins by providing a summary of the evolution of labor market programs in seven industrialized countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. He points out that a number of these nations are dealing with long-term unemployment by linking unemployment insurance benefits to participation in labor market programs, and that this is a requirement U.S. policy makers should examine closely. Leigh also performs informal cross-country evaluations of these countries' programs,focusing on policies he feels merit attention. A three-level active labor market program is then proposed for the U.S.
Pension Incentives And Job Mobility, Alan L. Gustman, Thomas L. Steinmeier
Pension Incentives And Job Mobility, Alan L. Gustman, Thomas L. Steinmeier
Upjohn Press
Using models developed for this study which incorporate an array of behaviors generally omitted from conventional models relating backloading to turnover, Gustman and Steinmeier find that backloading plays only a slight role in explaining mobility differences associated with pension coverage. They propose that higher wages often paid at pension-covered jobs play a greater role in reducing mobility than do pensions.
Pathways To Change: Case Studies Of Strategic Negotiations, Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Robert B. Mckersie, Richard E. Walton
Pathways To Change: Case Studies Of Strategic Negotiations, Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Robert B. Mckersie, Richard E. Walton
Upjohn Press
The authors identify and analyze the strategies for change and techniques most often used in today's labor negotiations. Nearly gone, they say, is the traditional "arms length" approach used by negotiators in the past. Instead, modern collective bargaining is characterized mainly by divergent strategies the authors characterize as either "forcing" (highly contentious) or "fostering" (highly cooperative). A dozen detailed case studies from a variety of industries are presented that show when, why and how these strategies are used, by whom, and to what result. These cases clearly demonstrate the use of both forcing and fostering strategies, as well as their …
Private Pension Policies In Industrialized Countries: A Comparative Analysis, John A. Turner, Noriyasu Watanabe
Private Pension Policies In Industrialized Countries: A Comparative Analysis, John A. Turner, Noriyasu Watanabe
Upjohn Press
In this comprehensive review of private pension systems in effect world-wide, Turner and Watanabe discuss the fundamental issues facing nations as they adopt and expand private pension systems. Specific policies in effect in several private pension systems are analyzed including those in nations dominating world pension assets (Japan, Germany, the U.K., and the U.S.), as is the country whose system is widely regarded as the model for developing nations, Chile. Turner and Watanabe also provide a compendium on the worldwide trends influencing pension systems and their implications for pension policy.
Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury
Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury
Book Chapters
No abstract provided.
Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury
Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
An array of innovative policies has been suggested to address more effectively the needs of dislocated workers. In this paper, we model and simulate the impacts of a wage-rate subsidy (or salary supplement) program in which a dislocated worker who becomes reemployed would receive a payment equal to one-half the difference between the wage previously earned and the wage currently earned. The simulations are based on a search model that is institutionally rich and that provides estimates of the impacts of a wage subsidy by incorporating empirical results from the reemployment bonus experiments that were conducted in the mid- to …
A Review Of Retirement Income Policy Models, Kevin Hollenbeck
A Review Of Retirement Income Policy Models, Kevin Hollenbeck
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Public policymakers and program administrators often face decisions that impact the retirement incomes of individuals. An important question that these decision-makers may wish to address concerns the distributional impacts of the programmatic changes under consideration. Who (what population groups) would gain income and how much? Who would be unaffected? Who would lose and by how much? The question that this paper investigates is the extent to which computer models and associated policy analysis capability are available to provide decision makers with this kind of information. Specifically, the paper reviews a class of models that may be designated as retirement income …
Who Moonlights And Why? Evidence From The Sipp, Jean Kimmel, Karen Smith Conway
Who Moonlights And Why? Evidence From The Sipp, Jean Kimmel, Karen Smith Conway
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Multiple job-holding is a significant characteristic of the labor market, with approximately 6 percent of all employed males reporting a second job in 1993 (Mishel and Bernstein, 1995, p. 226). Moonlighting reflects growing financial stress arising from declining earnings, as well as an increased need for flexibility to combine work and family. Approximately 40 percent of moonlighters report taking the second job due to economic hardship. Additionally, moonlighting is a reflection of the worker's choice to pursue entrepreneurial activities while maintaining the financial stability offered by the primary job. To restate in economic terminology, moonlighting arises from at least two …
Job Security V. Labor Market Flexibility: Is There A Tradeoff?, Susan N. Houseman
Job Security V. Labor Market Flexibility: Is There A Tradeoff?, Susan N. Houseman
Employment Research Newsletter
No abstract provided.
Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study Of Germany And The United States, Susan N. Houseman, Katharine G. Abraham
Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study Of Germany And The United States, Susan N. Houseman, Katharine G. Abraham
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Like most Western European countries, Germany stringently regulates dismissals and layoffs. Critics contend that this regulation raises the costs of employment adjustment and hence impedes employers' ability to respond to fluctuations in demand. Other German labor policies, however, most especially the availability of unemployment insurance benefits for those on short time, facilitate the adjustment of average hours per worker in lieu of layoffs. Building on earlier work, we compare the adjustment of employment, hours and inventories to demand shocks in the German and U.S. manufacturing sectors. We find that, in the short run, whereas U.S. employers rely principally on the …
Human Capital And Economic Development, Sisay Asefa Editor, Wei-Chiao Huang Editor
Human Capital And Economic Development, Sisay Asefa Editor, Wei-Chiao Huang Editor
Upjohn Press
Six essays are presented that explore human capital and its relationship to issues such as demographics, population growth, families, workplace training and economic progress.
Earnings Inequality In Germany, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman
Earnings Inequality In Germany, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Recent studies have documented the growth of earnings inequality in the United States during the 1980s. In contrast to these studies' findings, our analysis of micro data for the former West Germany yields virtually no evidence of growth in earnings inequality over the same period. Between 1978 and 1988, a reduction in the dispersion of earnings among workers in the bottom half of the earnings distribution led to a narrowing of the overall dispersion of earnings in Germany. Earnings differentials across education and age groups remained roughly stable, and there was no general widening of earnings differentials within either education …
Culture, Human Capital, And The Earnings Of West Indian Blacks, Stephen A. Woodbury
Culture, Human Capital, And The Earnings Of West Indian Blacks, Stephen A. Woodbury
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
This paper offers an empirical analysis of West Indians' performance in the U.S. labor market, drawing adjusted comparisons between the earnings of native-born black American men of West Indian ancestry and the earnings of other native-born men, both black and white. The data required for these comparisons come from the 1980 Census of Population, in which native-born respondents reported their ancestry. The results offer a mixed picture of the success of West Indians, suggesting that native-born blacks of West Indian ancestry do have somewhat higher earnings than other native-born blacks, other things equal. Nevertheless, there is still a large earnings …
A Net Impact Analysis Of Adult, Job-Specific Training Programs Funded By The Ohio Department Of Education, Kevin Hollenbeck, William Anderson
A Net Impact Analysis Of Adult, Job-Specific Training Programs Funded By The Ohio Department Of Education, Kevin Hollenbeck, William Anderson
Upjohn Institute Technical Reports
No abstract provided.
The Intertemporal-Substitution Hypothesis Is Alive And Well (But Hiding In The Data), Jean Kimmel, Thomas J. Kniesner
The Intertemporal-Substitution Hypothesis Is Alive And Well (But Hiding In The Data), Jean Kimmel, Thomas J. Kniesner
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
According to the intertemporal-substitution hypothesis, which underlies the typical empirical real business cycle model, cyclical fluctuations in employment and hours of work are optimizing labor-supply responses to short-run aggregate demand shifts. We demonstrate that previous empirical labor-supply research has used inappropriate data to test the intertemporal-substitution hypothesis. We estimate a fixed-effects life-cycle labor-supply model with more informative data, the triennial micro data of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. We find economy-wide wage elasticities of employment and hours worked per employee of +1.55 and +0.51, which support the intertemporal-substitution hypothesis and give econometric credibility to the labor-market specification of …
Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility?: Lessons From Germany, France And Belgium, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman
Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility?: Lessons From Germany, France And Belgium, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Laws in most West European countries give workers strong job rights, including the right to advance notice of layoff and the right to severance pay or other compensation if laid off. Many of these same countries also encourage hours adjustment in lieu of layoffs by providing prorated unemployment compensation to workers on reduced hours. This paper compares the adjustment of manufacturing employment and hours in West Germany, France and Belgium, three countries with strong job security regulations and well-established short-time compensation systems, with that in the United States. Although the adjustment of employment to changes in output is much slower …
Profit Sharing: Does It Make A Difference?: The Productivity And Stability Effects Of Employee Profit-Sharing Plans, Douglas L. Kruse
Profit Sharing: Does It Make A Difference?: The Productivity And Stability Effects Of Employee Profit-Sharing Plans, Douglas L. Kruse
Upjohn Press
Kruse details the reasons profit sharing plans are implemented and the systemic factors within firms, particularly in relation to unions, that influence whether or not they are successful. Presented is evidence based on a unique database developed from 500 public U.S. firms - matched to firm performance over the period of 1979-1991 - on the two central theories related to profit sharing: 1) The Productivity Theory, and 2) the Stability Theory
Economic Restructuring And Emerging Patterns Of Industrial Relations, Stephen R. Sleigh Editor
Economic Restructuring And Emerging Patterns Of Industrial Relations, Stephen R. Sleigh Editor
Upjohn Press
This book's essays analyze innovative responses by unions, corporations and governments to job loss caused by economic restructuring, drawing on examples from Western Europe and the U.S.
The Costs Of Worker Dislocation, Louis S. Jacobson, Robert J. Lalonde, Daniel G. Sullivan
The Costs Of Worker Dislocation, Louis S. Jacobson, Robert J. Lalonde, Daniel G. Sullivan
Upjohn Press
The authors use findings from this study, in conjunction with their comprehensive interpretation of existing worker dislocation literature, to develop policy recommendations concerning prevailing and potential assistance programs. They conclude by proposing that any new policies designed to compensate dislocated workers should target those suffering the greatest losses while providing incentives to take new jobs - even if lower paying - as soon as possible. Programs which allow dislocated workers to receive compensation after regaining employment (modified earnings subsidies) are promoted as practical and financially feasible.
Pension Policy For A Mobile Labor Force, John A. Turner, Tabitha A. Doescher, Phyllis A. Fernandez
Pension Policy For A Mobile Labor Force, John A. Turner, Tabitha A. Doescher, Phyllis A. Fernandez
Upjohn Press
Employers often create a conflict between job mobility and retirement security when they deny future pension benefits to workers who quit a job before reaching retirement age. Unfortunately, this deterrent to job-changing inhibits the labor market's ability to adjust. It also means workers may be unprepared financially upon retirement. Turner describes why pension losses are such a significant problem and presents empirical evidence as to the number of workers affected and the amount of losses they incur. He also probes pension portability policy options and looks at portability options in effect in Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
Child Care And The Employment Behavior Of Single And Married Mothers, Jean Kimmel
Child Care And The Employment Behavior Of Single And Married Mothers, Jean Kimmel
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
This paper examines the relationship between the cost of child care and the employment behavior of married and single mothers. The data used in this paper are from the 1987 SIPP, the first SIPP panel to utilize an improved probing of child care usage and expenditures. A primary contribution of this paper stems from the use of these improved child care data. A second contribution is to provide a clear comparison between single mothers and married mothers. A third contribution of this paper is its detailed discussion of participation elasticities, with a comparison of elasticities derived from different measures of …
Moonlighting Behavior: Theory And Evidence, Karen Smith Conway, Jean Kimmel
Moonlighting Behavior: Theory And Evidence, Karen Smith Conway, Jean Kimmel
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
Two labor supply issues that have received substantial attention are the responsiveness of labor supply to wage changes and the imposition of labor supply constraints. Adjusting hours worked on a second job may be the practical and perhaps only available response to either event yet, most labor supply studies only examine behavior on the primary job. Examining the motives for moonlighting provides evidence on both the wage-responsiveness of labor supply in general and the existence and consequences of labor supply constraints.
Earnings Losses Of Displaced Workers, Louis S. Jacobson, Robert J. Lalonde, Daniel G. Sullivan
Earnings Losses Of Displaced Workers, Louis S. Jacobson, Robert J. Lalonde, Daniel G. Sullivan
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
The 1990-1991 recession has intensified concerns about the consequences of workers' job losses. To estimate the magnitude and temporal pattern of displaced workers' earnings losses, we exploit an unusual administrative data set that includes both employees' quarterly earnings histories and information about their firms. We find that when high-tenure workers separate from distressed firms their long-term losses average 25 percent per year. Further, their losses mount even prior to separation, are not limited to workers in a few industrial sectors, and are substantial even for those who find new jobs in similar firms. This evidence suggests that displaced workers' earnings …
Banking The Furnace: Restructuring Of The Steel Industry In Eight Countries, Trevor Bain
Banking The Furnace: Restructuring Of The Steel Industry In Eight Countries, Trevor Bain
Upjohn Press
Trevor Bain explores the industry restructurings that occurred in eight major steel-producing countries, including the U.S., Germany and Japan. He begins by categorizing each country as having either an adversarial or a cooperative industrial relations system, and then analyzes the differences in implementation strategies. He also determines who - employers, employees, or government - bore the cost of these adjustments and which industrial relations systems were more efficient in restructuring.
Improving Access To Health Care: What Can The States Do?, John Henry Goddeeris Editor, Andrew J. Hogan Editor
Improving Access To Health Care: What Can The States Do?, John Henry Goddeeris Editor, Andrew J. Hogan Editor
Upjohn Press
Health care cost increases may seem under control but the issue of access remains a serious problem. This text features a dozen essays addressing that issue from the states' perspective.
Wage And Employment Adjustment In Local Labor Markets, Randall W. Eberts, Joe Allan Stone
Wage And Employment Adjustment In Local Labor Markets, Randall W. Eberts, Joe Allan Stone
Upjohn Press
Eberts and Stone have created dynamic models of labor supply and demand behavior for metropolitan labor markets. They use these models to simulate wage, employment, and personal income responses to local economic change, including changes brought about by governmental policy.
Wage Flexibility And Unemployment Dynamics In Regional Labor Markets, Thomas Hyclak, Geraint Johnes
Wage Flexibility And Unemployment Dynamics In Regional Labor Markets, Thomas Hyclak, Geraint Johnes
Upjohn Press
Hyclak and Johnes explore the extent to which wage rigidity differs across regional labor markets in the U.S. and how it affects the unemployment response to shifts in regional aggregate demand. They also look at the determinants of differences in wage rigidity across regional labor markets.
Congressional Testimony On The Effectiveness Of Trade Adjustment Assistance And Suggestions For Improving The Program, Louis S. Jacobson
Congressional Testimony On The Effectiveness Of Trade Adjustment Assistance And Suggestions For Improving The Program, Louis S. Jacobson
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
In this testimony, I will sketch key findings from research that I conducted with others, bearing on the justification and effectiveness of trade adjustment assistance. Most economists agree that protecting workers from the negative consequences of the North American Free Trade Agreement is appropriate, since we believe that a measure is unambiguously good only when some benefit, but no one is hurt. Thus, my central policy conclusion is that the combination of UI and TAA does a good job in protecting the majority of trade impacted workers. But available funds would be better spent by helping dislocated workers find jobs, …
The Effects Of Metropolitan Job Growth On The Size Distribution Of Family Income, Timothy J. Bartik
The Effects Of Metropolitan Job Growth On The Size Distribution Of Family Income, Timothy J. Bartik
Upjohn Institute Working Papers
This paper examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution. The research uses annual Current Population Survey data on the income distribution in different metropolitan areas from 1979 through 1988. Faster metropolitan job growth increases real family income in the lowest income quintile by a significantly greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan job growth also increases the value of property owned by upper income quintiles, but property value effects are not large enough to offset the progressive effects of growth on labor income. Simulations indicate that economic development programs to increase metropolitan job growth will …