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W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

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Articles 421 - 450 of 1455

Full-Text Articles in Economics

Individual Training Accounts And Nonstandard Work Arrangements, Randall W. Eberts Aug 2019

Individual Training Accounts And Nonstandard Work Arrangements, Randall W. Eberts

Upjohn Institute Technical Reports

This paper was commissioned by the Organisation for Economic and Co-operative Development (OECD) to describe the use of Individual Training Accounts (ITAs) under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and under its predecessor the Workforce Investment Act (WIA). Particular interest is in the use of ITAs by WIOA participants from nonstandard work arrangements. The study provides detailed information about the use of ITAs by participants of the two adult programs under WIOA, Disadvantaged Adult Programs and Dislocated Worker Programs, and in two states, Michigan and Washington. Information for the WIOA programs is gathered and analyzed from the public-use version of …


Computerization Of White Collar Jobs, Marcus Dillender, Eliza C. Forsythe Aug 2019

Computerization Of White Collar Jobs, Marcus Dillender, Eliza C. Forsythe

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

We investigate the impact of computerization of white-collar jobs on wages and employment. Using online job postings from 2007 and 2010-2016 for office and administrative support (OAS) jobs, we show that when firms adopt new software at the job-title level they increase the skills required of job applicants. Furthermore, firms change the task content of such jobs, broadening them to include tasks associated with higher-skill office functions. We aggregate these patterns to the local labor-market level, instrumenting for technology adoption with national measures. We find that a 1 standard deviation increase in OAS technology usages reduces employment in OAS occupations …


Should Place-Based Jobs Policies Be Used To Help Distressed Communities?, Timothy J. Bartik Aug 2019

Should Place-Based Jobs Policies Be Used To Help Distressed Communities?, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Should policymakers seek to increase jobs in particular local labor markets? Yes, but only if these policies are well targeted and designed. Encouraging job growth in distressed places can cause persistent gains in employment-to-population ratios. But our current place-based jobs policies, under which state and local governments provide long-term tax incentives to megacorporations, are poorly targeted and designed. Such incentives are as large in nondistressed areas as in distressed areas, and they are excessively costly. What reforms are needed? First, job growth policies should target distressed areas. Second, tax incentives should be focused on high-multiplier businesses, such as high-tech firms. …


Bias And Productivity In Humans And Machines, Bo Cowgill Aug 2019

Bias And Productivity In Humans And Machines, Bo Cowgill

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Where should better learning technology (such as machine learning or AI) improve decisions? I develop a model of decision-making in which better learning technology is complementary with experimentation. Noisy, inconsistent decision-making introduces quasi-experimental variation into training datasets, which complements learning. The model makes heterogeneous predictions about when machine learning algorithms can improve human biases. These algorithms can remove human biases exhibited in historical training data, but only if the human training decisions are sufficiently noisy; otherwise, the algorithms will codify or exacerbate existing biases. Algorithms need only a small amount of noise to correct biases that cause large productivity distortions. …


Does The Healthcare Educational Market Respond To Short-Run Local Demand?, Marcus Dillender, Andrew Friedson, Cong Gian, Kosali Simon Aug 2019

Does The Healthcare Educational Market Respond To Short-Run Local Demand?, Marcus Dillender, Andrew Friedson, Cong Gian, Kosali Simon

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) increased demand for healthcare across the U.S., but it is unclear if or how the supply side has responded to meet this demand. In this paper, we take advantage of plausibly exogenous geographical heterogeneity in the ACA in order to examine the response of the healthcare education sector to increased demand for healthcare services. We look across educational fields, types of degrees, and types of institutions; we pay particular attention to settings where our conceptual model predicts heightened responses. We find no statistically significant evidence of increases in graduates and can rule …


Do Rent Increases Reduce The Housing Supply Under Rent Control? Evidence From Evictions In San Francisco, Brian Asquith Aug 2019

Do Rent Increases Reduce The Housing Supply Under Rent Control? Evidence From Evictions In San Francisco, Brian Asquith

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Rent control balances strong tenant protections with supply-side incentives for landlords. However, cities with rent control are also some of the United States' most unaffordable, prompting questions about how well these incentives are working. I examine how controlled landlords change their housing supply in response to price increases using a well-identified hyperlocal demand shock the privately operated commuter shuttle systems in San Francisco. Controlled landlords increased market withdrawal filings and became less likely to create vacancies via evictions in response to a shuttle stop placement. Policies raising barriers to market withdrawals prompted controlled landlords to respond my increasing their at-fault …


Costs And Benefits Of A Revised Foxconn Project, Timothy J. Bartik Jul 2019

Costs And Benefits Of A Revised Foxconn Project, Timothy J. Bartik

Reports

No abstract provided.


Should We Target Jobs At Distressed Places, And If So, How?, Timothy J. Bartik Jul 2019

Should We Target Jobs At Distressed Places, And If So, How?, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast Jul 2019

The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Medical Innovation And The Employment Of Cancer Patients, R. Vincent Pohl Jul 2019

Medical Innovation And The Employment Of Cancer Patients, R. Vincent Pohl

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast Jul 2019

The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast Jul 2019

The Effect Of New Market-Rate Housing Construction On The Low-Income Housing Market, Evan Mast

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Increasing supply is frequently proposed as a solution to rising housing costs. However, there is little evidence on how new market-rate construction—which is typically expensive—affects the market for lower quality housing in the short run. I begin by using address history data to identify 52,000 residents of new multifamily buildings in large cities, their previous address, the current residents of those addresses, and so on. This sequence quickly adds lower-income neighborhoods, suggesting that strong migratory connections link the low-income market to new construction. Next, I combine the address histories with a simulation model to estimate that building 100 new market-rate …


Search And Multiple Jobholding, Etienne Lalé Jun 2019

Search And Multiple Jobholding, Etienne Lalé

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

A search-theoretic model of the labor market with idiosyncratic fluctuations in hours worked, search both off- and on-the-job, and multiple jobholding is developed. Taking on a second job entails a commitment to hold onto the primary employer, enabling the worker to use the primary job as her outside option to bargain with the secondary employer. The model performs well at explaining multiple jobholding inflows and outflows, and it is informative for understanding the secular decline in multiple jobholding. While some worry that this decline heralds a less-flexible labor market, the model reveals that it has contributed to reducing search frictions.


Multiple Jobholding: Knowing The Facts To Draw Proper Policy Conclusions, Etienne Lalé Jun 2019

Multiple Jobholding: Knowing The Facts To Draw Proper Policy Conclusions, Etienne Lalé

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Medical Innovation And The Employment Of Cancer Patients, R. Vincent Pohl Jun 2019

Medical Innovation And The Employment Of Cancer Patients, R. Vincent Pohl

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Place-Based Jobs Policies, Timothy J. Bartik Jun 2019

Place-Based Jobs Policies, Timothy J. Bartik

Presentations

No abstract provided.


Job-Interview Referrals Help Brazilians Find Formal-Sector Jobs, Christopher J. O'Leary, Túlio Cravo, Ana Cristina Sierra, Leandro Justino Veloso May 2019

Job-Interview Referrals Help Brazilians Find Formal-Sector Jobs, Christopher J. O'Leary, Túlio Cravo, Ana Cristina Sierra, Leandro Justino Veloso

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


The Effect Of Job Referrals On Labor Market Outcomes In Brazil, Christopher J. O'Leary, Túlio Cravo, Ana Cristina Sierra, Leandro Justino Veloso May 2019

The Effect Of Job Referrals On Labor Market Outcomes In Brazil, Christopher J. O'Leary, Túlio Cravo, Ana Cristina Sierra, Leandro Justino Veloso

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper is the first to use program administrative data from Brazil’s National Employment System (SINE) to assess the impact of SINE job interview referrals on labor market outcomes. Data for a five-year period (2012–2016) are used to evaluate the impact of SINE on employment probability, wage rates, time until reemployment, and job tenure. Difference-in-differences estimates suggest that a SINE job interview referral increases the probability of finding a job within three months of the referral and reduces the number of months to find reemployment, the average job tenure of the next job, and the reemployment wage. Subgroup analysis suggests …


Longer-Run Effects Of Antipoverty Policies On Disadvantaged Neighborhoods, David Neumark, Brian J. Asquith, Brittany Bass May 2019

Longer-Run Effects Of Antipoverty Policies On Disadvantaged Neighborhoods, David Neumark, Brian J. Asquith, Brittany Bass

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

We estimate the longer-run effects of minimum wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and welfare on key economic indicators of economic self-sufficiency in disadvantaged neighborhoods. We find that the longer-run effects of the EITC are to increase employment and to reduce poverty and public assistance. We also find some evidence that higher welfare benefits had longer-run adverse effects, and quite robust evidence that tighter welfare time limits reduce poverty and public assistance in the longer run. The evidence on the long-run effects of the minimum wage on poverty and public assistance is not robust, with some evidence pointing to reductions …


Can Antipoverty Policies Change Neighborhood Outcomes In The Long Run?, Brian J. Asquith May 2019

Can Antipoverty Policies Change Neighborhood Outcomes In The Long Run?, Brian J. Asquith

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


The National-Level Economic Impact Of The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (Mep): Estimates For Fiscal Year 2018, Jim Robey, Randall W. Eberts, Brian Pittelko, Claudette Robey May 2019

The National-Level Economic Impact Of The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (Mep): Estimates For Fiscal Year 2018, Jim Robey, Randall W. Eberts, Brian Pittelko, Claudette Robey

Reports

No abstract provided.


Local Job Multipliers In The United States: Variation With Local Characteristics And With High-Tech Shocks, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland Apr 2019

Local Job Multipliers In The United States: Variation With Local Characteristics And With High-Tech Shocks, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper provides new estimates of local job multipliers, the ratio of total jobs generated to some initial number of jobs created from a demand shock. Multipliers greatly affect benefits versus costs of local job-creation policies. These new estimates rely on improved methodology and data. The methodology better captures dynamic effects of demand shocks, specifies the model so that demand shocks are more comparable, and is more general in the types of demand shocks that are considered. The data has more industry detail than that used in previous studies. The local job multipliers estimated tend to be about one-quarter lower …


Realistic Local Job Multipliers, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland Apr 2019

Realistic Local Job Multipliers, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


[Job] Locked And [Un]Loaded: The Effect Of The Affordable Care Act Dependency Mandate On Reenlistment In The U.S. Army, Michael S. Kofoed, Wyatt J. Frasier Apr 2019

[Job] Locked And [Un]Loaded: The Effect Of The Affordable Care Act Dependency Mandate On Reenlistment In The U.S. Army, Michael S. Kofoed, Wyatt J. Frasier

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


[Job] Locked And [Un]Loaded: The Effect Of The Affordable Care Act Dependency Mandate On Reenlistment In The U.S. Army, Michael S. Kofoed, Wyatt J. Frasier Apr 2019

[Job] Locked And [Un]Loaded: The Effect Of The Affordable Care Act Dependency Mandate On Reenlistment In The U.S. Army, Michael S. Kofoed, Wyatt J. Frasier

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Realistic Local Job Multipliers, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland Apr 2019

Realistic Local Job Multipliers, Timothy J. Bartik, Nathan Sotherland

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Increasing Beneficiary Retention In Food Assistance Programs, Colin Gray, Christopher J. O'Leary Mar 2019

Increasing Beneficiary Retention In Food Assistance Programs, Colin Gray, Christopher J. O'Leary

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Climate Change And Occupational Health: Can We Adapt?, Marcus Dillender Mar 2019

Climate Change And Occupational Health: Can We Adapt?, Marcus Dillender

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Medical Innovation, Education, And Labor Market Outcomes Of Cancer Patients, Sung-Hee Jeon, R. Vincent Pohl Mar 2019

Medical Innovation, Education, And Labor Market Outcomes Of Cancer Patients, Sung-Hee Jeon, R. Vincent Pohl

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Innovations in cancer treatment have lowered mortality, but little is known about their economic benefits. We assess the effect of two decades of improvements in cancer treatment options on the labor market outcomes of breast and prostate cancer patients. In addition, we compare this effect across cancer patients with different levels of educational attainment. We estimate the effect of medical innovation on cancer patients’ labor market outcomes employing tax return and cancer registry data from Canada and measuring medical innovation by using the number of approved drugs and a quality-adjusted patent index. While cancer patients are less likely to work …


Preparing U.S. Workers And Employers For An Autonomous Vehicle Future, Erica L. Groshen, Susan Helper, John Paul Macduffie, Charles Carson Feb 2019

Preparing U.S. Workers And Employers For An Autonomous Vehicle Future, Erica L. Groshen, Susan Helper, John Paul Macduffie, Charles Carson

Upjohn Institute Technical Reports

No abstract provided.