Anthropology Commons^™

Trying To Think Progressively About 19th-Century Farms, Mary C. Beaudry

Northeast Historical Archaeology

Recent excavations at a 19th-century estate manager's farm at Milton, South Uist, in the Western Isles of Scotland, prompt comparison with New England farms of the same era. Of particular interest is the material signature of the move toward "progressive farming" manifested through the construction of model farms and the introduction of industrially-inspired farm management practices and technological innovations. Comparisons drawn between the Hebriden case study, Milton Farm, and the Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm in Newbury Massachusetts.

How The Past Becomes A Place: An Example From 19th-Century Maryland, Julia A. King

Northeast Historical Archaeology

This paper examines how certain landscapes were remade as places important in the collective memory in 19th-century America. Specifically, archaeological, documentary, and literary evidence are used to show how Susquehanna, a 19th-century tobacco and wheat farm in St. Mary's County, Maryland was reconfigured as a place important in the state's past. By imagining Susquehanna and the region in which it was located as a place in time, many upper and middle class Marylanders were able to reconcile the growing differences between the southern and northern parts of the state. The actions of these 19th-century men and women are not unrelated …

The Archaeology Of Agriculture And Rural Life In Northern Delaware, 1800-1940, Lu Ann De Cunzo

Northeast Historical Archaeology

Like our colleagues across the Northeast, Delaware archaeologists have been challenged by the state's thousands of 19th- through 20th-century agricultural sites. They range from larger farms to small tenancies and laborers' dwellings; many remain at least partially extant, many others survive only below ground. This article introduces the character and diversity, continuity and transformations of 19th- through mid 20th-century Delaware agriculture and rural life, and archaeologists' contributions to our understanding of these phenomena. Narratives of selected agricultural properties and people from New Castle County's Upper Coastal Plain illustrate the approach and the knowledge it has produced, with special emphases on …

Living On The Edge: Consumption And Class At The Keith Site, Maria O'Donovan, Lou Ann Wurst

Northeast Historical Archaeology

Ceramics from the Keith Site, a farmstead in upstate New York, are principally expensive, early nineteenth century table and tea vessels. Documentary evidence places the site occupation at the mid-century which is confirmed by TPQ dates. Moreover, the site's residents were lower class farmers and other artifact classes show little investment in consumption. These discrepancies become clear when we consider the high diversity of ceramic vessels, which we would expect if the site residents purchased older, cheaper vessels in "odd lots." Consumer choise models rest on ideologically loaded assumptions of free will and unlimited choice in the market place. The …

Rethinking The Mengkom-Mixing Bowl: Salvage Archaeology At The Johannes Luyster House, A Dutch-American Farm, Gerard P. Scharfenberger, Richard F. Veit

Northeast Historical Archaeology

Salvage excavations at the Johannes Luyster Farm (28Mo261) revleade extensive archaeological depostis reflecting three centuries of life on a Dutch-American farm. These deposties, when taken in conjunction with the architecture of the house and surviving primary documents, provide a glimpse of the changing lifestyles of the Jersey Dutch during the 19th century. Although the Luysters maintained some aspects of their ethnic heritage, they also participated in many aspects of the larger society. Case studies of the individual sites such as this one are a first step towards understanding the interrelationships between national trends and their local manifestations. Furthermore, they highlight …

Burning Down The House: The Archaeological Manifestation Of Fire On Historic Domestic Sites, Dena Doroszenko

Northeast Historical Archaeology

This paper examines the manifestation of fire as found archaeologically at two historic domestic sites in Ontario. Each site experienced a burning episode of varying significance in the property's history. Soil deposition, debris fields, heat alteration of artifacts, fire intensity, and types of fire debris are discussed.

What Is It? Archaeological Evidence Of 19th-Century Agricultural Drainage Systems, Sherene Baugher

Northeast Historical Archaeology

Farm drainage was an integral part of the agricultural revloution of the 19th century- a tim during which farmers applied scientific practices to increase the productivity of their farms. As archaeologiests excavate larger portions of the 19th century farmsteads beyond the immediate area surrounding the farmhouse and barns, they will begin to uncover drainage systems more frequently. How do you know you have located a non-tile drainage system? What can drains actually tell you about the farmer and the farmstead? The goal of this paper is to help colleagues save time when working on farm sites by presenting a reference …

Recovering Information Worth Knowing: Developing More Discriminating Approaches For Selecting Nineteenth-Century Rural Domestic Sites And Farmsteads, Karen D. Mccann, Robert L. Ewing

Northeast Historical Archaeology

This article examines the difficulties faced by one state agency (NYSDOT) when the primary focus of a cultural resource survey program shifts from managing rare and clearly significant archaeological sites to a cultural resource survey program that addresses the more commonly found historical archaeological sites associated with mid to late 19th-century farmsteads and rural domestic sites. It encourages a critical review of cultural resource survey results in order to develop meaningful and effective selection criteria for deciding how limited public funds should be allocated for cultural resource surveys.

The Archaeology Of 19th-Century Farmsteads: The Results Of A Workshop Held At The 1997 Annual Meeting Of The Council For Northeast Historical Archaeology, Terry H. Klein, George L. Miller, Mark Shaffer, Wade Catts, Mary Beaudry, Lu Ann De Cunzo, Dena Doroszenko

Northeast Historical Archaeology

A workshop was held at the 1997 annual meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology (CNEHA) to address the question "What do we do with 19th-century farmsteads in the Northeast?" The workshop involved several brainstorming sessions in which the participants examined topics and problems associated with current approaches to the archaeological investigation of farmstead sites. These brainstorming sessions examined questions such as: "What is a 19th-century farmstead?" "What are the research and public values of these sites?" "Which sites should be examined?" and "How should these sites be investigated?" The workshop ended with the development of an action agenda …

Streamlining Research Planning, Data Collection And Archiving Using New Web-Enabled Tools, Andrew Arnott, Dr. Joseph Olsen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Collecting research data on human subjects can be time consuming and costly. The Internet provides a new channel to survey people so that collected data is automatically added to a dataset without any possibility of human error by a data entry person. The Internet also allows a researcher to survey people who are geographically distant and on such a scale as would be extremely costly or impossible using paper and pencil.

Haynes, Autman "Carter" (Fa 757), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Folklife Archives Project 757. Paper titled “A Contemporary Look at One of the Oldest Bridges in Kentucky” written by Autman “Carter” Haynes for a folk studies class at Western Kentucky University. Paper includes information about the Old Richardsville Road Bridge in Warren County, Kentucky.

Timmons, Gregory Brandon, B. 1991 (Fa 761), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Folklife Archives Project 761. Paper titled “A Timmons Family Christmas” written by Gregory Brandon Timmons for a folk studies class at Western Kentucky University. The paper explores the Christmas traditions associated with the Timmons family of Louisville, Kentucky.

Rivera, Michael, B. 1988 (Fa 766), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid and full text of paper (click on "Additional Files") for Folklife Archives Project 766. Paper titled “Beekeeping in Southern Kentucky” written by Michael Rivera for a folk studies class at Western Kentucky University. This paper explores the world and traditions associated with beekeeping in Allen County, Kentucky.

Kuklinski, Whitney, B. 1987 (Fa 765), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid and full text of paper (click on "Additional Files") for Folklife Archives Project 765. Paper titled “Understanding Servers as a Folk Group” written by Whitney Kuklinski for a folk studies class at Western Kentucky University. The paper focuses on Mariah’s Restaurant in downtown Bowling Green, Kentucky and the role that servers play within the food industry.

Lobb, Dorothy (Willoughby) (Fa 764), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Paper titled “An Echo in the Mist” written by Dorothy Willoughby Lobb for a folk studies class at Western Kentucky University. The paper explores the Cherokee removal of 1838 and the connection of the movement with the Denham family. Photocopies of family photographs are included.

Provenance Of Mortuary Hematite Artifacts At Petra, Jordan, Alvin D. Anderson, Dr. David Johnson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

During a BYU archaeological excavation of Nabatean tombs at Petra, Jordan, Dr. David Johnson discovered hematite nodules that, he claims, contain the carved images or figures of several deities. These effigies were possibly ceremonial objects that served to protect the dead.

Geometry And Art In Syrian Pearl Inlaid Furniture, Amanda Larsen, Dr. Cynthia Finlayson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

I used my ORCA grant to aid in my research of Syrian pearl inlaid furniture from the Ottoman era. The money paid for part of my plane ticket to Amman Jordan. From Amman, I accompanied Dr. Cynthia Finlayson to Damascus, Syria. I was with a small group of students. We each had separate research projects, but we also all were there to help with conservation, cataloging and display in the Azem Palace in Damascus.

Ottoman And European Influence In The Ninteenth-Century Bridal Collection Of The Azem Palace, Damascus, Syria, Julianne Parker

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In 1829, Ottoman Emperor Mahmud II issued a proclamation mandating that all men under his rule must replace their traditional clothing with the “modern” European-style jacket and trousers.1 The interest and appeal of Europe had never been so publicly sanctioned in Ottoman history. The western influence was perhaps most greatly felt in outlying provinces like Damascus, whose government had long been semi-autonomous under local governors, including the Azem family, residents of the Azem Palace. As European entrepreneurs, statesmen, and tourists continued to visit Damascus, local Damascenes inevitably began to imitate these exotic foreigners. Fashion was one of the easiest ways …

The Environmental Impact Of Culture: The Anasazi Farmers And The Anglo Farmers/Ranchers In Southeastern Utah, David N. Hanton, Dr. Ray T. Matheny

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In the 1880’s the Texas cattle barons brought thousands of sheep and cattle to Utah to exploit its grasslands.1 Some of them made their way to Montezuma’s Canyon. The purpose of my research in Montezuma’s Canyon was to determine if there is a correlation between the commencement of farming and herding and the acceleration of erosion in the past 120 years.

Introduction: The Archaeology Of Nineteenth-Century Farmsteads In Northeastern Canada And The United States, Sherene Baugher, Terry H. Klein

Northeast Historical Archaeology

This introduction to this joint volume discusses the importance of 19th century farmstead sites as discussed at the 1997 annual CNEHA meeting in Altoona, Pennsylvania. This meeting examined the current issues associated with the approach to archaeological investigations of 19th-century farmsteads.

Pregnancy, Birth, And The Conceptualization Of Personhood Among The Asante Of Western Ghana, Rebekah Olsen, Dr. William Olsen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Giving birth in Mampong, Ghana is a ritualized process of behavior involving not only the mother and her child, but also many different segments of society. Upon giving birth, a mother’s life will change considerably and her role in society will transform radically upon the safe delivery of her infant. She will become initiated into a new culture of motherhood and will have various decisions to make concerning the birth of her child. Throughout this project, I kept a double focus. First, I attempted to record some of the birthing options available to mothers in rural Ghana. Next, I also …

The Effects Of Maternal Adrenalectomy On The Sexual Behavior Of Male Rat Offspring, David Eliason, Dr. Reuben W. Rhees

Journal of Undergraduate Research

It has been shown that several structures in the mammalian brain exhibit differences between males and females. These variations are referred to as sexually dimorphic areas. In recent years, study of the brain has demonstrated the complex interconnections between the sexual behavior of individuals and the neurological functions of the brain. It is now considered appropriate to refer to the brain as a part of the reproductive system in reference to the determining factor it plays in development of the sexual organs and in regulating the behavior of the organism. The mammalian fetus originally possesses the potential to become either …

Fashion Vs. Function In Cultural Evolution: The Case Of Dog Breed Popularity, Stefano Ghirlanda, Alberto Acerbi, Harold A. Herzog, James A. Serpell

Pets Collection

We investigate the relationship between characteristics of dog breeds and their popularity between years 1926 and 2005. We consider breed health, longevity, and behavioral qualities such as aggressiveness, trainability, and fearfulness. We show that a breed’s overall popularity, fluctuations in popularity, and rates of increase and decrease around popularity peaks show typically no correlation with these breed characteristics. One exception is the finding that more popular breeds tend to suffer from more inherited disorders. Our results support the hypothesis that dog breed popularity has been primarily determined by fashion rather than function.

Ancestry Informative Markers Clarify The Regional Admixture Variation In The Costa Rican Population, Rebeca Campos-Sánchez, Henriette Raventós, Ramiro Barrantes

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

The genetic structure of Costa Rica’s population is complex, both by region and by individual, due to the admixture process that started during the 15th century and historical events thereafter. Previous studies have been done mostly on Amerindian populations and the Central Valley inhabitants using various microsatellites and mtDNA markers. Here, we study for the first time a random sample from all regions of the country with AIMS (Ancestry Informative Markers) to address the individual and regional admixture proportions. A sample of 160 male individuals was screened for 78 AIMs customized in a GoldenGate platform from Illumina. We observed that …

Analysis Of Uniparental Lineages In Two Villages Of Santiago Del Estero, Argentina, Seat Of “Pueblos De Indios” In Colonial Times, Maia Pauro, Angelina García, Rodrigo Nores, Darío A. Demarchi

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

Based on the analysis of the mitochondrial control region and seven biallelic markers of the Y Chromosome, we investigated the genetic composition of two rural populations of southern Santiago del Estero, Argentina, that were seats in colonial times of “pueblos de indios”, a colonial practice that consisted of concentrating the indigenous populations in organized and accessible settlements, to facilitate Christianizing and policing. We found the Native American Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a3a in only 11% (3/27) of the males. Haplogroup R, common in European populations, is the most frequent haplogroup in Santiago del Estero (55%). In contrast, the persistence of Native …

Exploring The Relative Importance Of Spatial And Environmental Variation On The Craniometrics Of The Modern Portuguese, Katherine E. Weisensee

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

Previous research on the causes of craniometric variation within and among human populations has invoked both genetic and environmental explanations. Recent studies of modern populations in the United States and Portugal, among other populations, suggest that changes in environmental conditions have resulted in significant changes in cranial morphology. While similar changes in cranial morphology have been observed in genetically diverse populations, these populations do not appear to be converging on a common form. This study seeks to understand the role that population history and environmental variation play in explaining craniometric variation in the modern Portuguese. Using three-­‐dimensional craniometric data collected …

Comparative Morphology Of The Hominin And African Ape Hyoid Bone, A Possible Marker Of The Evolution Of Speech, James Steele, Margaret Clegg, Sandra Martelli

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

This study examines the morphology of the hyoid in three closely related species, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla. Differences and similarities between the hyoids of these species are characterised, and used to interpret the morphology and affinities of the Dikika A. afarensis, Kebara 2 Neanderthal, and other fossil hominin hyoid bones.

Humans and African apes are found to have distinct hyoid morphologies. In humans the maximum width across the distal tips of the articulated greater horns is usually slightly greater than the maximum length (distal greater horn tip to most anterior point of the hyoid body …

Genetic Variation Of X-Strs In The Wichí Population From Chaco Province, Argentina, Laura Angela Glesmann, Pablo Francisco Martina, Cecilia Inés Catanesi

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

The Wichí people from Chaco province inhabit the region called Impenetrable Chaqueño, where the climatic conditions are extreme. Besides the scarce communication with the main urban centers, the cultural patterns of the Wichí cause these communities to live in certain degree of isolation. The effect of this situation is an increased genetic differentiation from other populations, as it was observed through autosomal and Y chromosome markers. However, the genetic variation of X chromosome has not been fully analyzed yet. The patterns of allele distribution of different markers of X chromosome can be highly informative in comparative studies, because its special …

Intermittence For Humans Spreading 45,000 Years Ago: From Eurasia To The Americas, J. C. Flores

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

From northeastern-Eurasia to the Americas, a three stage spread of Modern Humans is considered through large scale intermittence (exploitation/relocation). Conceptually, this work supports intermittence as a real strategy for colonization of new habitats. For the northeastern Eurasia travel, the first stage, we adapt our model to archaeological dates determining the diffusion coefficient (exploitation phase) as D=299.44 [km²/yr] and the velocity parameter (relocation phase) as v_o=4.8944 [km/yr]. The relative phaseweight (≈ 0.46), between both kind of motions, is consistent with a moderate biological population rate (r'≈ 0.0046 [1/yrs]). The second stage is related to population …

Patterns Of Senescence In Human Cardiovascular Fitness: Vo2 Max In Subsistence And Industrialized Populations, Anne C. Pisor, Michael Gurven, Aaron D. Blackwell, Hillard Kaplan, Gandhi Yetish

ESI Publications

Objectives—This study explores whether cardiovascular fitness levels and senescent decline are similar in the Tsimane of Bolivia and Canadians, as well as other subsistence and industrialized populations. Among Tsimane, we examine whether morbidity predicts lower levels and faster decline of cardiovascular fitness, or whether their lifestyle (e.g., high physical activity) promotes high levels and slow decline. Alternatively, high activity levels and morbidity might counterbalance such that Tsimane fitness levels and decline are similar to those in industrialized populations.

Methods—Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated using a step test heart rate method for 701 participants. We compared these estimates …