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Articles 481 - 510 of 510

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Any Pair Of 2d Curves Is Consistent With A 3d Symmetric Interpretation., Tadamasa Sawada, Yunfeng Li, Zygmunt Pizlo Jan 2011

Any Pair Of 2d Curves Is Consistent With A 3d Symmetric Interpretation., Tadamasa Sawada, Yunfeng Li, Zygmunt Pizlo

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Symmetry has been shown to be a very effective a priori constraint in solving a 3D shape recovery problem. Symmetry is useful in 3D recovery because it is a form of redundancy. There are, however, some fundamental limits to the effectiveness of symmetry. Specifically, given two arbitrary curves in a single 2D image, one can always find a 3D mirror-symmetric interpretation of these curves under quite general assumptions. The symmetric interpretation is unique under a perspective projection and there is a one parameter family of symmetric interpretations under an orthographic projection. We formally state and prove this observation for the …

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Emergent Identity Matching After Successive Matching Training. I. Reflexivity Or Generalized Identity?, Peter J. Urcuioli Jan 2011

Emergent Identity Matching After Successive Matching Training. I. Reflexivity Or Generalized Identity?, Peter J. Urcuioli

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

This research investigated the source of an ostensible reflexivity effect in pigeons reported by Sweeney and Urcuioli (2010). In Experiment 1, pigeons learned two symmetrically reinforced symbolic successive matching tasks (hue-form and form-hue) using red-green and triangle-horizontal line stimuli. They differed in their third concurrently trained baseline task: form-form matching with stimuli appearing in the symbolic tasks (triangle and horizontal) for one group versus hue-hue matching with stimuli not appearing in the symbolic tasks (blue and white) for the other. During subsequent non-reinforced probe tests, all pigeons in the former group and most pigeons in the latter group responded more …

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A Study Of Ghiselli’S Hobo Syndrome, Sang Eun Woo Jan 2011

A Study Of Ghiselli’S Hobo Syndrome, Sang Eun Woo

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

This study attempts to clarify conceptual and operational inconsistencies in the literature around “Ghiselli’s hobo syndrome.” I propose that defining characteristics of hobo syndrome should include both the exhibition of frequent job movement behavior and positive attitudes about such behavior. This definition effectively differentiates the construct from other similar phenomena associated with frequent job movement (e.g., job/career mobility, protean careers). Using latent class cluster analysis of a diverse sample of 944 U.S. workers, it was empirically validated that a small number of individuals resembling the proposed characteristics of hobos did emerge as a distinct group (N = 42), providing person-centered …

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Action-Specific Effects Underwater, Jessica Witt, Donald M. Schuck, J Eric T. Taylor Jan 2011

Action-Specific Effects Underwater, Jessica Witt, Donald M. Schuck, J Eric T. Taylor

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Action-specific effects on perception are apparent in terrestrial environments. For example, targets that require more effort to walk, jump, or throw to look farther away than when the targets require less effort. Here, we examined whether action-specific effects would generalize to an underwater environment. Instead, perception might be geometrically precise, rather than action-specific, in an environment that is novel from an evolutionary perspective. We manipulated ease to swim by giving participants swimming flippers or taking them away. Those who estimated distance while wearing the flippers judged underwater targets to be closer than did participants who had taken them off. In …

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When Walls Are No Longer Barriers: Perception Of Wall Height In Parkour, J Eric T. Taylor, Jessica Witt, Mila Sugovic Jan 2011

When Walls Are No Longer Barriers: Perception Of Wall Height In Parkour, J Eric T. Taylor, Jessica Witt, Mila Sugovic

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Through training, skilled parkour athletes (traceurs) overcome everyday obstacles, such as walls, that are typically insurmountable. Traceurs and untrained novices estimated the height of walls and reported their anticipated ability to climb the wall. The traceurs perceived the walls as shorter than did novices. This result suggests that perception is scaled by the perceiver’s anticipated ability to act, and is consistent with the action-specific account of perception.

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Behavior And Behavior Assessment, Christopher Agnew, Janice Kelly May 2010

Behavior And Behavior Assessment, Christopher Agnew, Janice Kelly

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

This chapter addresses the questions of 1) what do we mean by “behavior” in personality and social psychology, and 2) how can we best assess social behavior. We define behavior as being observable and socially meaningful, but also discuss the dimensions on which behavior varies (e.g., intentional vs. habitual, discrete vs. continuous). We also discuss important variabilities in behavior as they relate to issues of measurement (e.g., behavioral frequency or desirability). For behavior assessment, we focus on some of the practical issues involved (e.g., choosing a coding system, selecting an observational setting), as well as how behavior assessment might intersect …

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Interdependent With Caryl Rusbult, Ximena Arriaga May 2010

Interdependent With Caryl Rusbult, Ximena Arriaga

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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“When Will Your Program Be Available In Spanish?" Adapting An Early Parenting Intervention For Latino Families, Jean E. Dumas, Ximena Arriaga, Angela Moreland Begle, Zayra Longoria May 2010

“When Will Your Program Be Available In Spanish?" Adapting An Early Parenting Intervention For Latino Families, Jean E. Dumas, Ximena Arriaga, Angela Moreland Begle, Zayra Longoria

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

This paper describes the Spanish adaptation of PACE – Parenting Our Children to Excellence. Successfully offered in preschools and daycare centers since 2002, PACE is a research-based preventive intervention to support families in their parenting task through discussions and activities that address practical childrearing issues and promote child coping-competence. Developed in response to community calls, the new program is known as CANNE –Criando a Nuestros Niños hacia el Éxito. The paper makes the processes linking original and adapted versions explicit by accounting for the conceptual and practical decisions that were made as CANNE was being developed. We begin by summarizing …

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Head Start: It Works For Indiana Children And Families!, Jennifer Dobbs-Oates, James Elicker, Volker Thomas Feb 2010

Head Start: It Works For Indiana Children And Families!, Jennifer Dobbs-Oates, James Elicker, Volker Thomas

Center for Families Publications

This technical report summarizes new and existing data to address the question, “Does Head Start work for Indiana children, families, and communities?” Data sources consulted in this study include the state Head Start Program Information Report, local Indiana Head Start and Early Head Start Programs, existing national studies of Head Start and Early Head Start, and local and national data available on children’s development in early care and education programs for low-income families. This report concludes that Indiana’s Early Head Start and Head Start programs are indeed providing substantial benefits to children, families, and communities. The report summarizes the outcomes …

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Meal Parameters And Vagal Gastrointestinal Afferents In Mice That Experienced Early Postnatal Overnutrition, Jessica Biddinger, Edward A. Fox Jan 2010

Meal Parameters And Vagal Gastrointestinal Afferents In Mice That Experienced Early Postnatal Overnutrition, Jessica Biddinger, Edward A. Fox

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Early postnatal overnutrition disrupts satiety without altering vagal gastrointestinal afferents. PHYSIOL BEHAV 00(0) 000-000, 2010. Early postnatal overnutrition results in a predisposition to develop obesity due in part to hypothalamic and sympathetic dysfunction. Potential involvement of another major regulatory system component - the vagus nerve - has not been examined. Moreover, feeding disturbances have rarely been investigated prior to development of obesity when confounds due to obesity are minimized. To examine these issues, litters were culled on the day of birth to create small litters (SL; overnutrition), or normal-size litters (NL; normal nutrition). Body weight, fat pad weight, meal patterns, …

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Associative Symmetry And Stimulus-Class Formation By Pigeons: The Role Of Non-Reinforced Baseline Relations, Peter J. Urcuioli Jan 2010

Associative Symmetry And Stimulus-Class Formation By Pigeons: The Role Of Non-Reinforced Baseline Relations, Peter J. Urcuioli

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Two experiments tested the assumption of Urcuioli’s (2008) theory of pigeons’ equivalence-class formation that consistent non-reinforcement of certain stimulus combinations in successive matching juxtaposed with consistent reinforcement of other combinations generates stimulus classes containing the elements of the reinforced combinations. In Experiment 1, pigeons were concurrently trained on symbolic (AB) and two identity (AA and BB) successive tasks in which half of all identity trials ended in non-reinforcement but all AB trials were reinforced, contingent upon either responding or not-responding to the comparisons. Subsequent symmetry (BA) probe trials showed evidence of symmetry in one of four pigeons. In Experiment 2, …

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Timing Is Affected By Demands In Memory Search But Not By Task Switching., Claudette Fortin, Richard Schweickert, Remi Gaudreault, Charles Viau-Quesnel Jan 2010

Timing Is Affected By Demands In Memory Search But Not By Task Switching., Claudette Fortin, Richard Schweickert, Remi Gaudreault, Charles Viau-Quesnel

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Recent studies suggest that timing and tasks involving executive control processes might require the same attentional resources. This should lead to interference when timing and executive tasks are executed concurrently. This study examines the interference between timing and task switching, an executive function. In four experiments, memory search and digit classification were performed successively in four conditions: search-search (search followed by search), search-digit, digit-search and digit-digit. In a control reaction-time condition, participants provided RT responses in each of the two tasks. In a time-production condition, an RT response was provided to the first stimulus, but the response to the second …

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Psychophysical Investigation Of The Effect Of Coring On Perceived Toner Scatter, Hyung Jun Park, Jan P. Allebach, Zygmunt Pizlo Jan 2010

Psychophysical Investigation Of The Effect Of Coring On Perceived Toner Scatter, Hyung Jun Park, Jan P. Allebach, Zygmunt Pizlo

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

The use of color electrophotographic (EP) laser printing systems is growing because of their declining cost. Thus, the print quality of color EP laser printers has become increasingly important. Since text and lines are indispensable to print quality, many studies have proposed methods for measuring these print quality attributes. Toner scatter caused by toner overdevelopment in color EP laser printers can significantly impact print quality. A conventional approach to reduce toner overdevelopment is to restrict the color gamut of printers. However, this can result in undesired color shifts and the introduction of halftone texture. Coring, defined as a process where …

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Reflexivity In Pigeons, Mary M. Sweeney, Peter J. Urcuioli Jan 2010

Reflexivity In Pigeons, Mary M. Sweeney, Peter J. Urcuioli

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

A recent theory of pigeons’ equivalence-class formation (Urcuioli, 2008) predicts that reflexivity, an untrained ability to match a stimulus to itself, should be observed after training on two “mirror-image” symbolic successive matching tasks plus identity successive matching using some of the symbolic matching stimuli. One group of pigeons was trained in this fashion; a second group was trained similarly but with successive oddity (rather than identity). Subsequently, comparison-response rates on novel matching versus mismatching sequences with the remaining symbolic matching stimuli were measured on non-reinforced probe trials. Higher rates were observed on matching than on mismatching probes in the former …

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Mice Deficient In Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Have Altered Development Of Gastric Vagal Sensory Innervation, Michelle C. Murphy, Edward A. Fox Jan 2010

Mice Deficient In Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Have Altered Development Of Gastric Vagal Sensory Innervation, Michelle C. Murphy, Edward A. Fox

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Vagal sensory neurons are dependent on neurotrophins to survive programmed cell death during development. Here, the contribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to the survival of gastric vagal sensory afferents was investigated. Also, based on BDNF roles in other sensory systems, its effects on axon guidance and mechanoreceptor differentiation were examined. Postmortem anterograde tracing with 1, 1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to selectively label vagal projections to the stomach on postnatal day (P)0, 3, 4, and 6 in wild types and heterozygous or homozygous BDNF mutants. Sampling sites distributed throughout the ventral stomach wall were scanned with a confocal microscope …

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Behavior And Miracles, Christopher Agnew, Donal Carlston, William Graziano, Janice Kelly Jan 2010

Behavior And Miracles, Christopher Agnew, Donal Carlston, William Graziano, Janice Kelly

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Performance And Ease Influence Perceived Speed., Jessica Witt, Mila Sugovic Jan 2010

Performance And Ease Influence Perceived Speed., Jessica Witt, Mila Sugovic

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

According to the action-specific perception account, perception is a function of optical information and the perceiver’s ability to perform the intended action. While most of the evidence for the action-specific perception account is on spatial perception, in the current experiments we examined similar effects in the perception of speed. Tennis players reproduced the time the ball traveled from the feeder machine to when they hit it. The players judged the ball to be moving faster on trials when they hit the ball out-of-bounds than on trials where they successfully hit the ball in-bounds. Follow-up experiments in the laboratory showed that …

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Additive Factors And Stages Of Mental Processes In Task Networks., Richard Schweickert, Donald L. Fisher, William M. Goldstein Jan 2010

Additive Factors And Stages Of Mental Processes In Task Networks., Richard Schweickert, Donald L. Fisher, William M. Goldstein

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

To perform a task a subject executes mental processes. An experimental manipulation, such as a change in stimulus intensity, is said to selectively influence a process if it changes the duration of that process leaving other process durations unchanged. For random process durations a definition of a factor selectively influencing a process by increments is given in terms of stochastic dominance (also called “the usual stochastic order”. A technique for analyzing reaction times, Sternberg's Additive Factor Method, assumes all the processes are in series. When all processes are in series, each process is called a stage. With the Additive Factor …

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Egfr May Couple Moderate Alcohol Consumption To Increased Breast Cancer Risk, Christopher P. Mill, Julia Chester, David J. Riese Ii Oct 2009

Egfr May Couple Moderate Alcohol Consumption To Increased Breast Cancer Risk, Christopher P. Mill, Julia Chester, David J. Riese Ii

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which alcohol contributes to breast tumor initiation or progression has yet to be definitively established. Studies using cultured human tumor cell lines have identified signaling molecules that may contribute to the effects of alcohol, including reactive oxygen species and other ethanol metabolites, matrix metalloproteases, the ErbB2/Her2/Neu receptor tyrosine kinase, cytoplasmic protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, E-cadherins, estrogen receptor, and a variety of transcription factors. Emerging data suggest that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase may contribute to breast cancer genesis and progression. Here we integrate …

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Sibling Death And Death Fear In Relation To Depressive Symptomatology In Older Adults, Victor G. Cicirelli Jan 2009

Sibling Death And Death Fear In Relation To Depressive Symptomatology In Older Adults, Victor G. Cicirelli

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Previously overlooked factors in elders’ depressive symptomatology were examined, including death fear, sibling death, and sibling closeness. Participants were 150 elders (61 men, 89 women) aged 65 to 97 with at least one sibling. Measures were: proportion of deceased siblings, sibling closeness, the Death Fear subscale of the DAP-Revised, and the CES-D depression scale (20-item adult form). Age and education were exogenous variables in a structural equation model. Death fear, sibling closeness, and proportion of dead siblings were directly related to depression, with path coefficients of .42, -.24, and .13, respectively. Proportion of dead siblings had indirect effects on depression, …

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Extensive Training Is Insufficient To Produce The Work-Ethic Effect In Pigeons, Marco Vasconcelos, Peter J. Urcuioli Jan 2009

Extensive Training Is Insufficient To Produce The Work-Ethic Effect In Pigeons, Marco Vasconcelos, Peter J. Urcuioli

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Zentall and Singer (2007a) hypothesized that our failure to replicate the work-ethic effect in pigeons (Vasconcelos, Urcuioli, & Lionello-DeNolf, 2007) was due to insufficient overtraining following acquisition of the high- and low-effort discriminations. We tested this hypothesis using the original work-ethic procedure (Experiment 1) and one similar to that used with starlings (Experiment 2) by providing at least 60 overtraining sessions. Despite this extensive overtraining, neither experiment revealed a significant preference for stimuli obtained after high effort. Together with other findings, these data support our contention that pigeons do not reliably show a work-ethic effect.

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Satisfaction, Alternatives, Investments And The Microfoundations Of Audience Cost Models, Aaron M. Hoffman, Christopher Agnew, Justin Lehmiller, Natasha T. Duncan Jan 2009

Satisfaction, Alternatives, Investments And The Microfoundations Of Audience Cost Models, Aaron M. Hoffman, Christopher Agnew, Justin Lehmiller, Natasha T. Duncan

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

In this paper, we suggest that the Investment Model of Commitment, developed in social psychology, offers a solution to an important microfoundational issue in audience cost theory. Audience cost models are useful for thinking about the foreign policy behaviors of democratic and non-democratic states. However, they often assume that citizens reliably penalize leaders who break their foreign policy promises even though the empirical record suggests this is not always the case. We argue that public commitment to foreign policy assets and relationships is a precondition for the application of audience costs. Using the U.N. and NATO as case studies, we …

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Survey Methods In Relationship Research, Christopher Agnew, Laura E. Vanderdrift Jan 2009

Survey Methods In Relationship Research, Christopher Agnew, Laura E. Vanderdrift

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Non-Marital Romantic Relationship Commitment And Leave Behavior: The Mediating Role Of Dissolution Consideration, Laura E Vanderdrift, Christopher Agnew, Juan E. Wilson Jan 2009

Non-Marital Romantic Relationship Commitment And Leave Behavior: The Mediating Role Of Dissolution Consideration, Laura E Vanderdrift, Christopher Agnew, Juan E. Wilson

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Two studies investigated the process by which individuals in non-marital romantic relationships characterized by low commitment move toward enacting leave behaviors. Predictions based on the behavioral, goal, and implementation intention literatures were tested using a measure of dissolution consideration developed for this research. Dissolution consideration assesses how salient relationship termination is for an individual while one’s relationship is intact. Study 1 developed and validated a measure of dissolution consideration and Study 2 was a longitudinal test of the utility of dissolution consideration in predicting the enactment of leave behaviors. Results indicated that dissolution consideration mediates the association between commitment and …

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The Stability Of Psychopathy Across Adolescence, Donald Lynam, Richard Charnigo, Terrie E. Moffitt, Adrian Raine, Rolf Loeber, Madga Stouthamer-Loeber Jan 2009

The Stability Of Psychopathy Across Adolescence, Donald Lynam, Richard Charnigo, Terrie E. Moffitt, Adrian Raine, Rolf Loeber, Madga Stouthamer-Loeber

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

The current diagnostic system suggests that personality disorder categories be applied to children and adolescents in rare circumstances because of expected changes in personality pathology across development. The present study examined the stability in personality pathology, specifically psychopathy, across childhood and adolescence. Using a short form of the CPS and mixed models incorporating fixed and random effects, we examined the reliability, individual stability, mean-level stability, and predictive utility of juvenile psychopathy as a function of age (i.e., from 7 to 17 years old) in over 1,500 boys from the three cohorts of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. If adolescent development contributes …

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Kicking To Bigger Uprights: Field Goal Kicking Performance Influences Perceived Size., Jessica Witt, Travis E. Dorsch Jan 2009

Kicking To Bigger Uprights: Field Goal Kicking Performance Influences Perceived Size., Jessica Witt, Travis E. Dorsch

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

Perception relates not only to the optical information from the environment but also to the perceiver’s performance on a given task. We present evidence that the perceived height and width of an American-football field goal post relates to the perceiver’s kicking performance. Participants who made more successful kicks perceived the field goal posts to be farther apart and perceived the crossbar to be closer to the ground compared with participants who made fewer kicks. Interestingly, the current results show perceptual effects related to performance only after kicking the football but not before kicking. We also found that the types of …

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Similarity In Cigarette Smoking Attracts: A Prospective Study Of Romantic Partner Selection By Own Smoking, Smoker Prototype, And Perceived Approval, Paul Etcheverry, Christopher Agnew Jan 2009

Similarity In Cigarette Smoking Attracts: A Prospective Study Of Romantic Partner Selection By Own Smoking, Smoker Prototype, And Perceived Approval, Paul Etcheverry, Christopher Agnew

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

The current research employs a multi-wave longitudinal design to examine how young adults' own smoking, smoker prototypes, and perceived partner approval of smoking are associated with selection of romantic partners over time. Results indicate that participants who smoke and have a more positive prototype of the typical smoker are more likely to initiate a romantic relationship with someone who smokes and who has greater perceived approval for smoking. The findings suggest the importance of examining romantic partner factors associated with young adult smoking and suggest some important aspects of selection effects in terms of the target of selection (romantic partners), …

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Commitment, Theories And Typologies, Christopher Agnew Jan 2009

Commitment, Theories And Typologies, Christopher Agnew

Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Paths To Quality: A Child Care Quality Rating System For Indiana. What Is It's Scientific Basis?, James Elicker Jan 2007

Paths To Quality: A Child Care Quality Rating System For Indiana. What Is It's Scientific Basis?, James Elicker

Center for Families Publications

Paths to QUALITY is Indiana’s new statewide child care quality rating system (QRS), first implemented in 2008. The main components of most state QRS programs are: 1) a set of quality standards that apply to home-based and center-based child care; 2) a process for objectively assessing child care quality and maintaining accountability; 3) a system of training and technical assistance to help child care providers improve quality; 4) incentives to encourage providers to reach higher levels of quality; and 5) public information to inform parents about what the QRS is and how to use it when they make child care …

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Child Care For Working Poor Families: Child Development And Parent Employment Outcomes, James Elicker Jan 2005

Child Care For Working Poor Families: Child Development And Parent Employment Outcomes, James Elicker

Center for Families Publications

The results of the Community Child Care Research Project provide data describing the child care experiences of low income working families in 4 urban communities in Indiana. Because the study participants were volunteers rather than randomly selected, conclusions drawn from these findings necessarily have limitations. Despite these limitations, the research results do represent the experiences of more than 300 low income working families, their children, and their child care providers. The results suggest a number of key issues that need further investigation by policy makers and researchers. Many children in this sample scored lower than established norms in areas of …

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