Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Safety Culture As A Contemporary Healthcare Construct: Theoretical Review And Research Assessment, Patrick Albert Palmieri

Patrick Albert Palmieri

GOAL. To analyze the theoretical underpinnings of safety culture and to provide an assessment about the state of safety culture research in healthcare. METHODS. First, we reviewed the concept of safety culture, including its origination, disciplinary influences, and associated theoretical tenets. By describing the literature and discussing the interchangeable use of the terms “safety attitude,” “safety climate,” and “safety culture,” we are able to present the conceptual attributes associated with safety culture and present a definition of safety culture. Then, we discuss the psychometric properties for the most widely used instruments in healthcare. The article concludes with a discussion of …

Safety Culture As A Contemporary Healthcare Construct: Theoretical Review, Research Assessment, And Translation To Human Resource Management., Patrick Albert Palmieri

Patrick Albert Palmieri

Through a number of comprehensive reviews, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has recommended that healthcare organizations develop safety cultures in order to align delivery system processes with the workforce requirements to improve patient outcomes. Until health systems can provide safer care environments, patients remain at risk for suboptimal care and adverse outcomes. Health science researchers have begun to explore how safety cultures might act as an essential system feature to improve organizational outcomes. Since safety cultures are established via modification in employee safety perspective and work behavior, human resource professionals need to contribute to this developing organizational domain. The IOM …

Differences In Computer Mediated Versus Face To Face Negotiation, Melissa Oates

Psychology and Child Development

Ninety Cal Poly students participated in a study to test the hypothesis that e-negotiators would be more likely than face-to-face (FTF) negotiators to employ unethical or competitive negotiation styles in a subsequent negotiation after being lied to in a previous negotiation. Sixty-four Cal Poly students were randomly assigned to partake in a computer mediated or FTF negotiation over the sale of a car. After the initial negotiation was completed, buyers in each condition were led to believe they had been lied to about the accident history of the car. Participants then completed The Incidents in Negotiation Questionnaire by Robinson, Lewicki, …

Personality Scale Validities Increase Throughout Medical School, Filip Lievens, Deniz S. Ones, Stephan Dilchert

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Admissions and personnel decisions rely on stable predictor-criterion relationships. The authors studied the validity of Big Five personality factors and their facets for predicting academic performance in medical school across multiple years, investigating whether criterion-related validities change over time. In this longitudinal investigation, an entire European country's 1997 cohort of medical students was studied throughout their medical school career (Year 1, N = 627; Year 7, N = 306). Over time, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness factor and facet scale scores showed increases in operational validity for predicting grade point averages. Although there may not be any advantages to being open …

Social Networks, Personal Values, And Creativity: Evidence For Curvilinear And Interaction Effects, Jing Zhou, Shung Jae Shin, Daniel J. Brass, Jaepil Choi, Zhi-Xue Zhang

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Taking an interactional perspective on creativity, the authors examined the influence of social networks and conformity value on employees' creativity. They theorized and found a curvilinear relationship between number of weak ties and creativity such that employees exhibited greater creativity when their number of weak ties was at intermediate levels rather than at lower or higher levels. In addition, employees' conformity value moderated the curvilinear relationship between number of weak ties and creativity such that employees exhibited greater creativity at intermediate levels of number of weak ties when conformity was low than when it was high. A proper match between …

Conscientiousness Is Not Always A Good Predictor Of Performance: The Case Of Creativity, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Jody J. Illies, Lisa M. Kobe-Cross

Psychology Faculty Publications

Meta-analyses investigating the relationship between Conscientiousness and performance suggest a positive relationship for a variety of criteria. However, recently it has been argued that Conscientiousness is not always a good predictor of performance, particularly for creative performance. Additionally, it has been suggested that Conscientiousness includes two distinct components, achievement and dependability, which may have different relationships with criterion measures. Two studies were conducted to determine whether the components of Conscientiousness predict creativity better than the full factor. Students in each study completed a measure of the Five Factor Model and a measure of creative performance. In the first study, creative …

Attachment: The Antidote To Trauma, Joshua Straub

Faculty Publications and Presentations

Trauma and loss in life are inevitable. And all too often the traumatic experience itself can be enough to paralyze the mental, emotional, and spiritual state of any given person. Unable to interpret the traumatic experience, many instead are left defined by it. Helping clients discern the objective experience and their subjective reactions to it will help free them from the emotions and beliefs that subsequently control their lives. Based on the most relevant attachment theory research and clinical techniques, this workshop teaches the attentional strategies necessary to helping clients overcome trauma.

The Use Of Personality Test Norms In Work Settings: Effects Of Sample Size And Relevance, Robert P. Tett, Jenna R. (Fitzke) Pieper, Patrick L. Wadlington, Scott A. Davies, Michael G. Anderson, Jeff Foster

Department of Management: Faculty Publications

The value of personality test norms for use in work settings depends on norm sample size (N) and relevance, yet research on these criteria is scant and corresponding standards are vague. Using basic statistical principles and Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) data from 5 sales and 4 trucking samples (N range = 394–6,200), we show that (a) N >100 has little practical impact on the reliability of norm-based standard scores (max=±10 percentile points in 99% of samples) and (b) personality profiles vary more from using different norm samples, between as well as within job families. Averaging across scales, T-scores based on …

Emotional Labor Demands, Wages And Gender: A Within-Person, Between-Jobs Study, Devasheesh P. Bhave, Theresa M. Glomb

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Although research suggests the important role of gender in emotional labour, its effect on the relationship between emotional labour demands and wages has not been examined explicitly. The current study investigates this relationship by testing hypotheses derived from theories of vocational choice and labour market supply and demand. Hypotheses are tested using a unique within-person, between-jobs longitudinal dataset with information on two jobs for each worker in a national sample of U.S. workers (N=5,488). After controlling for relevant variables related to wages, results suggest men incur wage penalties of approximately 6% when moving to occupations with higher emotional labour demands. …

Emotions At Work: What Do People Feel And How Should We Measure It?, Cynthia D. Fisher

Cynthia D. Fisher

Affect at work is of increasing interest to organisational researchers. Prior research on felt affect at work has focused almost exclusively on mood rather than emotion. As yet we have little knowledge about which emotions are felt or how frequently they are felt in the workplace, or of what their causes or consequences might be. There has not even been an instrument available for measuring emotion at work. This paper reports on a preliminary study designed as a lead-in to further research on emotion at work. One hundred and sixteen people reported on the frequency with which they had experienced …

Configurations Of Leadership Traits And Their Relation To Performance Ratings: A Person-Oriented Approach, Taylor Poling

Doctoral Dissertations

The study of traits has re-emerged in the leadership literature despite its checkered past. There is now ample evidence that a variety of individual traits consistently relate to leadership effectiveness. Nonetheless, enormous ambiguity remains regarding the patterning of these traits within leaders and the implications of the various interactions among traits. A major contributor to these issues has been the failure to examine these traits within their founding theoretical context, as elements operating simultaneously as a configural system within the individual. Thus, this study examines the configurations of leadership traits in a sample of middle and upper-level managers. The main …

Personality, Self-Efficacy, And Barriers To Participation In A Health Promotion Program, Eliza C. Hegwood

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Organizations are increasingly becoming aware of the importance of fostering a healthy workforce. Health promotion programs, wellness programs that address a range of health-related behaviors, can be very beneficial for both employees and organizations, but only if the employees use them. Although corporations are offering such programs to employees, many individuals choose not to participate. The reasons for this non-participation are not yet fully understood, especially from a psychological perspective. The present study examined the relationship between perceived barriers to exercise and participation in a health promotion program, and the influence of self-efficacy and Five Factor Model personality traits on …

Outdoor Adventures, Self-Efficacy, And Proactive Work Behaviors, Jennifer Hopkins

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

The modern work environment is characterized by continuous changes involving mergers, acquisitions, downsizing, and organizational restructuring. To persevere in this context, employees are now implicitly required to demonstrate more proactivity when carrying out their job functions. Although proactive work behaviors seem to predict career and organizational achievement, relatively little research has examined the underlying process that stimulates such behaviors in employees. The present research addressed this gap by testing the hypothesis that the positive relationship between successful completion of an outdoor adventure training (OA) program and future proactive work behaviors is mediated by a person’s self-efficacy. Two studies were conducted; …

Testing An Extension Of The Job Demands-Resources Model :The Addition Of Personal Resources As Mediators To The Resources - Engagement Relationship, Marilyn Deese

All Theses

I review the construct of work engagement and discuss the Job demands-Resources (JD-R) model, a theory to describe the causes of engagement. The study investigates the inclusion of personal resources in the JD-R model. This research tests the hypothesis that personal resources (self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem) will mediate the relationship between organizational resources (method control and social support) and engagement. The hypotheses were tested in a longitudinal design with a sample of nurses from the Northwestern United States (N = 428). Method control significantly predicted self-esteem, and coworker support significantly predicted selfefficacy. Further, supervisor support and self-efficacy predicted dedication, and …

Antecedents And Outcomes Of Workplace Discrimination As Perceived By Employees With Disabilities, Jessica Bradley

All Dissertations

Even since the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, employment is still a challenge for the millions of Americans living with disabilities. The unemployment rate for those with disabilities (13.7%) is much higher than that for adults without disabilities (8.9%; Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2009). In addition to the challenge of obtaining a job, individuals with disabilities can face discrimination and poor treatment once on the job. The current study is the first to empirically examine those factors that may influence perceptions of discrimination in the workplace for individuals with disabilities and predicts how organizational …

The Effects Of Automation Expertise, System Confidence, And Image Quality On Trust, Compliance, And Performance, Randall D. Spain

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

This study examined the effects of automation expertise, system confidence, and image quality on automation trust, compliance, and detection performance. One hundred and fifteen participants completed a simulated military target detection task while receiving advice from an imperfect diagnostic aid that varied in expertise (expert vs. novice) and confidence (75% vs. 50% vs. 25% vs. no aid). The task required participants to detect covert enemy targets in simulated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Participants reported whether a target was present or absent, their decision-confidence, and their trust in the diagnostic system's advice. Results indicated that system confidence and automation expertise …

A Test Of Direct And Partially Mediated Relationships Between Leader Member Exchange, Job Embeddedness, Turnover Intentions, And Job Search Behaviors In A Southern Police Department, Mark D. Bowman

School of Public Service Theses & Dissertations

Job embeddedness has been found to predict turnover intentions, job search behaviors and turnover, and job embeddedness researchers assert, but have not tested, that job embeddedness is a mediator of other organizationally significant factors relative to organizational outcomes. A relationship not previously explored is the role of a supervisor in job embeddedness, which was operationalized in this study as leader-member exchange. A single panel survey was conducted in a police department in the southern United States with 276 current members holding the rank of police officer. Usable surveys were completed by 128 of those police officers, which is a response …

Developing A Philosophical Profile Of The Individual For Complex Problem-Solving Through Agent-Based Modeling, Ipek Bozkurt

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Research that focuses on the emotional, mental, behavioral and cognitive capabilities of individuals has been abundant within disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, among others. The main argument made in this dissertation, however, is that a different perspective is necessary in order to gain insight about individuals when facing the complex problems that are presented within engineering and management disciplines. This is done by developing the Philosophical Profile of the Individual (PPI) that uses epistemology, ontology and teleology as underlying dimensions of philosophical predispositions. The epistemology dimension considers whether an individual is an Empiricist or a Rationalist, the ontology …

Emotional Intelligence And Leadership In Organization: A Meta-Analytic Test Of Process Mechanisms, Daniel S. Whitman

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The present study – employing psychometric meta-analysis of 92 independent studies with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 322 leaders – examined the relationship between EI and leadership effectiveness. Overall, the results supported a linkage between leader EI and effectiveness that was moderate in nature (ρ = .25). In addition, the positive manifold of the effect sizes presented in this study, ranging from .10 to .44, indicate that emotional intelligence has meaningful relations with myriad leadership outcomes including effectiveness, transformational leadership, LMX, follower job satisfaction, and others. Furthermore, this paper examined potential process mechanisms that may account for the EI-leadership …

The Association Between Task Conflict, Relationship Conflict, And Peer Performance Appraisals, Marc Anthony Lukasik

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

This investigation examined the association between relationship conflict, task conflict, and peer appraisals of performance.The association between conflict types and performance appraisals was examined using both the group as a referent (i.e., members provide overall ratings representing the group as a whole), as well as an individual as a referent (i.e., members rate an individual member of the group). In an effort to best explain these associations, several moderating variables proposed in the literature were examined in conjunction with conflict types and performance. These moderators included task routineness, trust, and cooperative goal interdependence.

The study was conducted using both student …

Work-Family Balance And Religion: A Resource Based Perspective, Shivani Praful Patel

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

It is increasingly recognized that work and family roles do not represent fully separate life domains (Voydanoff, 2004). This is one reason, why occupational health researchers and practitioners are working to understand and facilitate balance between work and nonwork roles. Most existing literature defines interrole balance by emphasizing work and family roles alone; unfortunately, this narrow focus prevents us from recognizing individuals’ engagements in many other roles that may also influence one’s balance. The present study was designed to expand our thinking about work-nonwork role balance by presenting and testing a model that incorporates a third important role, involvement in …

Personality And Leader Emergence In Groups, Rhett M. Smith

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Trait-based approaches to leadership have been around for a long time. Starting out as one of the original theories of leadership, research in the area of trait- based perspectives began to slow and give way to other, different domains of predicting leadership in the 1950s. Only recently has there been a revived interest in the trait approaches to leadership. Building on this resurgence, the present study examined the relationship between leader emergence and the Five Factor Model of personality (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness).

What Makes People Stay? Examining The Relationships Among Loyalty To Supervisor, Organizational Commitment And Intent To Turnover, Christie Cunningham

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Using survey data from a sample of 130 employees across a range of jobs in various organizations, the author examined the relationships among loyalty to supervisor, organizational commitment (affective, continuance, and normative), and intent to turnover. Regression analyses indicated that of the three forms of organizational commitment, only affective commitment fully mediated the relationship between loyalty to supervisor and intent to turnover. These results stress the importance of defining and creating a work environment in which both loyalty to supervisor and affective commitment are enhanced. Research implications, limitations, and areas for future research are also discussed.

International Work Demands And Employee Well Being And Performance, Hailey Herleman

All Dissertations

Today's global workplace is growing in size and scope, creating a demand to integrate strategies and research in the field of international management (Bjorkman & Stahl, 2006). In the present study I argue for a more comprehensive understanding of the demands that employees face when engaged in international work responsibilities along with an analysis of the relationships between international work demands and important outcomes. The current project includes both a qualitative and quantitative study utilizing separate samples. The qualitative study identifies positive and negative aspects of international work demands for employees. In addition, the qualitative study investigates sources of support …

Cultural Differences As A Moderator Of Perceptions Of Injustice And Workplace Deviance, Amber Schroeder

All Theses

Previous research has suggested that organizational justice perceptions are negatively related to workplace deviance, but the impact of individual cultural orientations has rarely been considered. Thus, the current paper examined individualism and collectivism as moderators of the justice-deviance relationship. Results suggested that injustice was more likely to lead to deviant workplace behavior in individuals high on individualism or low on collectivism than in individuals on the opposite ends of these spectrums. Practical implications and study limitations are discussed.

The Effects Of Accountability On Leniency Reduction In Self Ratings, Brettney Smith

All Theses

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of accountability on leniency reduction in self-ratings. It was hypothesized that participants in both the upward and illegitimate accountability condition would have lower levels of leniency in their self-ratings than participants in the no accountability condition. Accountability was operationalized as participants being told that they would have to justify their self-ratings of driving performance to either a professor who specializes in driving research (upward accountability) or to an education graduate student who maintains the driving simulator (illegitimate accountability) via an audiotape. The results showed that accountability had a significant …

Facilitation Of Social Cognitive Constructs In An Employee Wellness Exercise Intervention Program, Juliana D. Middleton

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The current study examined the influence of social cognitive variables on physical activity and proposed an intervention for an 8-week physical activity promotion program. Four specific components were examined: implementation intentions, goal commitment, barrier self-efficacy, and value. Participants included faculty and staff enrolled in a university Employee Wellness Program. Participants in the treatment group received goal-setting prompts focused on developing implementation intentions, identifying the value of outcome expectancies, and overcoming self-efficacy barriers. Participants in the control group did not receive goal-setting prompts. The use of goal-setting prompts did not result in significantly more minutes spent exercising. Overall, participants who received …

The Validation Of A Situational Judgment Test To Measure Leadership Behavior, Kaci Lyn Grant

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Assessment centers, although useful for assessing behaviors and competencies associated with a targeted construct, can be low in economic utility. The current study sought to validate a situational judgment test (SJT) that was developed as an alternate form of assessment for a leadership development program. The first study examined the content validity of the SJT by performing retranslation on item stems and calibration of the item responses. The second study examined alternate forms reliability between the two forms of the leadership SJT that were developed. The third and final study evaluated the relationship between assessment center performance scores and SJT …

Fan Perception Of Justice In Team Disciplinary Decisions, Lauren Cathryn Gruchala

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The present study examined procedural and distributive justice outcomes of discipline in an athletic team setting. A 2 (Consistency of Punishment: consistent vs. conditional) x 2 (Violation Severity: moderate vs. severe) x 2 (Punishment Severity: moderate vs. severe) x 2 (Decision Maker: head coach vs. team captains) factorial design was used. Participants responded to four of the 16 hypothetical scenarios resulting from the design. Participants included 354 fans in attendance at a several university athletic events and students in psychology courses. The results indicated that consistent punishment was perceived as more fair to the punished athlete, teammates, and fans than …

Organizational Justice, Equity Sensitivity, And Workplace Attitudes, Tatiana B. Trevor

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Organizational justice is a multifaceted construct used to measure perceptions of equity within an organization. Utilizing hierarchical regression analysis, this study tested how equity sensitivity moderated the relationship between organizational justice and overall job attitudes, including job satisfaction and affective commitment. A sample of employees at one small and one medium southeastern university were used to demonstrate that equity sensitivity influenced perceptions of justice resulting in an increase or decrease in individual and organizationally-directed workplace attitudes. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.