Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- San Jose State University (12757)
- Western Kentucky University (7288)
- University of Central Florida (5006)
- Wright State University (4588)
- Colby College (3024)
-
- Lindenwood University (2945)
- Morehead State University (2713)
- University of Memphis (2140)
- Providence College (2073)
- Winthrop University (2025)
- St. Mary's University (1499)
- Columbia College Chicago (1483)
- Hollins University (1401)
- Parkland College (1373)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1189)
- University of Texas at Arlington (1128)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (1063)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (904)
- Purdue University (854)
- Singapore Management University (826)
- CentraCare Health (780)
- Marquette University (750)
- University of Dayton (737)
- Georgia College (735)
- Old Dominion University (731)
- Eastern Illinois University (655)
- Seton Hall University (651)
- Portland State University (645)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (622)
- University of Texas at El Paso (619)
- Keyword
-
- Spartan Daily (12401)
- Newspaper (12316)
- Western Kentucky University (6672)
- Student newspaper (4562)
- Student newspapers (3601)
-
- Communication (3444)
- Wright State University (3325)
- American newspapers (3003)
- Agricultural newspapers (3000)
- Central Maine (3000)
- Maine history (3000)
- Popular literature (3000)
- Student life (2776)
- 19th century newspapers (2670)
- Newspapers (2445)
- Future (2302)
- Central Florida Future (2282)
- Athletics (2142)
- Syllabus, syllabi, journalism, communication, media, strategic media (2138)
- African Americans (1966)
- Alumni (1930)
- Blacks (1929)
- Athletics (WKU) (1657)
- Faculty (1651)
- Local History (1554)
- Chester County SC (1552)
- Digital Collections (1552)
- Events (1521)
- Staff (1395)
- Community college (1366)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (11410)
- WKU Administration Documents (6441)
- The Guardian Student Newspaper (2691)
- Central Florida Future (2281)
- The Waterville Mail (Waterville, Maine) (2161)
-
- Journalism and Strategic Media Syllabi Archive (2139)
- The Cowl (2008)
- Rowan County News Archive (1488)
- The Rattler (Previous issues) (1404)
- Hollins Student Newspapers (1384)
- Jessie Maye Smith Birds and Watchers Columns Collection (1036)
- Theses and Dissertations (1016)
- Columbia Chronicle (932)
- The Eastern Mail (Waterville, Maine) (839)
- On Sport and Society (805)
- Association for Communication Administration Bulletin (764)
- The Linden Bark (1924-1969) (759)
- Colonnade (724)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (654)
- Basic Communication Course Annual (641)
- Lindenwood Digest (597)
- CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (580)
- Masters Theses (575)
- Organization Management Journal (542)
- Kno.e.sis Publications (540)
- Communiqué (527)
- Journal of International and Global Studies (497)
- Morehead Independent Archive (497)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (468)
- College of Communication Faculty Research and Publications (448)
- Publication Type
Articles 8161 - 8190 of 89479
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Analysis Of International Carbon Neutralization Strategic Actions And Technology Layout And Enlightenment Suggestions To China, Jiansheng Qu, Wei Chen, Jingjing Zeng, Yuling Sun, Qin Liao, Kaimo Guo, Aning Qin, Huijuan Pei, Fei Teng, Yanfei Liu, Fang Yue, Li'na Liu, Yun Tang, Lanchun Li
Analysis Of International Carbon Neutralization Strategic Actions And Technology Layout And Enlightenment Suggestions To China, Jiansheng Qu, Wei Chen, Jingjing Zeng, Yuling Sun, Qin Liao, Kaimo Guo, Aning Qin, Huijuan Pei, Fei Teng, Yanfei Liu, Fang Yue, Li'na Liu, Yun Tang, Lanchun Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals is a major strategic decision made by the Chinese government, which will bring extensive and profound systemic changes for the economy and society. S&T is the core driving force that supports the goal of carbon neutrality. On the basis of the related concepts of carbon neutrality, this study analyzes the strategic actions and the characteristics of technological layout of carbon neutrality in developed countries/regions and international organizations. Major countries have promoted carbon neutrality through legislative regulation, energy strategies, technology roadmaps, carbon markets and other policy actions. They focus on deploying transformative green low-carbon …
Policy Approaches To Increase Carbon Sequestration Capacity By Optimizing Layouts Of Ecological Construction, Jie Fan, Hongbing Wang, Daojing Zhou, Ning Ma, Baoyin Liu
Policy Approaches To Increase Carbon Sequestration Capacity By Optimizing Layouts Of Ecological Construction, Jie Fan, Hongbing Wang, Daojing Zhou, Ning Ma, Baoyin Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Improving carbon sequestration capacity through ecological construction is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality" in China. Based on the analysis of the current situation and trend of ecological carbon sequestration in China, this study summarizes the main challenges in the increment of ecosystem carbon sink in China. The current situation and trend, the significant carbon sequestration capacity of forests, the recovery phase of carbon sequestration capacity of grassland, and the carbon sequestration benefits of major ecological projects are also surveyed. Then, the new challenges of China are analyzed, including the backlog of over-mature forests …
Market Mechanism And Focus Of International Cooperation To Achieve Carbon Neutrality, Lele Zou, Pu Wang, Yi Sun
Market Mechanism And Focus Of International Cooperation To Achieve Carbon Neutrality, Lele Zou, Pu Wang, Yi Sun
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The market mechanism is the basis for achieving carbon neutrality. Through the market mechanism, the global cost can be the lowest to achieve carbon neutrality. Therefore, in the process of carbon neutralization, it is necessary to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. China has explored and accumulated experience in various market mechanisms for more than 10 years, and has established the carbon market, green certificate market, white certificate market, energy market, etc. At the same time, the power system is also strengthening market-oriented reform. Nevertheless, there are still imperfect systems and conflicts among …
Carbon Neutrality Policy Measures In Global Major Economies, Jianfang Wang, Liyang Su, Xianchun Tan, Xiaoyi Chen, Chunlei Ge
Carbon Neutrality Policy Measures In Global Major Economies, Jianfang Wang, Liyang Su, Xianchun Tan, Xiaoyi Chen, Chunlei Ge
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
This study focuses on the strategies, targets and policy measures for carbon neutrality in global major economies. The research shows that due to the different socio-economic and political foundations, the transition strategy towards carbon neutrality in major economies is also varied, which can be divided into four categories:leading strategy, growth strategy, following strategy, and swing strategy. Most of them build carbon neutrality target system with the framework of "target roadmap+targets in key areas", but leading countries usually integrate targets into legislation and thus the objective is legally binding, while others tend to weaken emission reduction targets and focus on the …
Technological Approaches To Enhance Ecosystem Carbon Sink In China: Nature-Based Solutions, Guirui Yu, Jianxing Zhu, Li Xu, Nianpeng He
Technological Approaches To Enhance Ecosystem Carbon Sink In China: Nature-Based Solutions, Guirui Yu, Jianxing Zhu, Li Xu, Nianpeng He
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutralization in 2060 has been established as one of the important strategic goals of China's economic and social development. During 2010-2020, the capacity of terrestrial ecosystems in China to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) varied from 1.0 to 1.3 Gt/a, with high uncertainty. To enhance the carbon sink capacity of Chinese terrestrial ecosystems, the combination with land space planning and ecological protection is essential. It is necessary to first stabilize the existing carbon storage in these ecosystems, such as forest, grassland, wetland, coast, and others, and then implement some important ecological protection and ecological restoration …
Development Path Of Energy Science And Technology Under “Dual Carbon” Goals: Perspective Of Multi-Energy System Integration, Rui Cai, Hanxiong Zhu, Wangjun Li, Yu Xiao, Zhongmin Liu
Development Path Of Energy Science And Technology Under “Dual Carbon” Goals: Perspective Of Multi-Energy System Integration, Rui Cai, Hanxiong Zhu, Wangjun Li, Yu Xiao, Zhongmin Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
This study first analyzes the driving factors of China's realization of the "dual carbon" goals from the two aspects of necessity and urgency, and proposes that to achieve the "dual carbon" goals, China shall reshape the energy structure and related industrial systems in a scientific and orderly manner, in which technology innovation plays a crucial leading role. Then, based on the long-term research and deveopment in the energy field of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the scientific and technological development path to lead the realization of the "dual carbon" goals with the concept of "multi-energy system integration" is proposed, and …
Highly Efficient And Clean Utilization Of Fossil Energy Under Carbon Peak And Neutrality Targets, Qinggang Lyu, Zhen Chai
Highly Efficient And Clean Utilization Of Fossil Energy Under Carbon Peak And Neutrality Targets, Qinggang Lyu, Zhen Chai
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Fossil energy utilization faces new challenges under carbon peak and carbon neutrality ("dual carbon" for short) targets. In this study, the present status of fossil energy utilization in China is summarized. Based on the situation of energy resources in China, the idea of highly efficient and clean utilization of fossil energy under dual carbon constraint is proposed. The technical development suggestions are put forward from three aspects including high efficient combustion and conversion of coal, high efficient utilization of oil and gas, and waste treatment of the chemical processing of coal. It aims to provide scientific and technological support for …
Proposal For Establishing Wide-Area Virtual Power Plant Based On Pv-Dominated Energy And Physical Energy Storage System, Liye Xiao, Jiaofeng Pan
Proposal For Establishing Wide-Area Virtual Power Plant Based On Pv-Dominated Energy And Physical Energy Storage System, Liye Xiao, Jiaofeng Pan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The key issues to achieve the "dual carbon" goals mainly involve three aspects:the structure of energy and power supply, the development of energy storage technology and the construction of new power system. Combined with the specific situation of China, this study analyzes and forecasts the power supply structure dominated by renewable energy; Considering the characteristics and development needs of renewable energy, the viewpoint and idea are put forward to develop physical energy storage, especially underground energy storage engineering, to meet the large-scale energy storage needs of power grid. On this basis, the overall idea is suggested for constructing wide area …
Thoughts On Regional Path Of Promoting Comprehensive Demonstration Of Low-Carbon Energy Technology Under “Dual Carbon” Goals, Zhu, Yi Wang, Jia Rui, Daquan Cao, Xiaoguang Ren, Jingdong He, Haisheng Chen, Rui Cai, Zhongmin Liu
Thoughts On Regional Path Of Promoting Comprehensive Demonstration Of Low-Carbon Energy Technology Under “Dual Carbon” Goals, Zhu, Yi Wang, Jia Rui, Daquan Cao, Xiaoguang Ren, Jingdong He, Haisheng Chen, Rui Cai, Zhongmin Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Promoting the regional demonstration of energy technology for carbon peak and carbon neutrality (referred to as "dual carbon") is an important part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' action plan to support the "dual carbon" goals. This study discusses the significance of carrying out the comprehensive demonstration of "dual carbon" technology from the two dimensions of "technology integration demonstration" and "typical regional demonstration". Besides, based on the existing research layout in the energy field of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the idea and four mainlines are proposed for the Chinese Academy of Sciences to promote "multi-energy integration", which are clean …
Give Full Play To National Strategic S&T Force To Provide Vigorous Support For Carbon Peak And Carbon Neutrality Goals, Jingdong He, Daquan Cao, Xiaonan Duan, Tao Zhao, Qifeng Li, Yu Xiao, Zhongmin Liu, Haisheng Chen, Chibiao Ding
Give Full Play To National Strategic S&T Force To Provide Vigorous Support For Carbon Peak And Carbon Neutrality Goals, Jingdong He, Daquan Cao, Xiaonan Duan, Tao Zhao, Qifeng Li, Yu Xiao, Zhongmin Liu, Haisheng Chen, Chibiao Ding
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Scientific and technological innovation plays key supporting and leading roles to achieve "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals (referred to as "dual carbon"). It is necessary to make sustained efforts in the three aspects, namely energy structure adjustment, energy consumption, and carbon sequestration, and build a novel multi-energy-integrated energy production and utilization system based on hydrogen energy, energy storage, and methanol, in which the main lines are clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, large-scale utilization and complementation of clean energy, low-carbon reconstruction of industrial processes, and intelligent multi-energy integration of building and transportation. In 2022, the Chinese Academy of …
Carbon Neutral Transformative Technologies For Industrial Process, Suojiang Zhang, Xiangping Zhang, Wei Ge, Chunyan Shi
Carbon Neutral Transformative Technologies For Industrial Process, Suojiang Zhang, Xiangping Zhang, Wei Ge, Chunyan Shi
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Focusing on the four major high carbon emission industries of steel, non-ferrous, chemical industry and building materials, through research and analysis, four low carbon strategies, i.e., green hydrogen/green electricity substitution, raw material/product structure adjustment, process flow re-construction and digital intelligence, are proposed. Combining the current status and the trends of technology development in different industries, a number of advanced low-carbon technologies are suggested, key scientific and technological challenges to be solved are condensed, and suggestions and initiatives to accelerate the application of new technologies and industrial transformation and upgrading are proposed, with a view to providing support for low-carbon and …
Build New Power System To Promote Carbon Neutrality, Li Kong, Wei Pei, Jianye Rao, Yingxin Xu
Build New Power System To Promote Carbon Neutrality, Li Kong, Wei Pei, Jianye Rao, Yingxin Xu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Under the 'carbon peak and carbon neutrality' goal, the supply and demand of China's power system will continue to grow in the next 40 years. Firstly, this study comprehensively analyzes China's power grid system under the goal of carbon neutralization. In the future, wind power and solar power will gradually become the main power supply, which brings new tasks and challenges to the power grid to absorb the renewable energy. On this basis, the general idea and construction principles of building a new generation of power system are expounded. Then, the basic structure and form of the new generation of …
Research Progress And Development Suggestions Of Energy Storage Technology Under Background Of Carbon Peak And Carbon Neutrality, Qiong Zheng, Lixia Jiang, Yujie Xu, Song Gao, Tao Liu, Chao Qu, Haisheng Chen, Xianfeng Li
Research Progress And Development Suggestions Of Energy Storage Technology Under Background Of Carbon Peak And Carbon Neutrality, Qiong Zheng, Lixia Jiang, Yujie Xu, Song Gao, Tao Liu, Chao Qu, Haisheng Chen, Xianfeng Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Energy storage is one of the important supporting technologies to achieve the "dual carbon" goals, and it is an important means to stabilize renewable energy fluctuations and reduce the impact of large-scale new energy access on the power grid. At present, the competition of global energy resources is becoming increasingly fierce, and China is also facing significant changes in the adjustment of energy structure. To implement the energy strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation" in the new era, and to realize the "14th Five-Year Plan" as well as the "Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035", China needs to build …
Lindenwood Digest, April 20, 2022, Lindenwood University
Lindenwood Digest, April 20, 2022, Lindenwood University
Lindenwood Digest
The Lindenwood Digest has been a digital employee newsletter since 2009.
Spartan Daily, April 19, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, April 19, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 32
‘The Chronicle Of Nightmares’: Emergency Nurses’ Frontstage And Backstage Communication In The Emergency Department, Sydney O'Shay
‘The Chronicle Of Nightmares’: Emergency Nurses’ Frontstage And Backstage Communication In The Emergency Department, Sydney O'Shay
Publications
Effective emergency nurse-patient (EN) communication and ENs’ communication with other healthcare workers have implications for patient outcomes. Effective EN-patient communication informs and empowers patients. This study sought to better understand ENs frontstage and backstage interactions in a metropolitan emergency department (ED). The researcher engaged in participant observation of 15 different ENs’ healthcare interactions with patients and other healthcare workers in the ED for a total of 47 hours and 30 minutes. Iterative analysis of field notes builds reveal two key observations. First, frontstage and backstage spaces are fluid in nature, where healthcare workers simultaneously engage in backstage and frontstage communication …
The Prospector, April 19, 2022, Utep Student Publications
The Prospector, April 19, 2022, Utep Student Publications
The Prospector
Headline: "Into the Woods"
Social Media, Humor, And Crisis Health Communication: Humor Used To Inform Over Social Media During Covid-19, Sally Burkley
Social Media, Humor, And Crisis Health Communication: Humor Used To Inform Over Social Media During Covid-19, Sally Burkley
Departmental Honors & Graduate Capstone Projects
With the recent events of COVID-19, it is necessary to examine how everyday citizens responded to the public health messages delivered by The Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. government and how these responses revealed and impacted the effectiveness of the organization’s messages. Furthermore, it is important to consider the potential humor has as an information spreading tool within the collaborative medium of social media. This study analyzes three different digital humor artifacts using a chronological rhetorical analysis in order to understand how we communicate health crisis initiatives over social media. The research findings show the change …
The Handy Ir Manager: A Toolkit For Recruitment, Intake, And Promotion, Melody Herr, Jessica Kelly, Cedar C. Middleton
The Handy Ir Manager: A Toolkit For Recruitment, Intake, And Promotion, Melody Herr, Jessica Kelly, Cedar C. Middleton
University Libraries Teaching and Learning
You seek fresh strategies for recruiting new collections for your institutional repository (IR). You strive to improve intake workflows and expedite metadata creation for hosted collections. You wonder how to attract users to repository content. If you see yourself in any – or all – of these scenarios, come to this session for inspiration and practical tools.
The Scholarly Communications team will present successful strategies that we’ve developed at the University of Arkansas for recruitment, intake, and promotion, using examples from our work with research centers and student journals.
The Guardian Week Of April 18, 2022, Wright State University Student Body
The Guardian Week Of April 18, 2022, Wright State University Student Body
The Guardian Student Newspaper
News articles from The Guardian for the week of April 18, 2022. The Guardian is the official student-run newspaper for Wright State University. It has been published regularly since March of 1965.
Ethics Of Inclusive Digital Rhetorics: Communicating Public Health On Social Media, Cristy Kennedy
Ethics Of Inclusive Digital Rhetorics: Communicating Public Health On Social Media, Cristy Kennedy
Symposium of Student Scholars
Virtual adjustments associated with the COVID-19 pandemic caused state and national government agencies to emphasize digital health communication (Hope, 2021), prompting users to turn to social media platforms for medical information (Walwema, 2021; Doan, 2021). This surge of social media usage left marginalized groups digitally underserved, highlighting the need for an ethical and universal strategy for the dissemination of health information (Baldwinson, 2018). New and universal content strategies following ethical guidelines would encourage preventive health behaviors in an inclusive and objective manner, minimizing misinformation and rhetorical barriers.(Cuello-Garcia et al., 2020).
Our presentation engages these interconnected issues and applies the results …
Challenges Nonprofits Face With Communication Between Volunteers And The Organization And The Damaging Effect It Causes, James Cooke
Symposium of Student Scholars
Discrepancies in information, lack of communication, and losing track of data due to poor communication practices are only some reasons nonprofit organizations are less effective when dealing with emergency events. This issue does not only begin at the volunteer and organization level of communication but even at the interagency level. This article will explore organizations' shortcomings in how communication occurs between the organization's leadership, personnel, and volunteers and will peer into interagency communication issues. Many issues plague the area of communication within nonprofits that operate within disaster areas, like collecting, aggregating, analyzing, and then disseminating it to everyone who would …
Diy Disinformation: Using Fake Crafting Videos To Combat Fake News, Elizabeth M. Downey
Diy Disinformation: Using Fake Crafting Videos To Combat Fake News, Elizabeth M. Downey
UL Publications
When Ann Reardon started her YouTube channel How to Cook That, she likely didn’t expect to spend a bulk of her time debunking so-called “cooking hack” videos. Amateur bakers and other viewers would ask her why the so-called easy recipes from channels like So Yummy didn’t work for them. As a service. she would demonstrate the so-called “shortcuts,” explain why they didn’t work, and then show how to execute a similar recipe the right way. With her willing husband serving as the unfortunate taste-tester, the videos gained popularity followed by requests for similar content, expanding to crafting and other “lifehack” …
Melancolía X A Projection Of Queer Of Color Ambivalence In The 21st Century New Mexico, Anthony Rosendo Zarinana
Melancolía X A Projection Of Queer Of Color Ambivalence In The 21st Century New Mexico, Anthony Rosendo Zarinana
Communication ETDs
This dissertation seeks to elucidate a form of investigation, derived from Jose Esteban Muñoz’s (2006) considerations of brown feelings. By triangulating a base across Queer of Color embodied critiques, I locate a research site in the field of Queer Intercultural Communication to ground the capacity of this project. In this, I work with Queer of Color men in New Mexico, focusing on their feelings about identity and desire as it relates to relational thresholds. By mapping an analytical structure across my own experiences and theirs, I determine to craft a more complicated vantage across our experiences, outlining the socio-cultural pressures …
Reagan’S Make America Great Again And Fantasy Theme Analysis, Dylan Ureno
Reagan’S Make America Great Again And Fantasy Theme Analysis, Dylan Ureno
Liberty University Research Week
Undergraduate
Textual or Investigative
The Ethics Of Entertainment In The Hunger Games, Ella Campbell
The Ethics Of Entertainment In The Hunger Games, Ella Campbell
Liberty University Research Week
Undergraduate
Textual or Investigative
Clients Have Different Assumptions Of Services Online Versus In-Person, Kate Clinton Ndikumagenge
Clients Have Different Assumptions Of Services Online Versus In-Person, Kate Clinton Ndikumagenge
Liberty University Research Week
Graduate
Applied
Spartan Daily, April 14, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, April 14, 2022, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications
Spartan Daily, 2022
Volume 158, Issue 31
Decipher Reliable Covid-19 Related Information Among College Students, Emily Ackershoek
Decipher Reliable Covid-19 Related Information Among College Students, Emily Ackershoek
Undergraduate Research Competition
On March 11, 2020 the world changed forever. The World Health Organization declared COVID- 19 a global pandemic. Nearly two years later with numerous mutations of COVID-19 and with medical advancements of vaccines we are still living in a pandemic. This project will further decipher reliable COVID-19 related information among college students. With more downtime due to the pandemic and classes being shifted to virtual, more and more students are downloading popular social media apps like TikTok to cope with the lockdown. Many public health related agencies are taking advantage of the opportunity of using TikTok to share COVID-19 related …
Eta Sigma Gamma - Georgia Southern University Chapter: Breast Cancer Awareness Health Communication Plan, Jill Johns, Omolola Okunromade
Eta Sigma Gamma - Georgia Southern University Chapter: Breast Cancer Awareness Health Communication Plan, Jill Johns, Omolola Okunromade
Eagle Showcase: Excellence in Service-Learning (Archived)
The health communication plan was used to evaluate public health communication and advocacy promotion by efficiently increasing awareness about breast health and preventive services such as mammography screening among college students and women eligible for breast cancer screening. The communication plan was targeted towards empowering the Georgia Southern University chapter of Eta Sigma Gamma (ESG) members and other college students to act as health advocates by virtually disseminating information through the Facebook platform to their peer groups and social networks including friends and families in their community.
The purposes of the program evaluation and implementation measurement were to: 1) monitor …