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Articles 181 - 210 of 229

Full-Text Articles in Plasma and Beam Physics

Plasma Treatment Of Bulk Nb Surface In The Ar/Cl2 Discharge, M. Rašković, L. Vuskovic, S. Popovic, A.-M. Valente-Feliciano, L. Phillips Jan 2007

Plasma Treatment Of Bulk Nb Surface In The Ar/Cl2 Discharge, M. Rašković, L. Vuskovic, S. Popovic, A.-M. Valente-Feliciano, L. Phillips

Physics Faculty Publications

The preparation of the cavity walls has been one of the major challenges in the superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator technology. Therefore, constant research and development effort is devoted to develop surface preparation processes that will improve roughness and lower the level of impurities, like hydrogen or oxygen, embedded in bulk Nb, having in the same time reasonable etching rates. Plasma based surface modification provides an excellent opportunity to achieve these goals. We present Ar/Cl2 discharge treatment of bulk Nb where we achieved etching rates comparable to the rates obtained with the electropolishing method without introducing impurities in Nb. The …

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An Experimental Study Of A Pulsed Dc Plasma Flow Control Actuator, Jennifer D. Wall Jun 2006

An Experimental Study Of A Pulsed Dc Plasma Flow Control Actuator, Jennifer D. Wall

Theses and Dissertations

An experiment on the effects of a pulsed DC plasma actuator on a separated flow in a low speed wind tunnel was conducted. The actuator consisted of two asymmetric copper electrodes oriented normal to the flow separated by a dielectric barrier and mounted on a flat plate in the center of the tunnel. A contoured insert was constructed and used to create an adverse pressure gradient in the test section comparable to a Pak-B low pressure turbine blade distribution. Suction was applied from the upper wall to induce separation along the flat plate over the electrodes. The DC power supply …

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Passive Multiple Beam Combination In Optical Fibers Via Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, Kirk C. Brown Mar 2006

Passive Multiple Beam Combination In Optical Fibers Via Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, Kirk C. Brown

Theses and Dissertations

Many active methods of scaling laser brightness have been demonstrated in recent years. The goal of this research was to demonstrate the feasibility of passively combining multiple laser beams using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) in a long multimode optical fiber. This method of combination employed a “Gatling gun” fiber array that allowed several collimated beams to be focused by a lens into an optical fiber. The retroreflected Stokes beam is passed through the center of the beam combiner for analysis. In addition to experimental methodology and equipment used, the theoretical and historical background of SBS in optical fibers is provided. …

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Spatially-Resolved Temperature Diagnostic For Supersonic Flow Using Cross-Beam Doppler-Limited Laser Saturation Spectroscopy, Grady T. Phillips Mar 2006

Spatially-Resolved Temperature Diagnostic For Supersonic Flow Using Cross-Beam Doppler-Limited Laser Saturation Spectroscopy, Grady T. Phillips

Theses and Dissertations

Optical techniques for measuring the temperature in three-dimensional supersonic reactive flows have typically depended on lineshape measurements using single-beam laser absorption spectroscopy. However, absorption over extended path lengths in flows with symmetric, turbulent eddies can lead to systematically high extracted temperatures due to Doppler shifts resulting from flow along the absorption path. To eliminate these problems, Cross-Beam Saturation Absorption Spectroscopy (CBSAS) and Cross-Beam Inter-Modulated Fluorescence (CBIMF) have been developed which utilize two crossed and nearly copropogating laser beams.to record the spectral signal of an I2 ro-vibrational line in a small three-dimensional volume using a tunable CW dye laser. Temperature …

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Macroscopic Computational Model Of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators, Timothy R. Klein Feb 2006

Macroscopic Computational Model Of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators, Timothy R. Klein

Theses and Dissertations

Recent progress in the generation and sustainment of gas discharges at atmospheric pressure has energized research in the field of plasma-aerodynamics. Plasma actuators are promising devices that achieve flow control with no moving parts, do not alter the airfoil shape and place no parts in the flow. The operation of a plasma actuator is examined using a macroscopic (force and power addition) computational fluid dynamic model of a dielectric barrier discharge, DBD, in Fluent. A parametric approach is adopted to survey the range of requisite magnitudes of momentum and energy delivered to the flow field and to identify the effects …

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Dynamics Of An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Plume Generated By Submicrosecond Voltage Pulses, Xinpei Lu, Mounir Laroussi Jan 2006

Dynamics Of An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Plume Generated By Submicrosecond Voltage Pulses, Xinpei Lu, Mounir Laroussi

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Nonequilibrium plasmas driven by submicrosecond high voltage pulses have been proven to produce high-energy electrons, which in turn lead to enhanced ionization and excitations. Here, we describe a device capable of launching a cold plasma plume in the surrounding air. This device, "the plasma pencil," is driven by few hundred nanosecond wide pulses at repetition rates of a few kilohertz. Correlation between current-voltage characteristics and fast photography shows that the plasma plume is in fact a small bulletlike volume of plasma traveling at unusually high velocities. A model based on photoionization is used to explain the propagation kinetics of the …

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Electron Bernstein Wave Simulations And Comparison To Preliminary Nstx Emission Data, Josef Preinhaelter, Jakub Urban, Pavol Pavlo, Gary Taylor, Steffi Diem, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala Jan 2006

Electron Bernstein Wave Simulations And Comparison To Preliminary Nstx Emission Data, Josef Preinhaelter, Jakub Urban, Pavol Pavlo, Gary Taylor, Steffi Diem, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Simulations indicate that during flattop current discharges the optimal angles for the aiming of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) antennae are quite rugged and basically independent of time. The time development of electron Bernstein wave emission (EBWE) at particular frequencies as well as the frequency spectrum of EBWE as would be seen by the recently installed NSTX antennae are computed. The simulation of EBWE at low frequencies (e.g., 16 GHz) agrees well with the recent preliminary EBWE measurements on NSTX. At high frequencies, the sensitivity of EBWE to magnetic field variations is understood by considering the Doppler broadened electron …

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Multiple Channel Laser Beam Combination And Phasing Using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering In Optical Fibers, Brent W. Grime Dec 2005

Multiple Channel Laser Beam Combination And Phasing Using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering In Optical Fibers, Brent W. Grime

Theses and Dissertations

Brightness scaling lasers using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers is explored. A multiple-channel amplifier approach is used to increase the total power of a laser system while avoiding a significant burden on a single channel. The work explores two approaches utilizing both SBS beam cleanup and SBS piston error conjugation. A unique beam combiner that takes advantage of the SBS beam cleanup properties of a long, gradient-index multimode fiber was designed and tested. The beam combiner was developed to combine multiple-channel laser beams simultaneously with high input and output coupling efficiency. The design for the SBS beam combiner …

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Design And Fabrication Of A Prototype Fabry-Perot Cavity For The Compton Polarimeter Upgrade At Jefferson Lab, Deepa Deepa Jul 2005

Design And Fabrication Of A Prototype Fabry-Perot Cavity For The Compton Polarimeter Upgrade At Jefferson Lab, Deepa Deepa

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Upcoming experiments at Hall A at Jefferson lab require 1 % absolute accuracy of the electron beam polarization measurement at 0.85 Ge V energy. The Compton polarimeter at Hall A is capable of measuring beam polarization with 3 - 4 % accuracies at this beam energy. Hence it was proposed to upgrade the present Compton by doubling the laser frequency [2]. The present Compton polarimeter operates with a 1064 nm, continuous wave laser at 200 mW. This power is enhanced to 1.5 kW using a 0.85 m long Fabry-Perot Cavity. Changing to 532 nm laser with the same power would …

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Electro-Optic Beam Steering Using Domain Engineered Lithium Tantalate, Daren J. Chauvin Mar 2005

Electro-Optic Beam Steering Using Domain Engineered Lithium Tantalate, Daren J. Chauvin

Theses and Dissertations

The operation of a 14-channel five stage electro-optic beam steering device was studied. Beam deflection scanned from 0° to 10.1° was demonstrated. The maximum angle is within 0.3% of design. Many laser systems in operation today implement mechanical beam steering methods that are often expensive in terms of cost, weight and power. They are slow and subject to wear and vibration. A non-inertial beam scanning mechanism, such as one based on the device studied in this research could enhance the performance of these systems. The device studied here is fabricated in LiTaO3 using micro-patterned domain reversal. The 14 channels …

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Predicted Properties Of Microhollow Cathode Discharges In Xenon, J. P. Boeuf, L. C. Pitchford, K. H. Schoenbach Jan 2005

Predicted Properties Of Microhollow Cathode Discharges In Xenon, J. P. Boeuf, L. C. Pitchford, K. H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

A fluid model has been developed and used to help clarify the physical mechanisms occurring in microhollow cathode discharges (MHCD). Calculated current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and gas temperatures in xenon at 100 Torr are presented. Consistent with previous experimental results in similar conditions, we find a voltage maximum in the I-V characteristic. We show that this structure reflects a transition between a low-current, abnormal discharge localized inside the cylindrical hollow cathode to a higher-current, normal glow discharge sustained by electron emission from the outer surface of the cathode. This transition, due to the geometry of …

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Optimization Of Ultraviolet Emission And Chemical Species Generation From A Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge At Atmospheric Pressure, Xinpei Lu, Mounir Laroussi Jan 2005

Optimization Of Ultraviolet Emission And Chemical Species Generation From A Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge At Atmospheric Pressure, Xinpei Lu, Mounir Laroussi

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

One of the attractive features of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasmas is the ability to achieve enhanced gas phase chemistry without the need for elevated gas temperatures. This attractive characteristic recently led to their extensive use in applications that require low temperatures, such as material processing and biomedical applications. The agents responsible for the efficient plasma reactivity are the ultraviolet (UV) photons and the chemically reactive species. In this paper, in order to optimize the UV radiation and reactive species generation efficiency, the plasma was generated by a dielectric barrier discharge driven by unipolar submicrosecond square pulses. To keep the discharge …

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Room-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma For Biomedical Applications, Mounir Laroussi, Xinpei Lu Jan 2005

Room-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma For Biomedical Applications, Mounir Laroussi, Xinpei Lu

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

As low-temperature non-equilibrium plasmas come to play an increasing role in biomedical applications, reliable and user-friendly sources need to be developed. These plasma sources have to meet stringent requirements such as low temperature (at or near room temperature), no risk of arcing, operation at atmospheric pressure, preferably hand-held operation, low concentration of ozone generation, etc. In this letter, we present a device that meets exactly such requirements. This device is capable of generating a cold plasma plume several centimeters in length. It exhibits low power requirements as shown by its current-voltage characteristics. Using helium as a carrier gas, very little …

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Scaling And Characterization Of Direct Current Glow Discharge Plasma In Atmospheric Air, Abdel-Aleam Hefney Mohamed Apr 2004

Scaling And Characterization Of Direct Current Glow Discharge Plasma In Atmospheric Air, Abdel-Aleam Hefney Mohamed

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

A microhollow cathode discharge was used as a plasma cathode to sustain a stable direct current glow discharge in atmospheric pressure air. The volumetric scale of glow discharge increased from the millimeter to the centimeter range by extending the plasma in lateral and axial directions. In the axial direction, the length of the glow discharge column was varied from 1 mm to 2 cm, with the sustaining voltage increasing linearly with the glow discharge column length. Extension in the lateral direction was obtained by operating discharges in parallel. The glow discharge plasma of the parallel discharge columns was found to …

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Microdischarge Arrays, Wenhui Shi Apr 2004

Microdischarge Arrays, Wenhui Shi

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs) are DC or pulsed gas discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric, and containing a concentric hole. The diameter of the hole, in this hollow cathode configuration, is in the hundred-micrometer range. MHCDs satisfy the two conditions necessary for an efficient excimer radiation sources: (1) high energy electrons which are required to provide a high concentration of excited or ionized rare gas atoms; (2) high pressure operation which favors excimer formation (a three-body process). Flat panel excimer sources require parallel operation of MHCDs. Based on the current-voltage characteristics of MHCD discharges, which have positive slopes …

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Excimer Emission From Cathode Boundary Layer Discharges, Mohamed Moselhy, Karl H. Schoenbach Jan 2004

Excimer Emission From Cathode Boundary Layer Discharges, Mohamed Moselhy, Karl H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

The excimer emission from direct current glow discharges between a planar cathode and a ring-shaped anode of 0.75 and 1.5 mm diameter, respectively, separated by a gap of 250 μm, was studied in xenon and argon in a pressure range from 75 to 760 Torr. The thickness of the “cathode boundary layer” plasma, in the 100 μm range, and a discharge sustaining voltage of approximately 200 V, indicates that the discharge is restricted to the cathode fall and the negative glow. The radiant excimer emittance at 172 nm increases with pressure and reaches a value of 4 W/cm2 for …

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Influence Of Antenna Aiming On Ece In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, Jakub Urban, Pavol Pavlo, Vladimir Shevchenko, Martin Valovič, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala Jan 2004

Influence Of Antenna Aiming On Ece In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, Jakub Urban, Pavol Pavlo, Vladimir Shevchenko, Martin Valovič, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The effect of the direction of the detected beam on the intensity of ECE is studied. It is found that the combined effects of the strong dependence of the conversion efficiencey of O mode at the plasma resonance on the direction of the incident wave and the partial screening of the beam waist by the MAST vessel wall, can be responsible for the weakening of ECE emission for some frequencies. The theoretical model for ECE data interpretation on MAST has been significantly improved. New features of the model are as follows: the quasioptical treatment of the receiving antenna, interference, polarization …

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Power Consideration In The Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge At Atmospheric Pressure, M. Laroussi, X. Lu, V. Kolobov, R. Arslanbekov Jan 2004

Power Consideration In The Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge At Atmospheric Pressure, M. Laroussi, X. Lu, V. Kolobov, R. Arslanbekov

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Nonequilibrium, atmospheric pressure discharges are rapidly becoming an important technological component in material processing applications. Amongst their attractive features is the ability to achieve enhanced gas phase chemistry without the need for elevated gas temperatures. To further enhance the plasma chemistry, pulsed operation with pulse widths in the nanoseconds range has been suggested. We report on a specially designed, dielectric barrier discharge based diffuse pulsed discharge and its electrical characteristics. Two current pulses corresponding to two consecutive discharges are generated per voltage pulse. The second discharge, which occurs at the falling edge of the voltage pulse, is induced by the …

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Electron Bernstein Wave-X-O Mode Conversion And Electron Cyclotron Emission In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, Pavol Pavlo, Vladimir Shevchenko, Martin Valovic, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala Jan 2003

Electron Bernstein Wave-X-O Mode Conversion And Electron Cyclotron Emission In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, Pavol Pavlo, Vladimir Shevchenko, Martin Valovic, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) from overdense plasmas can only occur due to electron Bernstein waves (EBW) mode converting near the upper hybrid region to an electromagnetic wave. Experimental data of ECE observations on MAST are studied and compared with EBW-X-O mode conversion modeling results.

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Modelling Of Space Charge Effects In The Electrical Discharge Of Nitrogen Gas Laser, Chin Yang Chia Jan 2002

Modelling Of Space Charge Effects In The Electrical Discharge Of Nitrogen Gas Laser, Chin Yang Chia

Student Works (2000-2009)

A computer model for the simulation of a nitrogen gas discharge has been built and studied. This model was based on the fluid description of the discharge plasma. The Phoenical SHASTA Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) algorithm is used for the solution of the fluid equations and its accuracy has been tested. The distribution of the local electrical field was calculated by the Poisson equation. The internal discharge current was calculated by Sato's equation. The motion of the charge particles was taken into account. The electrical discharge behavior was simulated by the circuit equation and solved using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method …

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Acceleration Element For Femtosecond Electron Pulse Compression, Bao-Liang Qian, Hani E. Elsayed-Ali Jan 2002

Acceleration Element For Femtosecond Electron Pulse Compression, Bao-Liang Qian, Hani E. Elsayed-Ali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

An acceleration element is proposed for compressing the electron pulse duration in a femtosecond photoelectron gun. The element is a compact metal cavity with curved-shaped walls. An external voltage is applied to the cavity where a special electric field forms in such a way that the slow electrons in the electron pulse front are accelerated more than the fast electrons, and consequently the electron pulse duration will be compressed. The distribution of the electric field inside the acceleration cavity is analyzed for the geometry of the cavity. The electron dynamics in this acceleration cavity is also investigated numerically. Numerical results …

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Electron Pulse Broadening Due To Space Charge Effects In A Photoelectron Gun For Electron Diffraction And Streak Camera Systems, Bao-Liang Qian, Hani E. Elsayed-Ali Jan 2002

Electron Pulse Broadening Due To Space Charge Effects In A Photoelectron Gun For Electron Diffraction And Streak Camera Systems, Bao-Liang Qian, Hani E. Elsayed-Ali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The electron pulse broadening and energy spread, caused by space charge effects, in a photoelectron gun are studied analytically using a fluid model. The model is applicable in both the photocathode-to-mesh region and the postanode electron drift region. It is found that space charge effects in the photocathode-to-mesh region are generally unimportant even for subpicosecond pulses. However, because of the long drift distance, electron pulse broadening due to space charge effects in the drift region is usually significant and could be much larger than the initial electron pulse duration for a subpicosecond electron pulse. Space charge effects can also lead …

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Laser Intensity Scaling Through Stimulated Scattering In Optical Fibers, Timothy H. Russell Dec 2001

Laser Intensity Scaling Through Stimulated Scattering In Optical Fibers, Timothy H. Russell

Theses and Dissertations

The influence of stimulated scattering on laser intensity in fiber optic waveguides is examined. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in long, multimode optical waveguides is found to generate a Stokes beam that propagates in the fiber LP01 mode. Additionally, the same process is found to combine multiple laser beams into a single spatially coherent source. Limitations in beam cleanup and combining are also investigated to identify ways to overcome them. The last portion of the dissertation theoretically examines suppression of stimulated Raman scattering in fibers to eliminate the restriction this imposes on the power of a fiber laser or amplifier. The …

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Optical Coherent Communication System Using Phase Shift Keying, Syed Javaid Iqbal Jan 2001

Optical Coherent Communication System Using Phase Shift Keying, Syed Javaid Iqbal

Student Works (2000-2009)

This thesis presents the experimental study and design of a coherent communication system by using phase shift keying (PSK). Systems are designed by using all passive elements, which make the system very easy to operate, and less maintenance is required. All the PSK designs are based on a single light source. In this thesis there are five different types of PSK with a single light source communication systems are designed. All designs are experimentally tested in free space. The systems are • All optical two-channel PSK communication system, by using single light source, "All optical single channel, two-way PSK communication, …

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Xenon Excimer Emission From Pulsed Microhollow Cathode Discharges, M. Moselhy, R. H. Stark, K. H. Schoenbach, U. Kogelschatz Jan 2001

Xenon Excimer Emission From Pulsed Microhollow Cathode Discharges, M. Moselhy, R. H. Stark, K. H. Schoenbach, U. Kogelschatz

Bioelectrics Publications

By applying electrical pulses of 20 ns duration to xenon microplasmas, generated by direct current microhollow cathode discharges, we were able to increase the xenon excimer emission by more than an order of magnitude over direct current discharge excimer emission. For pulsed voltages in excess of 500 V, the optical power at 172 nm was found to increase exponentially with voltage. Largest values obtained were 2.75 W of vacuum-ultraviolet optical power emitted from a single microhollow cathode discharge in 400 Torr xenon with a 750 V pulse applied to a discharge. Highest radiative emittance was 15.2 W/cm2. The …

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Diamondlike Carbon Thin Film Deposition Using A Rf Planar Coil Inductively Coupled Plasma System, Wai Soon Liew Jan 2001

Diamondlike Carbon Thin Film Deposition Using A Rf Planar Coil Inductively Coupled Plasma System, Wai Soon Liew

Student Works (2000-2009)

A RF planar coil inductively coupled plasma system (ICPs) is setup for this project. The system is powered by a 13.56MHz, 550W, 500 RF generator. The RF power is transferred to the plasma via a planar induction coil. The impedance matching circuit consists of an air-core step-down transformer and a tunable vacuum capacitor. The typical E-H mode transition which is distinctive to the ICP has been observed in argon plasma, hydrogen plasma and hydrogen-methane admixture plasma. The studies carried out include the observation of intensity of light emission from the plasma, the power transferred at different pressures, the concentration of …

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Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating In Spherical Plasmas: O-X-Ebw Mode Conversion In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, M. A. Irzak, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala Jan 2001

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating In Spherical Plasmas: O-X-Ebw Mode Conversion In Mast, Josef Preinhaelter, M. A. Irzak, Linda L. Vahala, George Vahala

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Using a full wave solution, the O-X-EBW mode conversion is examined for density and magnetic profiles in MAST. The effects of magnetic shear and the sharp density pedestal for H-mode operation are considered with an eye to understanding both electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH).

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Optimisation Of Transverse Arc Array Laser, Albert Kok Foo Ng Jan 2000

Optimisation Of Transverse Arc Array Laser, Albert Kok Foo Ng

Student Works (2000-2009)

A novel discharge scheme is proposed for the pumping of short wavelen,gth lasers. This scheme had been tested to produce fast current pulse and a 5 kA current in 60 nsec is obtained. Lasing action has been observed by using nitrogen gas. The laser line is 337 nm from the strong transitions of nitrogen molecules. The new discharge scheme is based on the concept of an arc array amplifier. It essentially consists of 48 pairs of electrodes which are lined up to form an array of arc discharge. Its electrical circuitry allows each pair of the electrodes to be decoupled …

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Direct Current Glow Discharges In Atmospheric Air, Robert H. Stark, Karl H. Schoenbach Jan 1999

Direct Current Glow Discharges In Atmospheric Air, Robert H. Stark, Karl H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

Direct current glow discharges have been operated in atmospheric air by using 100 μm microhollow cathode discharges as plasma cathodes. The glow discharges were operated at currents of up to 22 mA, corresponding to current densities of 3.8 A/cm2 and at average electric fields of 1.2 kV/cm. Electron densities in the glow are in the range from 1012 to 1013  cm−3. Varying the current of the microhollow cathode discharge allows us to control the current in the atmospheric pressure glow discharge. Large volume atmospheric pressure air plasmas can be generated by operating microhollow cathode discharges …

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Performance Of Imaging Laser Radar In Rain And Fog, Kathleen M. Campbell Mar 1998

Performance Of Imaging Laser Radar In Rain And Fog, Kathleen M. Campbell

Theses and Dissertations

The Air Force is currently developing imaging laser radar systems (ladar) for use on precision guided munitions and other imaging systems. Scientists at Eglin Air Force Base, in conjunction with Wright Laboratories, are testing a 1.06-um wavelength ladar system and need to understand the weather effects on the ladar images. As the laser beam propagates through the atmosphere, fog droplets and raindrops can cause image degradation, and these image degradations are manifested as either dropouts or false returns. An analysis of the dropouts and false returns helped to quantify the performance of the system in adverse weather conditions. Statistical analysis …

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