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2018

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Articles 211 - 240 of 338

Full-Text Articles in Engineering Physics

Prediction Of The Long-Term Performance Of Vacuum Insulation Panel Installed In Real Building Environments, Hideya Yamamoto, Daisuke Ogura Sep 2018

Prediction Of The Long-Term Performance Of Vacuum Insulation Panel Installed In Real Building Environments, Hideya Yamamoto, Daisuke Ogura

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are high-performance insulating materials constructed by covering a core and adsorbent with an envelope and evacuating the air from the inside. VIPs have used to enhance the energy efficiency of devices including refrigerators, vending machines, and cooler boxes. In order to apply VIPs as heat-insulation materials in buildings and houses, it is necessary to predict the long-term performance of the VIPs and verify the accuracy of the prediction using actual measurements. VIPs using glass fiber as a core material are spreading in Japan, and VIPs using glass fiber core material as the core is also likely …

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Super Insulation Material In District Heating Pipes, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi Sep 2018

Super Insulation Material In District Heating Pipes, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi

International Building Physics Conference 2018

In Swedish district heating systems, 10% of the produced energy is lost at the distribution network. It is of interest to lower the energy losses both for economic and environmental reasons. Since 2011 the feasibility of using superinsulation material for insulation of the district heating pipes were studied. Apparent thermal conductivity and long term performance of vacuum panels has been identified has the crucial challenge for using vacuum insulation panels. The estimated life time of a vacuum panel in building applications at 90 °C is about 50 years. The life time estimation is based on the climate condition valid for …

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Super Insulation Materials In The Building Sector: Field Studies And Future Challenges, Pär Johansson, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi Sep 2018

Super Insulation Materials In The Building Sector: Field Studies And Future Challenges, Pär Johansson, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The global rate of improvement in energy efficiency have to be increased to reach the UN sustainable development goals by 2030. Super insulation materials (SIM) can maintain the same thermal transmittance with a thinner insulation layer compared to conventional insulation materials. Recommendations and experiences from practical applications are needed to raise the knowledge and awareness of using SIM in buildings. Evidences related to real-condition performance need to be presented and independently assessed. The aim of this paper is to describe the state-of-the-art in the area of SIM in building applications based on monitoring data related to long-term performance of vacuum …

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Evaluation Of The Impact Of Phase Change Humidity Control Material On Energy Performance Of Office Buildings, Zhimin Wu, Menghao Qin, Mingjie Zhang Sep 2018

Evaluation Of The Impact Of Phase Change Humidity Control Material On Energy Performance Of Office Buildings, Zhimin Wu, Menghao Qin, Mingjie Zhang

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Phase change humidity control material (PCHCM) is a new kind of composite made of high performance PCM microcapsules and diatomite. The PCHCM composite can moderate the hygrothermal variations by absorbing or releasing both heat and moisture and significantly reduce the peak/valley values of indoor temperature and relative humidity. In this paper, a novel model is developed to evaluate the energy performance of office buildings with PCHCM. The model is validated by a series of experiments, and then applied to investigate the effect of PCHCM on energy consumption in different typical climates worldwide (i.e. Beijing, Paris, Atlanta, and Guangzhou). Results show …

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Psychrometer Method To Measure The Moisture Retention Curves Of Porous Building Materials In The Full Humidity Range, Chi Feng, Maria Fredriksson, Hans Janssen Sep 2018

Psychrometer Method To Measure The Moisture Retention Curves Of Porous Building Materials In The Full Humidity Range, Chi Feng, Maria Fredriksson, Hans Janssen

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Moisture retention curves describe the moisture storage property of porous building materials. Currently available experimental methods for measuring moisture retention curves are often demanding in equipment and moreover not always suited for the adsorption process in most of the capillary moisture content range. This paper proposes a novel and simple technique – the psychrometer method – and validates it by the tests on calcium silicate and ceramic brick. In this experiment the moisture content of the samples experiencing adsorption and desorption processes is determined gravimetrically, while the corresponding capillary pressures in the samples are measured with a chilled-mirror dew-point psychrometer. …

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Semi-Permeable Membrane Experiment For Unsaturated Liquid Permeability Of Building Materials: Potential And Practice, Chi Feng, Hans Janssen Sep 2018

Semi-Permeable Membrane Experiment For Unsaturated Liquid Permeability Of Building Materials: Potential And Practice, Chi Feng, Hans Janssen

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The unsaturated liquid permeability is a crucial hygric property of porous building materials. Its direct measurement is very challenging however, because currently available experimental protocols are either demanding in test facilities, complicated in data processing, or limited in moisture content range. Inspired by the osmosis phenomenon, we study the possibility to apply semi-permeable membranes for directly measuring the liquid permeability of porous building materials. The key principle is studied profoundly and a simple experimental set-up is constructed. Trial tests on calcium silicate insulation and autoclaved aerated concrete are performed. Results show that the experimental set-up can be used to measure …

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Evaluating The Energy Consumption And Heat Loss In The Hot Water Supply And Heating Systems Of A Nursing Home, Kana Inamoto, Chiemi Iba, Shuichi Hokoi, Daisuke Ogura, Satoru Takada Sep 2018

Evaluating The Energy Consumption And Heat Loss In The Hot Water Supply And Heating Systems Of A Nursing Home, Kana Inamoto, Chiemi Iba, Shuichi Hokoi, Daisuke Ogura, Satoru Takada

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The demand for nursing homes has increased recently due to an increase in the aging population in Japan. Nursing homes are generally equipped with hot water supply and heating systems for bathing, preparing meals, and heating rooms. This equipment utilizes a considerable amount of energy. Few studies have measured heat loss from the hot water supply and heating systems in such facilities. This study evaluated the hot water supply and heating systems of a nursing home located in a cold climate area in Japan. The temperature and flow rate of the hot water were continuously measured, and the energy consumption …

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The Energy Saving Performance Of Heat Recovery Ventilation System In Residential Buildings In The Summer Of Hot-Summer And Cold-Winter Zone In China, Siyuan Cheng, Yao Ma, Menghao Qin Sep 2018

The Energy Saving Performance Of Heat Recovery Ventilation System In Residential Buildings In The Summer Of Hot-Summer And Cold-Winter Zone In China, Siyuan Cheng, Yao Ma, Menghao Qin

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The rapid increase in space cooling and heating demand in recent years in the hot-summer and cold-winter (HSCW) zone in China (the most developed area in China) requires technology to be as efficient as possible, consuming the lowest amount of energy necessary. Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) system can meet this demand by lowering the building energy demand by pre-heating or pre-cooling. However, the climate in HSCW zone is humid and rainy all the year round, which may affect the energy performance of HRV system. The current research focuses on field measurements of the performance of HRV system in a test …

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Impacts Of Climate Change And Its Uncertainties On The Renewable Energy Generation And Energy Demand In Urban Areas, Vahid M. Nik, Yuchen Yang, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi Sep 2018

Impacts Of Climate Change And Its Uncertainties On The Renewable Energy Generation And Energy Demand In Urban Areas, Vahid M. Nik, Yuchen Yang, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi

International Building Physics Conference 2018

This work investigates the effects of future climate uncertainties in calculating the heating and cooling demand of buildings and estimating potentials for renewable energy generation (solar PV and wind). The building stock of Lund in Sweden is considered for energy simulations and for future climate, the most recent outputs of RCA4, which is the 4th generation of the Rossby Centre regional climate model (RCM), is used considering several two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and four global climate models (GCMs). Simulations and assessment are performed for three 30-year time periods, from 2010 until 2099. Through comparing distributions of data sets, it …

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The Impact Of Physical Environments In Satisfaction In Shopping Centers, Rui Dang, Lai Wei, Ye Yuan, Gang Liu Sep 2018

The Impact Of Physical Environments In Satisfaction In Shopping Centers, Rui Dang, Lai Wei, Ye Yuan, Gang Liu

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Lighting, thermal and acoustic are three main components of indoor physical environments affecting people’s satisfaction, productivity and health. Good physical environments in shopping centers not only improve the environment atmosphere but also increase the customers’ satisfaction. This study aims to find correlations between the physical environments and the satisfaction levels. Firstly, an objective measurement of physical environments had been carried out in four shopping centers. Then, a subjective evaluation was carried out in a real scene laboratory by changing four kinds of illuminance and three types of Correlated Color Temperatures (CCTs), which aims to find the relationship between the lighting …

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Existing Energy Performance And The Potential Of Simulation In School Buildings – A Review, Ming Hu Sep 2018

Existing Energy Performance And The Potential Of Simulation In School Buildings – A Review, Ming Hu

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The objective of this paper is to present finding of existing building performance assessment for educational buildings and related energy simulation tools with a focus on K-12 buildings. First, the paper examines the current status of energy performance in educational buildings and existing simulation tools used in building energy retrofit. Then, the paper summarizes the obstacles to conducting energy simulation for school buildings, gaps and weaknesses in existing tools will be summarized, and potential opportunities for a comprehensive tool will be outlined. Last, the paper identifies the particular needs of educational buildings, and a set of criteria and requirements for …

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Validation Of The En 15193:2017 Calculation Method To Estimate The Daylight Supply In A Building: Comparison With Dynamic Climate-Based Simulations, Valerio Roberto Maria Lo Verso, Argun Paragamyan, Anna Pellegrino Sep 2018

Validation Of The En 15193:2017 Calculation Method To Estimate The Daylight Supply In A Building: Comparison With Dynamic Climate-Based Simulations, Valerio Roberto Maria Lo Verso, Argun Paragamyan, Anna Pellegrino

International Building Physics Conference 2018

This paper compares a simplified method to calculate the daylight factor and the annual daylight contribution in a space to the output of dynamic daylighting simulations. The simplified calculation method is the one implemented in the European Standard EN 15193 for the calculation of the energy demand for lighting in buildings, while the tool for dynamic simulations is Daysim (managed through DIVA-for-Rhino). The analysis was carried out by applying the two approaches to a reference office room, which was assumed to be located in different sites and having different window areas, with different orientations, both in the absence and in …

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Moisture Monitoring Of Wood-Frame Walls With And Without Exterior Insulation In A Midwestern U.S. Cold Climate, Samuel V. Glass, C. R. Boardman, Borjen Yeh, Kingston Chow Sep 2018

Moisture Monitoring Of Wood-Frame Walls With And Without Exterior Insulation In A Midwestern U.S. Cold Climate, Samuel V. Glass, C. R. Boardman, Borjen Yeh, Kingston Chow

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Continuous exterior insulation is becoming more common in North American above-grade walls in both retrofit applications and new construction, as a means to improve the thermal performance of wall assemblies. Although moisture performance of wood-frame wall assemblies has been studied extensively, the drying capability of wall assemblies with exterior insulation and an interior vapor retarder in cold climates is not well characterized. This study monitored the hygrothermal performance of wall assemblies with and without exterior insulation under high and low interior humidity conditions and with intentional wetting of the wood structural panel sheathing. Moisture content and temperature of standard 38 …

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Studying The Impact Of Local Urban Heat Islands On The Space Cooling Demand Of Buildings Using Coupled Cfd And Building Energy Simulations, Jonas Allegrini, Jan Carmeliet Sep 2018

Studying The Impact Of Local Urban Heat Islands On The Space Cooling Demand Of Buildings Using Coupled Cfd And Building Energy Simulations, Jonas Allegrini, Jan Carmeliet

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Surface as well as air temperatures are due to the urban heat island effect higher in urban compared to their surrounding rural areas. These increased temperatures have a strong impact on the building energy performance in urban environments and thermal comfort as well as health of inhabitants of these environments. At smaller scales, local heat islands are formed within urban environments, which have the same negative impacts. In this study, we investigate the influence of local heat islands on the space cooling demand of buildings. Commonly, climate information from one weather station is used for building performance simulations within a …

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Extracting Radiant Cooling From Building Exhaust Air Using The Maisotsenko Cycle Principle, Théo Keeley-Leclaire, Eric Teitelbaum, Suin Shim, Michael Bozlar, Howard A. Stone, Forrest Meggers Sep 2018

Extracting Radiant Cooling From Building Exhaust Air Using The Maisotsenko Cycle Principle, Théo Keeley-Leclaire, Eric Teitelbaum, Suin Shim, Michael Bozlar, Howard A. Stone, Forrest Meggers

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Indirect evaporative cooling has exciting implications for air based thermal comfort. With recent advances in the research and commercialization of Maisotsenko Cycle (M-Cycle), or dew-point, evaporative cooling, thermodynamics can be fully leveraged to provide effectively free air cooling. However, few studies seek to generate cool surfaces by evaporation for radiant cooling. As a method to reduce building energy consumption, such an evapo-radiative system would maintain occupant thermal comfort at higher ventilation air temperatures and provide cooling at low cost. This study explores an analytical model for an M-Cycle evapo-radiative cooling system that derives a 1-D temperature profile throughout an experimental …

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Adsorption And Film Forming Of Train Of Water Droplets Impacting Porous Stones, Dominique Derome, Stephan Carl, Peter Vontobel, Jan Carmeliet Sep 2018

Adsorption And Film Forming Of Train Of Water Droplets Impacting Porous Stones, Dominique Derome, Stephan Carl, Peter Vontobel, Jan Carmeliet

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The phenomenon of droplets impacting porous media is ubiquitous in rain events. Rain is a major source of moisture in buildings. When a water droplet impacts a permeable surface, it spreads on the surface and is absorbed into the porous material due to capillary action. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the absorption and film forming during train of liquid droplets impacting porous stones, towards establishing the fate of rain droplets during rain events.

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Water Uptake In Masonry: Effect Of Brick/Mortar Interface, Xiaohai Zhou, Guylaine Desmarais, Peter Vontobel, Jan Carmeliet, Dominique Derome Sep 2018

Water Uptake In Masonry: Effect Of Brick/Mortar Interface, Xiaohai Zhou, Guylaine Desmarais, Peter Vontobel, Jan Carmeliet, Dominique Derome

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Water transport in masonry walls composed of bricks and mortar joints can be strongly affected by the interface between brick and mortar. In this study, water uptake experiments and numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of interface resistance on moisture transport in masonry samples with horizontal and vertical interfaces. Neutron radiography is used to measure moisture content distribution in different masonry samples. An interface resistance is introduced to consider the imperfect contact between brick and mortar in the numerical model. A good agreement between measured and simulated moisture contents is found for different masonry samples. The orientation, horizontal …

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Towards Validation Of A Numerical Model Of A Test Cell Laboratory, Johannes Brozovsky, Matthias Haase, Alessandro Nocente, Nicola Lolli Sep 2018

Towards Validation Of A Numerical Model Of A Test Cell Laboratory, Johannes Brozovsky, Matthias Haase, Alessandro Nocente, Nicola Lolli

International Building Physics Conference 2018

No abstract provided.

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Application Of Rain Intensity Dependent Rain Admittance Factor (Raf) In Hygrothermal Performance Assessment Of Wall Systems, Emishaw Iffa, Fitsum Tariku Sep 2018

Application Of Rain Intensity Dependent Rain Admittance Factor (Raf) In Hygrothermal Performance Assessment Of Wall Systems, Emishaw Iffa, Fitsum Tariku

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is one of the main moisture loading sources on the exterior enclosures. The direct impact of wind-driven rain on the hygrothermal performance of building envelope has been well documented. Rain admittance factor (RAF) and rain penetration values characterize the amount of water reaching the exterior surface and the exterior surface of the water-resistive barrier respectively based on measured horizontal rain intensity. In common RAF factor calculation from horizontal rainfall data procedures, such as ASHRAE 160, RAF values are not affected by the intensity of the rainfall. However, a previous study shows RAF coefficients are sensitive to the …

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A State-Space Based Method To Predict Thermal Performance Of Pipeembedded Double Skin Façade: Case Study In Guangzhou, Shuai Yan, Weihua Lv, Chong Shen, Xianting Li Sep 2018

A State-Space Based Method To Predict Thermal Performance Of Pipeembedded Double Skin Façade: Case Study In Guangzhou, Shuai Yan, Weihua Lv, Chong Shen, Xianting Li

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Pipe-embedded double skin facade, which arranges pipes in shading device, is an alternative to reduce indoor demand and save energy. To simulate annual performance of this system, a simplified approach based on optical and thermal property is proposed at first, in which dynamic performance is acquired through state-space method. Then the model is validated with former investigation and shows good accuracy. Indoor room temperature with the pipe-embedded double skin façade is analyzed under different types of room in Guangzhou at last. Results show that the pipe-embedded double skin façade could guarantee a barely satisfactory indoor environment where indoor heat gain …

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Drainage And Retention Of Water In Small Drainage Cavities: Experimental Assessment, Stéphanie Van Linden, Michael Lacasse, Nathan Van Den Bossche Sep 2018

Drainage And Retention Of Water In Small Drainage Cavities: Experimental Assessment, Stéphanie Van Linden, Michael Lacasse, Nathan Van Den Bossche

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Water that enters the drainage cavity of a rain screen wall assembly through deficiencies in the cladding will either be drained or retained by absorption or adhesion on the drainage surfaces. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the different factors that affect the quantity of water drained or retained in a drainage cavity. Drainage tests have been conducted for water flowing between two vertical polycarbonate plates with different gap widths to determine the effect on the drainage rate. Tests showed that even small cavities with a width of 1 mm can already drain more water than …

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Determination Of The Input Data For Computational Simulation Of Active Glazing With Changeable Optical Properties, Dariusz Heim, Dominika Knera, Anna Wieprzkowicz Sep 2018

Determination Of The Input Data For Computational Simulation Of Active Glazing With Changeable Optical Properties, Dariusz Heim, Dominika Knera, Anna Wieprzkowicz

International Building Physics Conference 2018

No abstract provided.

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Influence Of Illumination On Paper And Silk Used In Chinese Traditional Painting And Calligraphy Based On Raman Spectroscopy In Museum, Rui Dang, Huijiao Tan, Gang Liu, Nan Wang Sep 2018

Influence Of Illumination On Paper And Silk Used In Chinese Traditional Painting And Calligraphy Based On Raman Spectroscopy In Museum, Rui Dang, Huijiao Tan, Gang Liu, Nan Wang

International Building Physics Conference 2018

As the substrate of Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy, the paper and silk are susceptible to optical radiation in the museum illumination and appear mechanical damage such as brittleness, chalking, deformation, etc. However, there is no effective method now of quantitatively evaluating the mechanical damage of cultural relics caused by illumination. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy used in the analytical chemistry field was introduced into the illumination research of the cultural relics in museum. The four light sources with different center wavelengths of 450nm, 510nm, 583nm, and 650nm, which constitute the spectra of the white light-emitting-diode (LED), were used as …

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Evaluation Of The Impact Of Weather Variability On A Net Zero Energy Building: Advantage Of Sensitivity Analysis For Performance Guarantee, Jeanne Goffart, Monika Woloszyn Sep 2018

Evaluation Of The Impact Of Weather Variability On A Net Zero Energy Building: Advantage Of Sensitivity Analysis For Performance Guarantee, Jeanne Goffart, Monika Woloszyn

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Global sensitivity analysis associated with uncertainty analysis evaluates the robustness of a physical system and prioritises measurement and/or modelling efforts. The uncertainty analysis evaluates a confidence interval, whereas the sensitivity analysis quantifies the accountability of each uncertain input on the dispersion of the output. These statistical methods are usually used to account for the variability of the static inputs, which are constant regarding the evolution of the system, for example the physical properties of the materials modelled. Dynamic inputs however, i.e. parameters that are variable over time, are rarely taken into account in the statistical analyses because of the difficulty …

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Numerical Analysis Of A Ground-Source Heat-Pump System In Traditional Japanese “Kyo-Machiya” Dwellings, Shun Takano, Chiemi Iba, Shuichi Hokoi Sep 2018

Numerical Analysis Of A Ground-Source Heat-Pump System In Traditional Japanese “Kyo-Machiya” Dwellings, Shun Takano, Chiemi Iba, Shuichi Hokoi

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Kyo-machiya, which is a traditional wooden dwelling in Kyoto, is generally equipped with a shallow well. The well water can be potentially utilized as a heat source with a geothermal heatpump system without incurring a high drilling cost. Hereby, more energy saving in the traditional dwelling can be realized with the heat-pump system. However, an appropriate technique to utilize geothermal heat from a shallow well has not been established yet in Japan. To promote the geothermal use, we have continued an experiment to evaluate the practicability of a simple geothermal heat-pump system installed in a shallow well since the winter …

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Visualizing The Exergy Destructed In Exergy Delivery Chain In Relation To Human Thermal Comfort With Exflow, Hongshan Guo, Forrest Meggers Sep 2018

Visualizing The Exergy Destructed In Exergy Delivery Chain In Relation To Human Thermal Comfort With Exflow, Hongshan Guo, Forrest Meggers

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Exergy analysis is an important tool to fully appreciate the usability of energy at different levels and has been widely applied in the building system analysis domain. It has became more useful as low temperature heating and high temperature cooling began to attract more attention both in Europe and the United States. Using low-grade energy to supply for these systems have, in return, led to an increase in awareness of low exergy (LowEx) system designs. The possibility of modeling the last missing link in the system that is to delivery thermal comfort, the human body, have therefore became a topic …

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Lightlearn: Occupant Centered Lighting Controller Using Reinforcement Learning To Adapt Systems To Humans, June Young Park, Thomas Dougherty, Hagen Fritz, Zoltan Nagy Sep 2018

Lightlearn: Occupant Centered Lighting Controller Using Reinforcement Learning To Adapt Systems To Humans, June Young Park, Thomas Dougherty, Hagen Fritz, Zoltan Nagy

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Humans spend up to 90% of their time indoors, thus building systems should maintain the indoor environment within the comfort range. In this paper, we present LightLearn, a reinforcement learning based occupant centered lighting controller. The control agent interacts with the occupant non-intrusively, learns her/his preferences, and determines actions for achieving both human comfort and energy saving. We present system hardware, control algorithm, and experimental results of LightLearn for an office space. Compared to the full (9am-5pm) and occupancy based control, LightLearn reduced 83% and 63% of operation time, respectively, by adapting to the occupant.

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The Thermal Resistance Of Retrofitted Building Components Based On In-Situ Measurements, Evi Lambie, Dirk Saelens Sep 2018

The Thermal Resistance Of Retrofitted Building Components Based On In-Situ Measurements, Evi Lambie, Dirk Saelens

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Buildings are responsible for a large share of the worldwide energy use. For new buildings very strict objectives for the energy performance of buildings are set. The main energy use however occurs in existing buildings emphasizing the need for renovation of the older building stock. In order to detect deviations from the theoretical performance, in-situ measurements of the envelope performance after renovation can give insight in the workmanship and issues with different renovation techniques. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to determine the thermal resistance of building components from in-situ measurements, before and after renovation. Different methods were applied …

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Wireless Sensor System For Intelligent Facades, Ayman Bishara, Helge Kramberger, Andreas Weder, Marcus Pietzsch Sep 2018

Wireless Sensor System For Intelligent Facades, Ayman Bishara, Helge Kramberger, Andreas Weder, Marcus Pietzsch

International Building Physics Conference 2018

The integration of a wireless-transponder system into building components (“intelligent building materials”) with built-in relative humidity and temperature sensors (RH, T) allows for a cost-efficient and non-destructive measurement of data regarding the current hygrothermal conditions of a building. Even during long-term use, quality assurance of the building system can be achieved by “looking into” the component. This supports the sustainability of the building from both a technical and an ecological point of view. In this paper, the development, the functionality and the exemplary application of Radio Frequency (RF), as well as an hygro-thermal analysis for solving the challenges of building-climatology …

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Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment Integrating Cultural Value, Ming Hu Sep 2018

Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment Integrating Cultural Value, Ming Hu

International Building Physics Conference 2018

Lack of spatial and temporal flexibility is a well-known limitation of current life cycle assessment (LCA). Exclusion of human and time consideration in LCA can also limit the potential of results. This paper explicitly proposes a dynamic life cycle framework and assessment model and demonstrated the potential importance of the method by integrating the cultural theory of risk. Cultural theory (CT) of risk was developed by anthropologist Mary Douglas and is originally a societal social anthropology approach based on the structure and functioning of groups within societies. Different society produces its own selected view of the natural environment, a view …

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