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2013

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Articles 451 - 480 of 1248

Full-Text Articles in Physics

Tuning The JEff = 1/2 Insulating State Via Electron Doping And Pressure In The Double-Layered Iridate Sr3Ir2O7, L. Li, P. P. Kong, Tongfei Qi, C. Q. Jin, Shujuan Yuan, Lance E. Delong, P. Schlottmann, Gang Cao Jun 2013

Tuning The JEff = 1/2 Insulating State Via Electron Doping And Pressure In The Double-Layered Iridate Sr3Ir2O7, L. Li, P. P. Kong, Tongfei Qi, C. Q. Jin, Shujuan Yuan, Lance E. Delong, P. Schlottmann, Gang Cao

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Sr3Ir2O7 exhibits a novel Jeff = 1/2 insulating state that features a splitting between Jeff = 1/2 and 3/2 bands due to spin-orbit interaction. We report a metal-insulator transition in Sr3Ir2O7 via either dilute electron doping (La3+ for Sr2+) or application of high pressure up to 35 GPa. Our study of single-crystal Sr3Ir2O7 and (Sr1−xLax)3Ir2O7 reveals that application of high hydrostatic pressure P leads to a drastic reduction in the electrical resistivity by as much …

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Extending Single Molecule Fluorescence Observation Time By Amplitude-Modulated Excitation, Lydia Kisley Jun 2013

Extending Single Molecule Fluorescence Observation Time By Amplitude-Modulated Excitation, Lydia Kisley

Faculty Scholarship

We present a hardware-based method that can improve single molecule fluorophore observation time by up to 1500% and super-localization by 47% for the experimental conditions used. The excitation was modulated using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) synchronized to the data acquisition and inherent data conversion time of the detector. The observation time and precision in super-localization of four commonly used fluorophores were compared under modulated and traditional continuous excitation, including direct total internal reflectance excitation of Alexa 555 and Cy3, non-radiative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) excited Cy5, and direct epi-fluorescence wide field excitation of Rhodamine 6G. The proposed amplitude-modulated excitation …

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Yet Another Snapshot Of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics, Travis Norsen, Sarah Nelson Jun 2013

Yet Another Snapshot Of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics, Travis Norsen, Sarah Nelson

Physics: Faculty Publications

A survey probing respondents' views on various foundational issues in quantum mechanics was recently created by Schlosshauer, Kofler, and Zeilinger [arXiv:1301.1069] and then given to 33 participants at a quantum foundations conference. Here we report the results of giving this same survey to the attendees at another recent quantum foundations conference. While it is rather difficult to conclude anything of scientific significance from the poll, the results do strongly suggest several interesting cultural facts -- for example, that there exist, within the broad field of "quantum foundations", sub-communities with quite different views, and that (relatedly) there is probably …

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Design And Study Of Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer Holographic Optical Elements For Solar Application, Hoda Akbari, Izabela Naydenova, Manus Kennedy, John Doran, Suzanne Martin Jun 2013

Design And Study Of Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer Holographic Optical Elements For Solar Application, Hoda Akbari, Izabela Naydenova, Manus Kennedy, John Doran, Suzanne Martin

Conference Papers

Abstract: Solar concentrators can be used to reduce the cost of photovoltaic electrical power generation by collecting incident solar radiation from a given aperture area and transmitting the energy to a reduced area. In doing so, the overall cost of power (Wp) can be reduced as less area of photovoltaic is required. This paper will discuss Holographic Solar Concentrators fabricated in an acrylamide photopolymer , describing the optical recording process and showing how the fabricated HOE’s can be used in solar concentrator devices. Preliminary lifetime studies are also discussed.

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Visco-Elastic Properties Of Duct Tape, Ashley Brown, Ulrich Zurcher Jun 2013

Visco-Elastic Properties Of Duct Tape, Ashley Brown, Ulrich Zurcher

Physics Faculty Publications

A simple experiment for determining the nonlinear stress–strain relation of duct tape is described. After weights are added and subsequently removed, the tape does not return to its original state and is no longer taut. The tape exhibits hysteresis, which implies the loss of work during the cyclical process. The exponent describing the nonlinearity is related to the fractional work loss.

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An Overview Of The Materials Physics Group And Potential Collaborations With Laplace, Jr Dennison Jun 2013

An Overview Of The Materials Physics Group And Potential Collaborations With Laplace, Jr Dennison

Presentations

No abstract provided.

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Designing A Practical High-Fidelity Long-Time Quantum Memory, Kaveh Khodjasteh, Jarrah Sastrawan, David Hayes, Todd J. Green, Michael J. Biercuk, Lorenza Viola Jun 2013

Designing A Practical High-Fidelity Long-Time Quantum Memory, Kaveh Khodjasteh, Jarrah Sastrawan, David Hayes, Todd J. Green, Michael J. Biercuk, Lorenza Viola

Dartmouth Scholarship

Quantum memory is a central component for quantum information processing devices, and will be required to provide high-fidelity storage of arbitrary states, long storage times and small access latencies. Despite growing interest in applying physical-layer error-suppression strategies to boost fidelities, it has not previously been possible to meet such competing demands with a single approach. Here we use an experimentally validated theoretical framework to identify periodic repetition of a high-order dynamical decoupling sequence as a systematic strategy to meet these challenges. We provide analytic bounds—validated by numerical calculations—on the characteristics of the relevant control sequences and show that a ‘stroboscopic …

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Shape-Induced Gravitational Sorting Of Saharan Dust During Transatlantic Voyage: Evidence From Caliop Lidar Depolarization Measurements, Weidong Yang, Alexander Marshak, Alexander Kostinski, Tamás Várnai Jun 2013

Shape-Induced Gravitational Sorting Of Saharan Dust During Transatlantic Voyage: Evidence From Caliop Lidar Depolarization Measurements, Weidong Yang, Alexander Marshak, Alexander Kostinski, Tamás Várnai

Department of Physics Publications

Motivated by the physical picture of shape‐dependent air resistance and, consequently, shape‐induced differential sedimentation of dust particles, we searched for and found evidence of dust particle asphericity affecting the evolution and distribution of dust‐scattered light depolarization ratio (δ). Specifically, we examined a large data set of Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations of Saharan dust from June to August 2007. Observing along a typical transatlantic dust track, we find that (1) median δ is uniformly distributed between 2 and 5 km altitudes as the elevated dust leaves the west coast of Africa, thereby indicating uniformly random mixing of particle …

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H2o Megamasers: Measuring The Central Black Hole Mass Of Mrk 1210, Stephen Clouse, Dr. Victor Migenes Jun 2013

H2o Megamasers: Measuring The Central Black Hole Mass Of Mrk 1210, Stephen Clouse, Dr. Victor Migenes

Journal of Undergraduate Research

We present results from monitoring the spectra of Mrk 1210 with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and through the construction of sub-mas resolution maps with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The purpose of these observations was to determine the accelerations, distances, and angular displacement of the H2O megamasers in the central black hole accretion disk. By modeling these parameters we are better able to understand the dynamics of the megamasers in a potential molecular disk. The VLBI observations show that these masers lie within the inner 0.8 pc of the nucleus. We present possible models for such a system …

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A Bayesian-Based Equivalent Sound Source Model For Military Jet Aircraft, David Hart, Dr. Kent Gee Jun 2013

A Bayesian-Based Equivalent Sound Source Model For Military Jet Aircraft, David Hart, Dr. Kent Gee

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Military jet aircraft are some of the fastest vehicles ever made. Their jet engines exhaust fuel at supersonic speeds and create large amounts of noise. However, this noise is loud enough to cause hearing loss, even with the most advanced levels of hearing protection. In particular, hearing loss is a problem that many military aircraft workers experience. This research is part of a larger project that is analyzing the sound field around these jets in order to address the problem. The purpose of this research was to reconstruct an equivalent sound source for the jet. This modeled sound source is …

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Low-Stress Suspended Ceramic Thin Films, Kyle Zufelt, Dr. Robert Davis Jun 2013

Low-Stress Suspended Ceramic Thin Films, Kyle Zufelt, Dr. Robert Davis

Journal of Undergraduate Research

My research proceeded more or less according to the plan that I proposed. What changed was that I realized there were many more details necessary to work out than what I had included in my proposal. By collaborating with professors in the physics and electrical engineering departments, I was able to find recipes that produced low-stress ceramic films, the difficulty was in finding a method to suspend these films over large areas. As expected, I was able to produce thinner, more stable films on a support than what had been previously reported for suspended films in the literature. Unfortunately, I …

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Sr+ Fluorescence Probe, Jarom Jackson, Dr. Dallin Durfee Jun 2013

Sr+ Fluorescence Probe, Jarom Jackson, Dr. Dallin Durfee

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The goal of this project was to stabilize a laser to use as an ion probe. The first part of the project was completed with some success, though the rest had to be postponed until other parts of the experiment are completed, and I have since turned my focus to those.

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Attosecond Pulse Generation Centered In The Visible, Daniel Thrasher, Dr. Scott Bergeson Jun 2013

Attosecond Pulse Generation Centered In The Visible, Daniel Thrasher, Dr. Scott Bergeson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

From May through August I had the privilege of traveling to Tsing Hua National University in Taiwan to work in the lab of Professor Andy Kung and associates. The Office of Creative Research awarded me a grant to help cover travel and living expenses. The purpose of our research is to create a laser capable of recording ultra fast molecular phenomena. In order to resolve these ultra fast processes it is necessary to create a tunable light source with which we can illuminate the object on a time scale which is faster than its motion. Many atomic relaxations probed using …

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Effect Of Field Cooling On Magnetic Domain Memory In Exchange Coupled Thin Films, Matthew Rytting, Dr, Karine Chesnel Jun 2013

Effect Of Field Cooling On Magnetic Domain Memory In Exchange Coupled Thin Films, Matthew Rytting, Dr, Karine Chesnel

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In my project, we proposed to investigate the effect of field cooling on magnetic domain memory in ferromagnetic films which are exchange coupled with antiferromagnetic material. We analyzed this memory using X-ray speckle correlation, and we performed complementary microscopy measurements so as to get a visualization of the magnetic domains in real space. This helped us understand how magnetization and cooling processes can influence and optimize the magnetic domain memory (MDM). Magnetic domain memory refers to the ability of the domains in the sample to return to the same shape even after the sample has been saturated. See Figure 1 …

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Sound Radiation From A Hammered Dulcimer, Benjamin Christensen, Dr. Kent Gee Jun 2013

Sound Radiation From A Hammered Dulcimer, Benjamin Christensen, Dr. Kent Gee

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The hammered dulcimer is a stringed instrument of the zither family, typically consisting of a wooden trapezoidal body with metal strings stretched across the frame. A typical dulcimer can span anywhere between 2 1/2 and 5 octaves, depending on the size of the instrument. The dulcimer used in our research is a 16/15 (meaning it has 16 courses of strings of the treble bridge and 15 across the bass) Songbird Phoebe built specially for our project by Christopher Foss of Muscatine, Iowa. The dulcimer is made of Baltic birch and has two strings per course. It has six sound holes: …

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Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection In Solar Eruption Events, Drake Ranquist, Dr. Victor Migenes Jun 2013

Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection In Solar Eruption Events, Drake Ranquist, Dr. Victor Migenes

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Space weather is of great interest due to its effects on orbiting satellites. The charged particles thrown off from the sun during eruption events like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can damage and destroy the electronics aboard spacecraft. They also warp Earth’s magnetosphere and create the dazzling auroras. Knowledge of the processes during solar eruptions is significant in order to predict space weather events.

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Increasing Usefulness Of Neutron Detectors Through Gamma Shielding, Andrew Hoffman, Dr. Lawrence Rees Jun 2013

Increasing Usefulness Of Neutron Detectors Through Gamma Shielding, Andrew Hoffman, Dr. Lawrence Rees

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The BYU nuclear research group has over the past few years been attempting to design neutron detectors for the use of both scientists and homeland security applications. When radioactive materials are being transported, they can emit a broad spectrum of particles including gammas, betas, alphas, and neutrons. Specifically plutonium is fissile enough (it can sustain a chain fission reaction) such that it emits enough neutrons to detect while being transported. Neutrons unlike gamma rays can penetrate material used for shielding gammas like lead and bismuth. They are also unique to heavy metals used for building nuclear weapons so they can …

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Spatiotemporal Fluorescent Detection Measurements Using Embedded Waveguide Sensors, Mark C. Harrison, Andrea M. Armani Jun 2013

Spatiotemporal Fluorescent Detection Measurements Using Embedded Waveguide Sensors, Mark C. Harrison, Andrea M. Armani

Engineering Faculty Articles and Research

Integrated waveguide biosensors, when combined with fluorescent labeling, have significantly impacted the field of biodetection. While there are numerous types of waveguide sensors, the fundamental excitation method is fairly consistent: the evanescent field of the waveguide excites a fluorophore whose emission is detected, either directly via imaging or indirectly via a decrease in power transfer. Recently, a sensor device was demonstrated which is able to back-couple the emitted light into the waveguide, allowing the signal to be detected directly. However, this previous work focused on the development of an empirical model, leaving many theoretical questions unanswered. Additionally, the results from …

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Structural Studies Of Proteins In Solution: Cytochrome-C And Mitochondrial Rho, Anthony Banks Jun 2013

Structural Studies Of Proteins In Solution: Cytochrome-C And Mitochondrial Rho, Anthony Banks

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) is a rapidly developing technique for determining the structures of proteins in solution. This thesis presents new solution structures of two proteins:cold denatured equine cytochrome-c,and mitochondrial rho (miro).Cytochrome-cis a modelsystem for protein folding and stability studies;this work demonstrates the interplay of thermodynamic forces in determining the global shape of unfolded proteins.Whereas denatured cytochrome-cis not able to form crystals in principle,miro is a newly purified protein of which no crystal structure is availablein any conditions.We have used our SAXS data to verify conjectures for miro's structure based solely on protein sequence analysis.

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Insights Into High Mass Star Formation From Methanol Maser Observations, Hontas Freeman Farmer Jun 2013

Insights Into High Mass Star Formation From Methanol Maser Observations, Hontas Freeman Farmer

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

We present high angular resolution data on Class I and Class II methanol masers, together with other tracers of star formation like H2O masers, ultracompact (UC) ionized hydrogen (H II) regions, and 4.5 µm infrared sources, taken from the literature. The aim is to study what these data tell us about the process of high mass star formation; in particular, whether disk-outflow systems are compatible with the morphology exhibited by Class I and Class II methanol masers. Stars form in the dense cores inside molecular clouds, and while the process of the formation of stars like our …

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A Spectroscopic Investigation Of Excited States Of The Nucleus 73br, Brigid Esposito Jun 2013

A Spectroscopic Investigation Of Excited States Of The Nucleus 73br, Brigid Esposito

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

Gamma rays emitted in the de-excitation of the nucleus 73Br were created in two distinct experiments. Using Gammasphere and Microball, the first experiment selected nuclei created in the reaction for an incident 40Ca beam and a 40Ca target that were coincident with the creation of 1 a particle, 3 protons, and 4 gamma rays. These results were analyzed using a gating procedure that allowed for the validation of published level schemes and the identification of new rotational bands in the level scheme. Using Gammasphere, the Fragment Mass Analyzer, an ionization chamber, and neutron detectors, the second experiment …

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The Effect Of Grain Size And Forming Gas Reduction On The Electrical Properties Of Zinc Oxide, Rofeideh Mansourian Jun 2013

The Effect Of Grain Size And Forming Gas Reduction On The Electrical Properties Of Zinc Oxide, Rofeideh Mansourian

College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations

Zinc oxide is an n-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which is used in solar cells and optoelectronics devices. ZnO has the potential to become the future choice for a wide range of TCO commercial applications replacing the current, more expensive, and toxic indium-based materials. The isothermal grain growth of ZnO nano-powders with two different initial grain sizes and the effect of forming gas reduction on their electrical properties were studied at 900 °C. The particle size was determined using synchrotron x-ray diffraction data and scanning electron micrographs. The grain size, shape, trace impurities, and synthesis methods had an effect on …

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Quadrupole Collectivity In Neutron-Rich Fe And Cr Isotopes, H. L. Crawford, R. M. Clark, P. Fallon, A. O. Macchiavelli, T. Baugher, D. Bazin, C. W. Beausang, J. S. Berryman, D. L. Bleuel, C. M. Campbell, M. Cromaz, G. De Angelis, A. Gade, R. O. Hughes, I. Y. Lee, S. M. Lenzi, F. Nowacki, S. Paschalis, M. Petri, A. Poves, A. Ratkiewicz, T. J. Ross, E. Sahin, D. Weisshaar, K. Wimmer, R. Winkler Jun 2013

Quadrupole Collectivity In Neutron-Rich Fe And Cr Isotopes, H. L. Crawford, R. M. Clark, P. Fallon, A. O. Macchiavelli, T. Baugher, D. Bazin, C. W. Beausang, J. S. Berryman, D. L. Bleuel, C. M. Campbell, M. Cromaz, G. De Angelis, A. Gade, R. O. Hughes, I. Y. Lee, S. M. Lenzi, F. Nowacki, S. Paschalis, M. Petri, A. Poves, A. Ratkiewicz, T. J. Ross, E. Sahin, D. Weisshaar, K. Wimmer, R. Winkler

Physics Faculty Publications

Intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation measurements are performed on the N≥40 neutron-rich nuclei 66, 68Fe and 64Cr. The reduced transition matrix elements providing a direct measure of the quadrupole collectivity B(E2; 2+1→ 0+1) are determined for the first time in 68Fe42 and 64Cr40 and confirm a previous recoil distance method lifetime measurement in 66Fe40. The results are compared to state-of-the-art large-scale shell-model calculations within the full fpgd neutron orbital model space using the Lenzi-Nowacki-Poves-Sieja effective interaction and confirm the results of the calculations that show …

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Chip-Scale Magnetic Source Of Cold Atoms, Eric A. Imhof Jun 2013

Chip-Scale Magnetic Source Of Cold Atoms, Eric A. Imhof

Theses and Dissertations

Numerous disruptive technologies are being hampered by the insufficient modern methods of cooling electrically neutral atoms and molecules. Microchip-based magnetic deceleration provides a cooling mechanism to slow most neutral atoms and molecules within the cost and size requirements of a real-world device. Simulations of a novel deceleration technique show 90% removal of kinetic energy from an atomic beam. An experiment is built which creates a time-dependent, decelerating magnetic field to slow an atomic beam. An atomic beam is magnetically guided 800 microns above the surface of a microchip at pressures of 10-9 Torr. A 60 independent wire microchip is …

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Spectral Analysis And Metastable Absorption Measurements Of High Pressure Capacitively And Inductively Coupled Radio-Frequency Argon Helium Discharges, Ben Eshel Jun 2013

Spectral Analysis And Metastable Absorption Measurements Of High Pressure Capacitively And Inductively Coupled Radio-Frequency Argon Helium Discharges, Ben Eshel

Theses and Dissertations

Characterization of the excited state argon population in an argon-helium discharge is of crucial importance to the development of a continuous wave Discharge Assisted Noble Gas Laser. Experiments were conducted in the Richard W. Davis Advanced Laser Facility at AFRL on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM. During these tests the capability to maintain a capactively-coupled and inductively-coupled radio-frequency discharge at pressures of 300 Torr was demonstrated. Optical Emission Spectroscopy experiments were conducted in order to examine the population distribution of the p-state in argon. The population distributions for these high-pressure and high-power cases were compared to a low-pressure, low-power …

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Simulation Of 810 Nm Light Propagation Through The Human Finger For Non-Invasive Blood Analysis, Nichole Millward Maughan Jun 2013

Simulation Of 810 Nm Light Propagation Through The Human Finger For Non-Invasive Blood Analysis, Nichole Millward Maughan

Theses and Dissertations

Non-invasive blood analysis devices that can measure characteristics less prominent than the oxygenation of hemoglobin are of interest in the medical community. An important step in creating these devices is to model the interaction of photons with human tissue in increasingly greater physiological detail. We have modeled, using a Monte Carlo technique, the interaction of photons through epidermis, blood and water arranged both in layers and in a homogeneous mixture. We confirm the expected linear relation between photon attenuation and material volumetric percentage in our two-layer models. We discovered that this relationship becomes non-linear in the homogeneously mixed models where …

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Large-Eddy Simulation Of Organized Precipitating Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds, Axel Seifert, Thijs Heus Jun 2013

Large-Eddy Simulation Of Organized Precipitating Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds, Axel Seifert, Thijs Heus

Physics Faculty Publications

Trade wind cumulus clouds often organize in along-wind cloud streets and across-wind mesoscale arcs. We present a benchmark large-eddy simulation which resolves the individual clouds as well as the mesoscale organization on scales of O(10 km). Different methods to quantify organization of cloud fields are applied and discussed. Using perturbed physics large-eddy simulation experiments, the processes leading to the formation of cloud clusters and the mesoscale arcs are revealed. We find that both cold pools as well as the sub-cloud layer moisture field are crucial to understand the organization of precipitating shallow convection. Further sensitivity studies show that microphysical assumptions …

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Room-Temperature Multiferroic Hexagonal Lufeo3 Films, Wenbin Wang, Jun Zhao, Wenbo Wang, Zheng Gai, Nina Balke, Miaofang Chi, Ho Nyung Lee, Wei Tian, Leyi Zhu, Xuemei Cheng, David J. Keavney, Jieyu Yi, Thomas Z. Ward, Paul C. Snijders, Hans M. Christen, Weida Wu, Jian Shen, Xiaoshan Xu Jun 2013

Room-Temperature Multiferroic Hexagonal Lufeo3 Films, Wenbin Wang, Jun Zhao, Wenbo Wang, Zheng Gai, Nina Balke, Miaofang Chi, Ho Nyung Lee, Wei Tian, Leyi Zhu, Xuemei Cheng, David J. Keavney, Jieyu Yi, Thomas Z. Ward, Paul C. Snijders, Hans M. Christen, Weida Wu, Jian Shen, Xiaoshan Xu

Physics Faculty Research and Scholarship

The crystal and magnetic structures of single-crystalline hexagonal LuFeO3 films have been studied using x-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction methods. The polar structure of these films are found to persist up to 1050 K; and the switchability of the polar behavior is observed at room temperature, indicating ferroelectricity. An antiferromagnetic order was shown to occur below 440 K, followed by a spin reorientation resulting in a weak ferromagnetic order below 130 K. This observation of coexisting multiple ferroic orders demonstrates that hexagonal LuFeO3 films are room-temperature multiferroics.

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Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering Inequalities From Entropic Uncertainty Relations, James Schneeloch, Curtis J. Broadbent, Stephen P. Walborn, Eric G. Cavalcanti, John C. Howell Jun 2013

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering Inequalities From Entropic Uncertainty Relations, James Schneeloch, Curtis J. Broadbent, Stephen P. Walborn, Eric G. Cavalcanti, John C. Howell

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

We use entropic uncertainty relations to formulate inequalities that witness Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)-steering correlations in diverse quantum systems. We then use these inequalities to formulate symmetric EPR-steering inequalities using the mutual information. We explore the differing natures of the correlations captured by one-way and symmetric steering inequalities and examine the possibility of exclusive one-way steerability in two-qubit states. Furthermore, we show that steering inequalities can be extended to generalized positive operator-valued measures, and we also derive hybrid steering inequalities between alternate degrees of freedom.

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Clustering Hyperspectral Imagery For Improved Adaptive Matched Filter Performance, Jason P. Williams, Kenneth W. Bauer, Mark A. Friend Jun 2013

Clustering Hyperspectral Imagery For Improved Adaptive Matched Filter Performance, Jason P. Williams, Kenneth W. Bauer, Mark A. Friend

Faculty Publications

This paper offers improvements to adaptive matched filter (AMF) performance by addressing correlation and non-homogeneity problems inherent to hyperspectral imagery (HSI). The estimation of the mean vector and covariance matrix of the background should be calculated using “target-free” data. This statement reflects the difficulty that including target data in estimates of the mean vector and covariance matrix of the background could entail. This data could act as statistical outliers and severely contaminate the estimators. This fact serves as the impetus for a 2-stage process: First, attempt to remove the target data from the background by way of the employment of …

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