Soil Science Commons^™

Influence Of Superphosphate Fertilization Of Natural Pasture On Botanical Composition In Southwest Spain, M Martin Bellido, Josefa T. Perez Corcho, V Moreno Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A trial was designed to study the effect of superphosphate fertilizatio,n:()f native pasture on the botanical composition and its evolution in a semiarid Mediterranean climate of Southwest Spain. Vegetation was studied during three years (1982, 1983 and 1984) at the end of the growing period of each year, being pasture grazed by beef cows in a stocking rate of 0.23 cow/ha. No effect of phosphorus fertilization on botanical composition was found the second year of study coincident with a year of low precipitation. When precipitation was higher than average in the third year; the increment of legumes in fertilized pasture …

Mutual Influence Of Temperate Legumes And Grasses Grown In Association At Different Nitrogen Levels, E Meister, J Lehmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In grass/legume associations white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contribute significantly to the nutritive value of such mixtures. Compared to Italian ryegrass (Lolium italicum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata ), the legumes have an inherently higher content of protein, magnesium and calcium. In addition they indirectly help to improve the quality (protein and mineral content) of the companion grass, presumably over a nitrogen transfer from the legume to the grass partner: On the other hand, the chemical composition of these …

Advantages And Management Of Grass-Legume Associations In Forage Production, J Lehmann, E Meister

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The quality and forage yield of grass/legume associations is higher than in pure grass stands, with comparable nitrogen inputs. During a 180 day growing season, 10 - 15 t/ha of forage dry matter can be produced with less than 150 kg fertilizer nitrogen. Forage from mixed swards has a higher energy and protein content and a better balanced mineral composition. Both the high content of digestible organic matter and the legumes have a positive influence on the dry matter, energy and protein intake of the cows and the amount of milk these can produce therefrom. The decrease in quality with …

The Introduction Of Legumes Into A Degraded Cultivated Pasture In The Cerrados Of Brazil, W Couto, G G. Leite, A O. Barcellos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Low productivity and poor feeding value of native pastures and improved pure grass pastures during the dry season, are responsible for low beef cattle performance in the Cerrados. Legume introduction into native pastures increases forage yield and feed quality but requires land clearing and fertilizer application. Introduction of legumes into old Brachiaria pastures offers a higher forage yield potential and can use previously applied fertilizer. Two planting methods, (i) over-sowing after light soil surface disturbance and (ii) sodseeding in rows 35 cm apart, were equally effective in terms of number of plants established in an eight years old Brachiaria ruziziensis …

Factors Affecting Weed Invasion In Pasture Of Co-Operative Livestock Farms In Japan, M Nashiki, T Nomoto, R Meguro, K Sato

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Weed invasion is a most serious problem, causing severe pasture deterioration, in Japan. Knowledge of the natural and man made conditions most favorable to weed invasion would be useful for controlling these noxious invaders by cultural or chemical methods. This study points out the major harmful weeds and the conditions under which they can easily invade and impair pasture production, as ascertained from data obtained by a survey conducted in 1981. All farms responding were classified for presence or absence of each weed species within the category of factors such as air temperature and so on. The survey data indicates …

Phytosociological Diagnosis Of Sown Pastures By Weed Species Group, S Okuda, S Kawanabe, H Sakai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of a phytosociological study on weed communities of sown pastures were applied for the diagnosis of pasture conditions. Weed communities were closely related with site conditions and successional stage, and species groups were identified as indicators for the diagnosis of pasture conditions. The chenopodietea group which appeared in xerotic sites and the Bidentetea group which appeared in mesic sites indicated the initial stage of pasture development or pasture disturbed by overgrazing. These two groups appeared at the eutrophic site. The Artemisietea and Plantaginetea groups indicated the second stage of pasture development, and it was considered that the presence of …

Effects Of Rate And Timing Of Glyphosate And Paraquat Application On Establishment And Production Of Surface- Sown Pasture Species, D A. Kim, C H. Kwon, S H. Lim, W B. Han, Y J. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This experiment was carried out during 1983-1984 to determine an effective method for the introduction of pasture species on nonarable hill country without cultivation. In this experiment, 1.8 and 2.8kg a.i.ha·1 rates of glyphosate and a 0.7kg a.i.ha·1 rate of paraquat were applied, and also 30, 45 and 60 days intervals beween spraying and sowing were used.

Establishment of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) was not affected by the application of herbicides, but that of ladino clover (Trifolium repens) was significantly affected by glyphosate and paraquat. It was found that glyphosate and paraquat have no apparent soil residual activity or pre-emergence effect …

Renovation Of Deteriorated Pasture By Surface Sowing Renovation Of Pasture With Glyphosate Herbicide And Burning, M Sawada, K Kunezaki, T Januma

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The pastureland requiring renovation is first sprayed with the highly safe glyphosate herbicide (sold under the tradename of Roundup), in June / August when the pasture grass and weeds have grown over 20 cm in height; the application of the herbicide will completely eradicate all vegetation. Next, about 40days later summer burning is appliedto the land to incinerate and prevent growth of seeds of Rumex japonicus Houtt, etc. Immediately thereafter the conventional methods of developing pastureland by nontillage is employed to renovate the land--application of soil amendments to the land, followed by application of fertilizer and seeding. Should subsequently seeds …

Improving The Establishment Of White Clover And Perennial Ryegrass By Coating The Seed With Calcium Peroxide, J H. Ollerenshaw

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Controlled environment and field studies have shown that the establishment and subsequent growth of Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. is adversely affected by high soil moisture contents. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to determine whether or not coating the seed of the two species with an oxygenating compound improved plant emergence and shoot growth. Coated and uncoated seed of both species experienced high soil moisture contents in field plots at an upland site and were also subjected to temporary water logging in pots under glasshouse conditions. The adverse effects of waterlogging in …

Grassland Improvement By Hoof Cultivation: Effect Of Sowing Time On Establishment, Survival, Botanical Composition And Production, H W. Lee, J S. Shin, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experment for hoof and tooth cultivation by using the Korean native cow was conducted to study the effect of seeding time on establishment, survival, botanical composition and yield over tow years at alpine area of Korea. Sowing times were April and May in spring and August and September in autumn. Establishment of April, May and August sowing was similar result, showing about 10 percent establishment. Survival was more satisfactory in spring sowing than in autumn sowing. Low temperature during the winter season was thought to be main factors causing the death of the species sown in autumn. However, establishment …

Simulated Grazing Compared To Herbicide Suppression Of Grass Competition When Sod Seeding Forage Legumes, Clive Holland, M B. Tesar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many grassland areas in the humid northeastern U.S. that are in need of improvement are operated by marginal producers and livestock farmers who do not own the necessary equipment or cannot afford the higher costs involved in complete and/or chemical renovation. This study was designed to (1) compare mechanical defoliation, simulating grazing, of grass sods with an accepted herbicide to suppress competition when sod seeding forage legumes and; (2) determine stand establishment and yields from seed broadcast on the surface in early spring or drilled into the sod four weeks later. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and birdsfoot trefoil …

The Effects Of Burning And Grazing On The Population Dynamics Of The Native Savanna Of Colombia, H Hayashi, Luis E. Tergas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A series of studies designed to clarify the characteristics of the native savanna in the Colombian Eastern Plain (Llanos Orientales) was carried out. A detailed study of population dynamics of the savanna with and without burning under different stocking rates is described. Density of vegetation in the burnt plot increased year by year, whereas that of the unburnt plots decreased year by year. After the third dry season the differences of density compared with those before the treatments were 111 % for the burnt plot and -41 % mean for the unburnt plots. The density of Trachypogon vestitus and forbs …

Adaptive Characteristics Of "Secar" Cultivar Of Agropyron Spicatum To The Mountainous Rangelands Of Lesotho, Carl J. Goebel, Victor Ramakhula, Mohammed Tazi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It appears, through laboratory testing and field observations, that some forms of the Agropyron especially A spicatum may be adapted to seeding the mountainous rangelands of Lesotho. Future studies will determine if reproduction will occur and if the introduced grasses will survive under various grazing intensities.

Steppe Vegetation Resources On The Plateau Of Hebei Province And The Direction Of Their Utilization, Liu Lian

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The plateau lies in the northern part of Hebei (Hopei) Province. The topography is a little higher in the border area, but the relative altitude is only about 50 metres with the ground undulating slightly. The soil belongs to the chestnut type. Influenced by the temperate semi-arid climate, here grows steppe vegetation. Jia Sixie, the famous agronomist of the Northern Wei Dynasty, pointed out in his great work Main Skills of the Masses "Confrom to the climate and take advantage of the land, you will harvest more with less labour." So the study of natural vegetation in the area is …

The Resource Characteristics Of The Natural Grassland And Its Utilization In Xinjiang, Xu Peng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The available natural grasslands of Xinjiang cover about one third of its total area. The most basic feature is based on arid desert circumstances, whereas there widely develop mountain grasslands, so the grassland types are most rich and varied. The plain grasslands primarily develop into various types of desert grasslands, where the soil moisture is abundant, lowland meadows develop. The mountain grasslands distribute in a regular pattern as the climate perpendicular belts change. All of them may be divided into four type-groups, thirteen types, in which, desert about 45.1 %, steppe 26.7%, meadow 26.3%, swamp 0.7%. The low yield grasslands …

Using Creature And Its Nitrogen Fixation To Enhance The Soil Fertility, Dong Min-Fu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Proper rotation of crops, combination of great promotion of growing green manure and herbage with development of animal husbandry, and use of creature and its nitrogen fixation to accumulate organic matter and increase nitrogen in the soil prove to be an effective way to improve the physiochemical properties of soil and its structure, and enhance the soil fertility.

Nitrogen Cycle In Pasture-Sheep System On Alpine Grassland, Jizhou Ren, Xingyun Zhu, Qin Wang, Huizhu Wang, Changgui Wan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The "alpine grassland " account for about one third of the total grassland area in China. The site for this experiment was located at Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province. It had an elevation of 2960m above sea level, an annual mean temperature of -0.1 °C, accumulated temperature(> 0°C) of 1316°C, precipitation of 391mm and evaporation capacity of 1611mm. There was no absolute frost-free period. Forages germinated at the end of April and withered at the beginning of September. The whole growing season lasted about 120 days. The local vegetation was dominated by a Stipa-Kobresia communty. Among the major species …

Effects Of Ph On Nodulation And Growth Of Subterranean Clover Cultivars, Moo-Key Kim, D G. Edwards, R A. Date, C J. Asher

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Little information is available on the effects of low pH on nodulation and growth of subterranean clover cultivars. Plants of 11 cultivars were inoculated with an acid-tolerant strain of Rhizobium trifolii and grown for 28 days in continuously flowing nitrogen-free nutrient solutions maintained at six constant pH values from 4.0 to 6.5. At pH 4.0, 4 cultivars failed to nodulate and the remainder formed only a few nodules; nodulation was delayed by 2 to 3 days in this treatment. All cultivars nodulated at pH 4.5 but, with the exception of cv. Dwalganup, nodule numbers were significantly less than at pH;,,, …

Changes In Soil Populations Of Rhizobium Trifolii Following Crop Establishment In Clover- Ley Rotation In South-East Australia, D R. Coventry, J R. Hirth, T G. Reeves, H R. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A survey of clover-ley pastures in South-east Australia had shown extremely low populations of Rhizobium trifolii following crop production. A long-established subterranean clover pasture growing on a strongly acid soil was disrupted for two seasons of wheat production and populations of R. trifolii were measured in the presence and absence of soil liming with cultivation and direct drill methods of crop establishment. The populations of R. trifolii were substantially reduced in the absence of lime with both methods of crop establishment, confirrning the need for seed inoculation of subterranean clover when the clover-ley is being re-established. A higher surface pH …

Nitrogen Mineralization In Peat Soils Under Grassland, R Bartels, H Kuntze, B Scheffer, I Campino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nitrogen mineralization in peat soil under grassland was measured after different nitrogen fertilization. Dependent on the N- level in these N- rich soils and their high mineralization rate the increase of dry matter yield is relative small. Fertilizer ammonium is rapidly oxidized to nitrate. According to the nitrate content during the vegetation period in spring, when these acid soils are wet and cold, plants need a higher ammonium or nitrate supply by nitrogen fertilizing.

The Effect Of Interseeding Rye (Secale Cereale L.) In Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon L. Pers.) On Nitrogen Recovery From Broiler Litter Application, S R. Wilkinson, M L. Dudzinsky, R N. Dawson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A seven-year study was conducted to evaluate the effect of interseeding rye into Coastal bermudagrass during its dormant season on the total yield, and the fate of nitrogen (N) from litter application rates of 45 T.ha. -1yr-1 for four years follwed by a residual phase of three years (fertilization for maximum yield), and 177 T.ha-1yr-1 for two years followed by a residual phase of 5 years ( disposal rate). At the fertilization rate, yield and N recovery in forage were increased by interseeding rye. Concentrations of NO3-N in water percolating past 122 cm were dramatically reduced. Percolate NO3-N losses from …

Manurial Value Of By-Product From The Marine Industry On The Growth Of Oat, H Takizawa, H Nagai, H Miyazaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are many sorts of discharge around the marine industry in Hokkaido. An attempt was carried out to process one of the discharges, to be called Froth or Scum, some of which contains ether-extract (Lipid) at concentration more than 60%, moreover to evaluate the manurial value of raw material by oat in comparison with it fermented aerobically. Even the Froth having more than 60% of Lipid could be processed on mixing fermented material in proportion to 10%, which resulted in making it 30% below. Variability of moisture content, pH value and nutrient composition, Lipid content on DM of pre to …

Studies On The Phosphorus Utilization Of Orchardgrass And Ladino Clover As Affected By Compost Application In Volcanic Ash Soils, M C. Kim, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The growth response of pasture species on phosphorus utilization of two compost application methods was compared on black and very dark brown volcanic ash soils. With the exception of orchardgrass in very dark brown soils, the establishment of pasture species was reduced if seed was mixed with P-fertilizer and compost when compared with no compost or compost treatment not mixed with seed and fertilizer.

Compost treatment caused increasing dry matter yields of pasture in the two soil types tested. However, Jadino clover, grown in black soil, did not benefit from compost treatment. There was a higher P content of pasture …

Studies On The Sulfur Nutrition Of Forage Crops, S Ogata, K Kouno, S Kobayashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Greenhouse experiments and field surveys were conducted (1) to evaluate the S-supplying capacity of soil in Chugoku area, and (2) to determine some diagnostic criteria by which S-status of plants can simply be assessed, and (3) to find out a critical S values in several forage crops. The results obtained are as in the following; 1) The S-supplying capacity of soil is estimated 5mgS/Kg in granite regosols and 58mgS/Kg in andosols. The S-supplying capacity of soil could not be estimated by only available-S content, but may be reliably estimated by total-S and the mineralization rate of organic matter. 2) Grassland …

The Comparison Of The Tolerance To Soil Acidity Among Several Pasture Grasses, H Hokito, A Nishimune, K Takao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Five kinds of grasses which are common in Hokkaido were studied for the purpose of comparing these grasses' tolerances to soil acidified mainly by fertilyzer anions. The experiments were separated into categories, : aluminum tolerance (pot experiment) and tolerance to acidic soil (pot and field experiments). Orchardgrass, Timothy and Perennial ryegrass showed strong tolerances and Ladino clover showed weak tolerance in each experiment. Although Alfalfa showed a weak tolerance in the pot experiment it was not as weak in the field. In this experiment the role of the root system seemed to be very important. That is, in the case …

Concentration Of Trace Elements In Grass On Shinshu High Land Area, H Danbara, H Arima, T Baba, T Matano, M Yamaguchi, T Kikuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About twenty kinds of trace elements in grass grown on Shinshu high land area were determined with non destructive activation analysis. These elements in grass will be taken by beef cattle as nutrients. Zinc and manganese were found remarkablly high concentration then copper came after. Cobalt and selenium such as important elements for physiology of cattle were not determined so high.

Herbage Dry Matter Yield And Nitrogen Content Of A Reproductive Growth According To Spring Management Case Of Permanent Meadows In The Pyrenees Mountains, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In mountains farming systems, the wintering is the principal constraint because hay stock by ewe is low and has poor feed value. The objective of this research is to show the effect of spring management (fertilization, grazing) on the reproductive growth. We measured herbage dry matter on three plots of different fertility levels (0.108 % - 0.045 % - 0.018 % P205 Dyer) at an altitude of 1250 m. We show that the net starting growth is afunction of the soil fertility level (we observed differences of a month between plots). Consequently, the grazing effect on the regrowth does not …

Studies On The Numbers, Activity And Seasonal Dynamics Of Nitrogen Metabolic Microorganisms In Soils Of Qinghai-Xizang Alpine Meadow, Jiazao Li, Tao Yang, Guiru Zhu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The numbers, activity and seasonal dynamics of nitrogen metabolic bacteria in soils of Qinghai-Xizang alpine meadows were studied at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station. The numbers of these microbes were highest in the 0-10 cm soil layer and these numbers decreased with the deepening of the soil. In the surface soil layer, the denitrifying bacteria were dominant, the next were the nonsymbiotic anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria showed the lowest counts. The numbers and activity of nitrogen metabolic bacteria also showed markedly seasonal dynamics. The microbial peaks usually appeared between June and August. The ammonifying …

Effect Of Source, Rate And Time Of Application On Nitrogen Fertilizer On Growth Of Ky 31 Tall Fescue, M Rasnake, L Murdock, G Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The use of urea as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer is becoming more prevalent in Kentucky and most other parts of the world (Englestad and Hauk, 1974). However, research shown that under certain conditions, N volatilization losses from urea can be excessive (Wells et al., 1978). A research project was initiated in 1980 at Princeton, Kentucky to determine the probability and extent of N loss from surface applied urea and a urea-containing fertilizer (Rasnake et al., 1982) developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TV A) National Fertilizer Development Center (NFDC). Results have shown that N volatilization losses from urea are small …

Field Water Regimes Of Sandy Loam Soils On Arid Rangelands Of Southern New Mexico, Carlton H. Herbel, Robert P. Gibbens

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is little information on field measurement of soil water on arid rangelands. Forage production is largely dependent upon adequate water. The soil water potential is characterized for three sandy loam soils during 1957-76 on arid rangelands of southwestern United States. Gypsum-impregnated resistance blocks were placed at soil depths of 10, 25, 41, 61, and 91 cm. The average annual precipitation during the study periods was 244, 265, and 233 mm. At the 10-cm soil depth, the probability of soil water :2: -1.5 megapascals during December-March was 66, 70, and 68% at the three sites; during July-September, it was 40, …