Soil Science Commons^™

Influence Of The Age Of Chicken On The Metabolizable Energy Value Of Alfalfa Leaf Protein Concentrate, S Terapuntuwat, I Tasaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Influence of the age of chicken on the nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) value of alfalfa leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was investigated. Chickens of various ages were fed diets containing certain amounts of the LPC, and droppings were collected quantitatively. The MEn of the diets was determined as the difference between consumed energy and excreted energy which was corrected with retained energy as body protein. Then the MEn value of the LPC was calculated using the values of the LPC containing diets and that of cornstarch which was obtained from data for a LPC-free diet. As a result, the MEn …

High Value Productions From Lucerne: A New Zealand Perspective, R M. Mcdonald, P E. Donnelly, R A. Mills, S R. Vaughan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research at Ruakura has aimed at improving the economics of lucerne protein extraction, by extracting more of the protein (up to 85%) and by searching for ways to get maximum value for each of the components in the lucerne. Presently most lucerne protein concentrate is sold on the basis of its protein and xanthophyll contents, which are valued by poultry growers. Other components, including carotene, chlorophyll and vitamin E, are not valued in poultry feed and consequently could be extracted and sold separately. Carotene and vitamin E have recently been associated with cancer prevention. The paper also discusses the value …

Effect Of Drying Methods On The Nutritive Value Of Leaf Protein Concentrates Coagulated By Acidification, Heat Or Anaerobic Fermentation, M Ohshima

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

SUMMARY To determine the effect of heat-treatments on the nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate(LPC), several LPCs prepared by different procedures were fed to rats. The nutritive value of ladino clover LPC separated centrifugally from acidified juice and freeze-dried was compared with that of LPC prepared from the same acidified juice by heating to 70°C with an electric heater before the centrifugation and oven-dried at 70°C. The heat-treatments reduced not only the apparent digestibility of crude protein by 5%, but also the nutritionally available lysine content of LPC. Response of rats to lysine supplementation in addition to methionine was observed …

Effect Of Anaerobic Fermentation Of Plant Juice On The Yield And The Nutritive Value Of Leaf Protein Concentration, M Ohshima, H Ueda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Effect of treatments of plant juice on the yield and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was studied with special reference to anaerobic fermentation using lucerne and Italian rye grass as the materials. Lucerne juice was .subdivided into three portions. The two portions were heated to 70°C immediately or after being adjusted to pH 8 with NaOH. The other portion was anaerobically fermented for 7 days. One half of ryegrass juice was heated to 70°C after being adjusted to pH 4 with HCI and the other half was submitted to the fermentation. After the treatments, each juice was centrifuged …

Alkali Treatment Of Rice Whole Crop Silage, T Tobino, N Mikami, A Yamazaki, R Kobayashi, K Furugouri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Application of Na OH for rice whole crop at the time of ensiling increased digestibility, intake and body weight gain of Holstein steers. As rice whole crop silage is inclined to cause secondary fermentation, when the moisture content is not sufficient, water addition to the filling material is necessary. The suitable application level of NaOH is 3 to 4% of silage dry matter and it can be applied successfully using 20 to 30% solution. The rate of notreacted Na in the NaOH applied silages was 20 to 40% and it changed wholly to the form of Na2CO3 -Na. The greater …

The Effect Of The Harvest Time, Height And Length Of Cutting On The Quality And Nutrient Yield Of Japanese Millet Silage, T Nakui, N Yahara, S Takai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiments were made to determine the appropriate harvest time, height and length of cutting of Japanese millet for silage. Harvesting the millet at the end of the late dough stage was found to be the most favorable for silage, and the fermenting quality of the silage was improved by higher cutting and keeping the length of the cutting short ( < 10 mm). Dry weight yield of the plant (x) well correlated with TDN yield (Y) of the silage (r = 0.91, Y = 0.511x - 64.7). A negative correlation was obtained between the rate of temperature rise during the second fermentation process of silage broken the seal and the content of butyric acid in the silage. The second fermentation was suppressed when the butyric acid content in the total acid of the silage was more than 3 % .

Effect Of Stage Growth And Chopping Length On Ensiling Characteristics, Digestibility And Palatability Of Guinea-'A', S Panditharatne, J P. Fontenot, V G. Allen, M.C N. Jayasuriya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ensiling of forages is a common practice in temperate areas, but is not used extensively in tropical countries. Preservation of excess forage during rainy seasons would provide a more even distribution of feed during the year. Experiments were conducted to investigate fermentation characteristics, and digestibility and palatability of Guinea-'A' (Panicum maximum, ecotype A) silage by sheep. Guinea-'A' grass was harvested after 2- and 3-week growth periods, and ensiled chopped or unchopped in 210 liter metal drums, double lined with polyethylene. Cutting grass at 2 weeks decreased pH and increased lactic acid of silage, compared to cutting at 3 weeks. Chopping …

Analysis Of The Factors Affecting On Disappearance Of Nitrate In Grass During Ensilage, T Masuko, T Otani, K Awaya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1979 to 1985, a series of experiments was carried out. In these experiments, Italian rye grass containing large amounts of nitrate was ensiled in laboratory silos with CaCO3, glucose and urea immediately after harvesting, and at three moisture levels adjusted by pre-wilting. In each experiment, the grasses were chopped to about 2 cm length and then packed in 1.5 liter glass bottles. The silos were kept at 28°C in the incubator and opened 50-80 days after ensiling. The nitrate content and crude protein content of original grass were-high and WSC content of that was low. In thirty grass silages …

A Technique To Study The Relative Merits Of Different Silage Additves, A D. Drysdale, D A. Parker

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Expansion in the use of silage additives in the more difficult silage-making areas of Europe has created the need for a simple laboratory method to assess the relative values of the wide range of products now offered. A technique is described which can be used to study potential new additives and to monitor existing products. Using direct-cut lucerne(Medicago sativa) ensiled quickly it is possible to produce a high pH, poorly fermented, untreated silage and against this the relative effects of different additive treatments can be assessed. In an example discussed, lucerne of 14% dry matter (DM) and buffering capacity 44m-equiv …

Control Of Silage Fermentation By Inoculation With Lactobacillus Casei, K Ataku, H Nakamura, N Narasaji, M Kikuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The D( -) isomer of lactic acid is largely produced by silage fermentation. Accordingly, this study focused on Lactobacillus casei (LC) in which produces L( +) lactic acid. The influences of the inoculation of LC and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on the quality of silage and on the isomer ratio of the lactic acid were examined with and without 2% glucose addition at two ensilage temperature (20°C and 30°C). Orchardgrass and alfalfa were ensiled in laboratory silos, capacity one-liter. When either LP and LC was added, a large quantity of lactic acid was produced, the pH dropped sharply, and the quality …

Losses During Ensiling Due To Gas Exchange, H Honig, E Zimmer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Gas exchange leading to air infusion into the silo during the storage period is one of the main reasons for poor silage quality and additional losses. To make these losses better predictable, and to show ways to ensiling technology to avoid them, the parameters influencing the gas exchange in silage stacks have to be defined and quantified. The motive powers for this gas exchange are "breathing" in gastight systems, and CO2 flow off in "open" systems. Recent experiments using 6 m3 pilot silos to evaluate and quantify these losses, especially those due to CO2 flow off, show the following results: …

Speeding The Field Drying Of Alfalfa With Chemicals, C A. Rotz, J W. Thomas, D R. Buxton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field drying experiments were conducted on alfalfa to determine the requirements and long term expected performance of chemicals for conditioning hay in the northern USA 2.8% aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) sprayed on the alfalfa as it was mowed increased field drying rate. A mixture of 1.4% potassium carbonate and 1.4% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in water provided a similar increase in drying rate, while a solution of sodium carbonate alone was generally less effective. Maximum effect occurred when the treatment was applied as alfalfa was mowed and conditioned with a roll-type conditioning machine and the alfalfa was left to …

Mechanical And Chemical Conditions As An Aid In Hastening Drying Rate Of Ryegrass Forage, M Tsang Mui Chung, L R. Verma

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A laboratory study to evaluate different types of mechanical, chemical and combinations of mechanical-chemical treatments on drying rate and quality of ryegrass (Lolium multifloruIJJ.) forage is described. Mechanical treatments ranged from cuticle abrasion to crushing of the stems while the chemicals were expected to remove or disrupt epicuticular waxes. Removal of the surface wax layer and part of the cuticle caused only moderate increases in drying rate indicating that epicuticular resistance for ryegrass is only a small fraction of the total resistance to moisture loss. Treatments that crushed and split the stems to bypass tissue resistance were considerably more effective. …

Effect Of A Lactobacillus Inoculant On Fermentation And Aerobic Stability Of Grass Silage, G Pahlow, E Zimmer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the experiment was to optimize the fermentation process and to improve the aerobic stability of silage by the use of a bacterial additive. Prewilted grass was ensiled with and without the inoculant in laboratory silos. These were perfused with different amounts of oxygen to simulate suboptimum 5 ensiling technology. The spray inoculation of a Lactobacillus culture with 10 colony forming units (cfu) per g of the crop enabled the

homofermentative starter to dominate the indigenous flora even in the air treated silages. The lactic acid production was markedly increased and pH-value, gas losses and protein decomposition were …

The Use Of Microbiological Processes In The Fractioning Of Plant Green Mass, M J. Beker, A A. Klintsare, D J. Upite, V E. Ramnietse, V F. Bekere, R Carlsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The work discusses anaerobic fermentation of juice and press cakes of plant green mass in order to obtain stabilized feeds upon minimum energy expenses. We have studied the conversion of carbohydrates into acids, protein coagulation and proteolysis. There has been constructed a new technology "TPF-1". The work deals also with the stability and biological effectivity of the fermented juice and coagulate. Zootechnical experiments on pigs, calves, bull-calves established that a stabilized juice or coagulate can replace upto 30-40% of protein in traditional ratios without a decrease in animal productivity. It was established that, in order to ensure complete wastelessness and …

Protein Production From Tobacco Plants Iii: Pilot Plant Extraction, P Fantaozzi, A Sensidoni, R Bortolomeazzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The goals of the present study are: (1) to find a technology for the extraction of valuable proteins from tobacco at a pilot plant level. (2) to optimize such a technology with some modifications of the original idea; Results are shown related: (1) to the distribution of Proteins in the various fractions obtained during the extraction; (2) to the effect of some additives on the final protein yields and characteristics. To allow that the process would be economical qualitatively and quantitatively, the authors suggest an optimization of the extraction yield and a better purification of the final products from contaminants …

Commercial Protein Fractionation From Lucerne, G J. Shearer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The first commercial protein fractionation plant in New Zealand is located at Broadlands on a geothermal steam field in the central North Island pumice lands. Lucerne is harvested over a 30 km radius and trucked to the processing plant.This factory has a wet input design capacity of 10 tonnes per hour expansible to 20 tonnes per hour. Freshly harvested lucerne is pulped and double pressed to express the juice which is then coagulated with steam, centrifuged, and the leaf protein concentrate {LPC) dried and pelleted. The presscake is also dried and pelleted. The deproteinised juice {DPJ) is evaporated and the …

Fabrication Of A Machine For Production Of Leaf Protein And Cost Evaluation Of Leaf Protein, P Vijayalakshmi, R P. Devadas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A pulper cum squeezer machine was fabricated. The cost of the machine was Rs. 4048.42. The juice extracting efficiency of this pulper-cum squeezer was found to be good. Alfalfa (luceme) was grown in three different areas, one was the local village, the second being Sri Avinashilingam Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and the third being Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya. It was calculated that one kg of leaf protein costs about Rs. 9.06, 8.52 and 4.12 at the village, at KV.K and at Vidyalaya respectively. Cost of red gram dhal a locally available, popular legume is Rs. 8.00. The cost of protein …

Factors Influencing The Design Of Plant Juice Presses, H D. Bruhn, R J. Straub, R G. Koegel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Much of the suffering in the world today from protein-deficient diets could be alleviated by establishing small village-size green plant juice protein extraction system. One step in providing this protein involves pressing juice from plants. From fundamental research there is now extensive information available to the developers of juice pressing equipment. The primary objective of this paper is to bring available information together and indicate its application to the design of small presses of 100 to 500 kg/hr capacity. Satisfactory juice extraction can be accomplished in the following manner: (l)Maceration. (2) Applying a pressure of 700 to 2000 KPa. (3) …

Social Trends Emerging In A Mexican Village Community Involved In A Leaf Nutrient Supplementation Project Offered As Nutritional Intervention Scheme, T M. Ostrowski-Meissner, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Social analysis of the leaf nutrient supplementation (LNS) project using protein concentrate from alfalfa in a Mexican village (Saltillo) has been made in an attempt to identify the social trends associated with the community's involvement with protein extraction from green vegetation as a nutritional intervention scheme. Through preliminary on site observation and review of available scheme records, emergent social trends were identified in:

1. the voluntary diversification of nutritional habits,

2. an extension of health services for the community, and

3. subtle change within the village social milieu. The suitability of the LNS project is discussed, and areas for further …

Use Of Leaf Protein As Human Food, R P. Devadas, P Vijayalaks

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leaf protein obtained from lucerne was fed to pre-school children, for a period of three years. These children who were on leaf protein were compared against those who received milk in the place of leaf protein, leaf protein + 300 calories, 300 calories alone and control group who did not get any supplement. The results indicated that 100 grams of leaf protein provides 397 calories, 60 g of protein, 800 mg of calcium, 50 mg of iron and 1.4 µg of B carotene. Leaf protein is acceptable for pre-school children from poor socio-economic groups. Adults need more persuasion. Leaf Protein …

Effects Of The Leaf Protein On Serum Cholesterol Levels In Rats, T Horigome, Y S. Cho, S Uchida, E Sakaguchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cholesterol-lowering effect of the leaf protein was compared with those of casein and soya bean protein in rats. Unfractionated leaf proteins were prepared from Italian ryegrass and alfalfa by heating the green juice at 85°C. Wet leaf proteins were extracted repeatedly with acetone at room temperature. Rats were given a cholesterol-free, low-fat diet containing each protein source at a protein level of 20% for a period of 3 weeks. There were no differences in the weight gain among rats given casein, soya bean protein and Italian ryegrass leaf protein, while the weight gain of rats given alfalfa leaf protein …

Deproteinized Juice Utilization From Mechanically Dewatered Alfalfa, M Collins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mechanical dewatering of alfalfa produces a pressed forage product, a protein concentrate and deproteinized juice. The latter component contains approximately 12% of whole crop DM and can be utilized as a fertilizer material. Several alternatives exist for coagulation of protein from alfalfa juice. An experiment was conducted to evaluate alfalfa yield response to application of whole juice or juice deproteinized by heat, H2SO4 or fermentation. One-half cm surface depth of juice increased shoot yield by 41 % over untreated plants. Alfalfa responded similarly to whole juice or juice deproteinized by either method although maximum yield occurred at a higher rate …

Production Of Fodder Yeast From Brown Juices Of Graminaceous And Leguminous Plants, H Horitsu, H Wakazono, K Imai, K Kawai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fractionation of grass (herbage) into leaf protein concentrate (LPC) and crude fiber causes agricultural pollution because brown juice which remained after fractionation contains much minerals and spoilage materials such as sugar and so on. In order to dissolve this problem, for graminaceous plants, green juice was acidified with mineral acid to coagulate LPC. After then, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated using the brown juice and fodder yeast was obtained in good yield. Next, leguminous plants, green juice was directly fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum to decompose saponin and to coagulate LPC with lactic acid produced by Lact. plantarum. After then, the brown …

Feeding Values Of Alfalfa And Its Dried Press Cake, R Kayama, H Tano, T Nagatomo, I Tasaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to utilize forage crops effectively, extraction of leaf protein is quite useful, and its utilization has been extensively investigated. When leaf protein is extracted from plants, tremendous amounts of press cake are produced, however, only a few works on its utilization has been conducted. In the present experiment, the digestion trial with sheep was conducted and the feeding value of dried alfalfa press cake was compared with that of sun-cured alfalfa hay. In general, content of dry matter and organic matter was not so much.different between the press cake and the hay, however, the press cake was comparatively …

Immuno-Reactive Fraction-1 (18s) Leaf Protein During Wilting And Ensiling Of Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) And Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.), J L. Mangan, F A. Harrison

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Antiserum to purified Fraction 1 (18S) leaf protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) raised in N .Z. white rabbits was used to analyse herbage, silage and digesta from the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep by crossed immuno-electrophoresis. Silage trials were carried out with luceme and ryegrass ensiled separately in mini silos containing 1 kg herbage and in larger silos containing 100 kg herbage with replications at 4 levels of dry matter, viz: direct cut, 18.8-21.6%; low wilt, 23.0-32.0%; medium wilt, 31.1-43.5% and high wilt, 38.5-53.2%. Under favourable weather conditions, with long hours of sunshine and low relative humidities and where the high wilt stage …

Assessing The Nutritive Value Of Proteins Extracted From Leucaena Leucocephala: A Comparison Of In Vivo And In Vitro Assays, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, W Supratman, I Komang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparison was made of in vitro and in vivo methods for the evaluation of protein quality in protein concentrates from leaves (LPC) of tree legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) cultivars Cunningham and Peru grown in Indonesia and harvested during dry and wet seasons. Unfractionated protein concentrates were recovered by steam coagulation at either 85°C or 55°C (within 5 min of maceration and dejuicing). The leaves were evaluated using a number of in vitro and in vivo methods recommended for assessing food and feed grade proteins. In vitro methods used in this study tended to over-estimate the quality of leucaena …

Factors Affecting The Efficiency Of Protein Extraction From Fresh Hybrid Napier Grass, R N. Joshi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The observations recorded from over four hundred protein extractions from hybrid Napier grass, cultivated under different field conditions, were subjected to statistical analysis to study the extractability of protein through simple mathematical equations. Of the nine parameters considered, the moisture content of the plant had major influence on the percent extractability of protein and yield of fibre feedstuff. The extractability of protein nitrogen was negatively correlated while the yield of fibre was positively correlated with the mean temperature of the day on which the processing was carried out. Using these regression equations it should be possible to predict the yield …

Crops And Conditions For Maximum Production Of Leaf Protein In West Bengal, S Matai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The paper attempts to summarize the yield potential of a few promising leaf protein (LP) yielding crops grown in alluvial soil tract in the eastern parts of India. Of the different legume crops lucerne was noted to produce maximum LP yield whereas in non-legumes mustard pearl millet produced maximum LP yield. Short duration crops in general gave positive response to higher seed rate whereas in lucerne and berseem where multiple regrowth cut was made, higher seed rate had no effect on LP yield. Leaf protein concentrates obtained from these crops contained 50 to 60% protein. Excepting pearl millet, protein nitrogen …

Energy Flow And Distribution Through Green Crop Fractionation Of Italian Ryegrass, K Kogure, K Watanabe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present experiment was carried out to obtain some informations about the energy flow and distribution through the soiling plants, every three fractions, and silage made from the fibrous residue (FR) of Italian ryegrass. The early maturing "Minamiwase" and late maturing "Hitachiaoba" were sown 5 Oct. 1983. The experiments were conducted under three times of first cutting (A; 29 Mar., B; 12 Apr., C; 25 Apr.) following regrowth frequencies of 3, 2, and 2, respectively. Dry matter production of both varieties at first cutting was increased accompanying with the growth progressed including spring flush of crop. The percentage of top …