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Articles 721 - 750 of 14281

Full-Text Articles in Soil Science

Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards, J W. Stuth, J R. Brown, P D. Olson, M R. Araujo Oct 2025

Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards, J W. Stuth, J R. Brown, P D. Olson, M R. Araujo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The impacts of brief periods of intense grazing in multipasture-single herd grazing systems on critical plant and animal parameters in natural mixed swards are not well understood. It was our objective to determine the interrelationship and nutritional consequence of tiller defoliation intensity, selection ratio and diet composition of two codominant species with contrasting phenology and growth habit as stocking rate was increased. A 16-pasture, 1-herd short-duration grazing regime was simulated at four stocking rates on a little bluestem (Schizachyr­ium scoparium)-brownseed paspalum (Paspalum plicatulum) savannah. Variables measured included morphology and defoliation intensity of marked tillers, diet composition …

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Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions, O J. Loewer, K L. Taul, L W. Turner, N Gay, R Muntifering Oct 2025

Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions, O J. Loewer, K L. Taul, L W. Turner, N Gay, R Muntifering

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The key to more efficient production of beef from forages is in matching animal intake and plant growth. One method of evaluating the interaction of grating animals and growing forages is through dynamic computer simulation models. A model called GRAZE has been developed to evaluate this interaction. GRAZE incorporates previously developed plant and animal models with selective grazing logic based on the premise that beef animals maximize their digestible dry matter intake rate. The model subdivides the pasture int_o subareas. The subareas are grazed according to a priority system where the animal shifts from one subarea to another so as …

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Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures, A J. Harris, D A. Clark Oct 2025

Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures, A J. Harris, D A. Clark

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments measuring plant performance and animal production from sheep at 4 climatically diverse sites in New Zealand are described. In the southern South Island grazing patterns have been developed which minimize the effect of the winter pasture production trough and make best use of the high spring/summer growth rates. High yields of animal products are achieved. In Canterbury, summer moisture stress and cool winters can have far-reaching effects on pasture and, consequently, animal performance. Use of special-purpose pastures with complementary production rhythms has allowed high productivity to be achieved in dry land. On moist North Island hill country increased stocking …

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The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies, J A. Taylor Oct 2025

The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies, J A. Taylor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The challenge in plant-animal interface research is to derive meaningful plant-animal relationships. This paper examines some of the assumptions and bias in conventional grazing research practices. Variations within pasture and in the activity and distribution of grazing animals are important characteristics of most grazing situations. The conventional sampling strategies do not allow for the possibility that the animal perceives vegetation in a different or more subtle way than we perceive it. A more logical approach would be to seek patterns in animal activity and distribution and relate these to variations in herbage and site attributes. This approach would provide the …

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Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers, W W. Heinemann Oct 2025

Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers, W W. Heinemann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was designed to compare beef production by three successions of light weight steers continuous grazing two kinds of irrigated pastures. Two growth promotant ear implants were superimposed treatments in 1982. Successions of light weight steers were used in an effort to obtain maximum animal gain per ha, comparing rates of gain and gains per ha by trimesters. Average steer gains per ha from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) over a 4-year period were nearly the same. Average daily gains by steers that grazed perennial ryegrass were greater than by steers that grazed orchardgrass but …

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Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand, R W. Brougham, G P. Cosgrove Oct 2025

Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand, R W. Brougham, G P. Cosgrove

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Limits to pasture and animal production from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures have been studied in systems experiments with fattening dairy beef bulls in the lowland Manawatu region of New Zealand. At high stocking rates the management system utilizes peak spring pasture growth and provides sufficient herbage for animals during periods of low growth in self contained, no conservation farmlets. High animal production of approximately 1000 kg of carcass meat/ha annually has been achieved. Accumulation of pasture reserves in autumn through long rotations and reductions in grazing pressure in summer through slaughter of fattened animals …

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Influence Of Pasture Quantity And Quality On Intake And Production Of Sheep, G W. Sheath, P V. Rattray Oct 2025

Influence Of Pasture Quantity And Quality On Intake And Production Of Sheep, G W. Sheath, P V. Rattray

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A series of short term trials shows the major influence of pasture allowance and mass in determining intake and gains of sheep. Within the sward the major determinant of intake is green leaf material. Legumes and erect growing grasses in the sward can alter the allowance relationships conferring intake advantages especially at low allowance. The decline of pasture mass during a grazing period can be described by a negative exponential model which is interactive with allowance. In hill country these patterns are subtly altered by grazing duration/ stock density variations, and by the ratio of steep to easy contoured land …

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Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia, J J. Mott Oct 2025

Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia, J J. Mott

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In set stocked, heavily grazed, unburnt, native grass/sown legume pastures in the tropical savannas of northern Australia, animals were found to graze very selectively. This contrasts with the more uniform light grazing usually occurring in the extensive, lightly grazed native grasslands which are normally burnt annually. Once heavy selective grazing of an area was initiated, this grazing pressure was maintained, while ungrazed areas grew rank and unacceptable. Although three different sized paddocks were used to give different stocking rates, the area heavily grazed was the same at all stocking rates. In unfertilised paddocks, plants died within two years when selectively …

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Canopy Structure Of Aeschynomeme Americana-Hemerthria Altissima Pastures And Ingestive Behavior Of Cattle, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, G A. Morantes, P T. Beede Oct 2025

Canopy Structure Of Aeschynomeme Americana-Hemerthria Altissima Pastures And Ingestive Behavior Of Cattle, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, G A. Morantes, P T. Beede

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

'Floral ta' limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) pastures have high digestibility but low crude protein content, and rate of daily gain of steers of Floral ta declines in late season. American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana) has potential in association with Floralta. The objectives were to relate canopy characteristics of jointvetch-limpograss pastures to ingestive behavior of esophageal fistulated steers. Canopies were harvested in 10-cm layers to ground level and canopy height, herbage mass, bulk density, and botanical composition were determined. Intake per bite, rate of biting, bites per 100 total jaw movements, and grazing time were measured. Canopy height varied from 18 …

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Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle, T.D A. Forbes, S W. Coleman Oct 2025

Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle, T.D A. Forbes, S W. Coleman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of herbage mass and height on cattle ingestive behavior and herbage intake, when grazing Asiatic bluestem (Bothriocloa spp.) swards. Three levels of herbage mass were maintained under continuous grazing, corresponding to 1.8, 2.0 and 4.4 t dry matter/ha. Estimates of diet in vitro organic matter digestibility, rate of biting, grazing time and intake per bite were used to calculate digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). Differences in herbage mass led to significant differences in grazing time, intake per bite and DOMI but not in diet digestibility or rate of biting. The …

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Ethogram Of Transitive Probabilities Among Cattle Behavior Such As Drinking, Salt-Licking, Camping, Resting And Grazing, M Okiawa, M Shimamura, M Ushiyama, M Fukuyama Oct 2025

Ethogram Of Transitive Probabilities Among Cattle Behavior Such As Drinking, Salt-Licking, Camping, Resting And Grazing, M Okiawa, M Shimamura, M Ushiyama, M Fukuyama

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ethogram of transitive probabilities among cattle behaviour, especially among drinking, salt-licking and other behaviour are described. The behaviour of 48 identified cattle on the inclined pasture were investigated for two whole days each in May, July, August and October of 1977 and 1978. The frequency and diurnal pattern of drinking and salt-licking were influenced by solar radiation and the physical condition(scours) of cattle. The mean frequencies of drinking and salt-licking behaviour per head in a day were 1.92 ± 0.99 and 1.50 ± 0. 71, respectively. However many following heads without drinking were observed together with drinking cattle. Although the …

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Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition, D S. Fisher, K R. Pond, J C. Burns, R D. Mochrie, D H. Timothy Oct 2025

Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition, D S. Fisher, K R. Pond, J C. Burns, R D. Mochrie, D H. Timothy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The relationship between pasture sward structure and animal intake of digestible dry matter is not well understood. To aid in developing an understanding of the plant-animal interface, flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) swards were harvested and stratified by cutting them into 5-cm layers. Strate began 5-cm above the soil and continued to the extended height of the sward. The strate were separated into leaf blade, stem, and dead material. Samples were analyzed for dry weight and in vitro dry matter disappearance {IVDMD). Esophageal sample analysis showsd steers consumed leaf material even in swards with …

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The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation, S A. Grant, J King, G T. Barthram Oct 2025

The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation, S A. Grant, J King, G T. Barthram

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of this study is to improve understanding of sward responses to grazing manipulation so that objective guidelines for management may be provided. Rates of growth and senescence per tiller, tiller population densities and the photosynthetic efficiency of the sward canopy were measured at intervals on Lolium perenne dominated swards under contrasting management regimes involving steady-state and controlled fluctuations in sward conditions. The results suggest that the combination of changes in tiller populations, sward structure and photosynthetic efficiency and in the balance between growth and senescence per tiller act as a buffer such that net production varies little within …

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Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States, R L. Reid, G A. Jung Oct 2025

Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States, R L. Reid, G A. Jung

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing and behavioral trials were run over a 4-yr period to investigate use of warm season (WS) range grasses in management systems for beef cattle on marginal hill land. Grasses tested were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.], indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and Plains bluestem [B. ischaemum (L.) Keng var. ischaemum]. The grasses were originally planted in pure stands and evaluated as summer pasture for yearling heifers following spring grazing on native bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. )-white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Other systems tested …

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Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization, J Hodgson, J C. Arosteguy, T.D A. Forbes Oct 2025

Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization, J Hodgson, J C. Arosteguy, T.D A. Forbes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of mixed stocking with cattle and sheep on aspects of herbage production and utilization from sown swards. On plots grazed down over three days both sheep and cattle tended to concentrate their grazing activity progressively on areas of sward previously grazed by the opposite species. Cattle were shown to be much less tolerant of cattle dung than of sheep dung, but sheep were relatively tolerant of both sheep and cattle dung. In a second study sheep and cattle were grazed alone, or in combination, on swards maintained at similar surface heights …

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Herbage Consumption Control Of Herbage Production, W Harris Oct 2025

Herbage Consumption Control Of Herbage Production, W Harris

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Application of a technique whereby predetermined amounts of herbage are removed according to estimates of seasonal changes of feed requirement of livestock is described with reference to three experiments. Common objectives of these experiments were to elucidate differences of results obtained from cutting and grazing experiments, to minimise land area and resource to evaluate pasture under constraints prevailing in real farm situations, and to examine relationships between herbage consumption, standing herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, and herbage and botanical composition. The first experiment, using cutting, showed interaction between stocking rate and rotational as compared to continuous defoliation management. The second …

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The Effect Of Fertilization With N-P-K On Utilization And Nutritive Value Of Natural Pasture Grazed By Sheep In Southern Italy, B Ferrara, V Piccolo, F Basso, A Nizza Oct 2025

The Effect Of Fertilization With N-P-K On Utilization And Nutritive Value Of Natural Pasture Grazed By Sheep In Southern Italy, B Ferrara, V Piccolo, F Basso, A Nizza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of four grazing periods carried-out in 1983 and 1984 in a hilly area of Basilicata region (550 m. above s.I.) on a natural pasture utilized by sheep are reported here. Two levels of N(0-50 kg ha-1), P(0-100 kg ha-1) and K(0-100 kg ha-1) arranged in eight factorial combinations were compared. The utilization coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein and milk-FU (MFU) were affected by the climatic conditions and grazing period, whereas fertilization effect was low. The influence of treatments was not very emphasized during the first experimental phase also on the nuttritive value of total and utilized forage.

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The Effects Of The Different Cultivars Of Orchardgrass, S143 And Aonami, On Botanical Composition In Perennial Ryegrass/ Orchardgrass/ White Clover Pasture, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi Oct 2025

The Effects Of The Different Cultivars Of Orchardgrass, S143 And Aonami, On Botanical Composition In Perennial Ryegrass/ Orchardgrass/ White Clover Pasture, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of two cul ti vars of orchardgrass, S143 and Aonami, on the botanical composition of pasture under the precursor-follower grazing system. Each cultivar was sown as a main component in the mixture with perennial rye grass and white clover. The herbage mass in the pasture with Sl 43(Sl 43-pasture) was less than that in the pasture with Aon

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Animal Production Of Fattening Young Steers And Beef Cows By Precursor- Follower System On Two Pasture Types, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato Oct 2025

Animal Production Of Fattening Young Steers And Beef Cows By Precursor- Follower System On Two Pasture Types, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Animal productions were compared on two pastures, i.e. PW pasture (perennial ryegrass-white clover dominant pasture) and PO pasture (perennial ryegrass-orchardgrass dominant pasture), through precursor-follower system using feeder steers and beef cows. The experiment was carried out in 1983 and 1984. After close of grazing feeder steers were fattened for 6 or 7 months, then the carcass characteristics were examined. Feeder steers used in the experiment 1983 were born in spring and grazed for 2 seasons. And in the experiment 1984 steers were born in spring and in fall. They grazed for 2 seasons and 1 season, respectivery. By the precursor-follower …

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Relations Between Nitrogen Fertilization, Herbage Production And Milk Yield, E A. Lantinga, L T'Mannetje, H Schlepers Oct 2025

Relations Between Nitrogen Fertilization, Herbage Production And Milk Yield, E A. Lantinga, L T'Mannetje, H Schlepers

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The response to N-fertilizer of animal output and of herbage production was compared. There appeared to be no difference in the responses to applied nitrogen between intensive continuous grazing and weekly cutting in the range of 300 to 500 kg N/ha/yr. It is hypothesized that the response to applied nitrogen in a continuously grazed sward is mainly determined by the intensity of grazing and that the benefit from nitrogen circulation through excreta has little meaning for the pasture as a whole.

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Modelling Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby Oct 2025

Modelling Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing intensity models have traditionally related animal production per head and per ha to stocking rate. The value of such models is limited by the omission of pasture information. In this paper the relationships between average daily gain, grazing days and standing herbage are used to develop models relating animal production per ha to standing herbage. These models can also be extended by relating changes in their parameters to additional quantifiable variables, or by using them in economic models to express profit per ha in terms of standing herbage.

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Coping With Grazing: A Comparison Of Two Savanna Grasses Differing In Tolerance To Defoliation, K C. Hodgkinson, J J. Mott, M M. Ludlow Oct 2025

Coping With Grazing: A Comparison Of Two Savanna Grasses Differing In Tolerance To Defoliation, K C. Hodgkinson, J J. Mott, M M. Ludlow

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Heavy grazing by cattle, resulting from various practices to intensify carrying capacity, is reducing the abundance of the dominant Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis) in Australia's tropical and subtropical savannas. The objective of this study was to find whether morphological and/or physiological factors were the cause oflow tolerance of T. australis to heavy grazing. Themeda australis was compared in a glasshouse experiment, with buff el grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris), a successful introduction from Africa and known to be grazing tolerant. Half the plants were subjected to frequent close defoliation and their regrowth was compared with infrequently defoliated plants. …

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Heat Production Of Free Grazing Cattle, K Ochiai, I Tahata, F Andoh, S Shioya, T Ami Oct 2025

Heat Production Of Free Grazing Cattle, K Ochiai, I Tahata, F Andoh, S Shioya, T Ami

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Heat production and herbage intake of housed and free grazing cattle were examined using trachea cannulea oxygen consumption measuring system. The daily heat production of Holstein steer and Japanese Black cow grazing on orchardgrass pasture were 212 and 167 kcal/BW0•75/day, respectively. These figures were 56% and 37% greater than those of housed cattle. The daily herbage intake of the Japanese Black cow were 64 and 77 DMg/BW°·75/day in housed and grazing, respectively. And those of the Holstein steer were 69 and 149 DM/BW°·75/day. Regarding the behaviour of cattle, the highest heat production rate was observed in grazing activity, and lowest …

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Thermoregulatory Behaviour And The Skin Temperature Of Grazing Cattle, M Sakurai, H Dohi Oct 2025

Thermoregulatory Behaviour And The Skin Temperature Of Grazing Cattle, M Sakurai, H Dohi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to clarify the thermoregulatory behaviour in hot and frosty environment, the skin temperature of the Japanese Black Cattle in the pasture was measured by a handy radiation thermometer. The regression equation of the temperature (X) and the skin temperature (Y) of grazing cattle was Y=0.814X+ 11.57 (regression coefficient; r=0.972), and that of the direct solar radiation (X) and the skin temperature (Y) was Y=18.05X+30.62 (r=0.824). When the skin temperature rose beyond about 40°C on sunny and hot days in summer, the cattle began to shelter in shade, where the skin temperature went down to about 35°C. When the …

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Immune Response Of Grazing Cattle To Rumen Microflora, K Ogimoto, S Sato, T Inamoto Oct 2025

Immune Response Of Grazing Cattle To Rumen Microflora, K Ogimoto, S Sato, T Inamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Changes in immune response to several rumen bacterial species were investigated in grazing cattle. The results revealed immune response variation in cattle from the first and second grazing seasons. Agglutination titers in sera to Streptococcus bovis and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens increased after 30 days of grazing. Those of S. bovis remained at a higt level until grazing was competed, while titers of B. fibrisolvens were maximum after 45 days and gradually decreased. Changes in agglutinating titers to both bacterial species varied greatly in cattle of the first grazing season. Titers of Ruminococcus albus were similar to the above two species, …

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Vegetational Changes In The Sasa Nipponica Grassland Used By Winter Grazing For Successive Years, Y Ogawa, T Mitamura, K Okamoto Oct 2025

Vegetational Changes In The Sasa Nipponica Grassland Used By Winter Grazing For Successive Years, Y Ogawa, T Mitamura, K Okamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of winter grazing by beef cattle on yearly yield and flora changes in Sasa (Sasa nipponica) grassland was examined from 1974 to 1982. This Sasa sward was established semi-naturally on cutover land following deciduous broadleaved forest at an altitude of 1,100 m on Mt. Asama in Japan. Sasa kept its foliage green and nutritive all year round, so that in this experimental grassland a large quantity of its foliage supplied sufficient nutrients for the maintenance of beef cows during winter grazing periods. Foliage weight was 2.6 tons DW/ha before winter grazing use and this value was maintained for …

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Intensive Use Of Young Japanese Cedar Forest For Grazing, K Sugawara, T Isawa, M Goto, I Ito Oct 2025

Intensive Use Of Young Japanese Cedar Forest For Grazing, K Sugawara, T Isawa, M Goto, I Ito

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted to investigate the intensive forest grazing in young Japanese cedar forest by introducing improved pasture species to forest floor. Study area (1-year old Japanese cedar forest) was divided into three treatment plots; unseeded and unfertilized ( unseeded plot), seeded with nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) fertilizer ( seeded-NPK plot) and seeded with twice amount of fertilizer ( seeded-2NPK plot). Herbage production, grazing capacity, injury to the tree by grazing cattle and growth of the tree were compared among the treatments. The mean of annual fresh matter yield was 11.6 t/ha at unseeded plot, 12.7 t/ha at seeded-NPK …

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Reforestation And Cattle Grazing In Southern United States, Henry A. Pearson Oct 2025

Reforestation And Cattle Grazing In Southern United States, Henry A. Pearson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This research was undertaken to learn if cutover southern pine ranges can be sucessfully regenerated artificially with slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) while being grazed yearlong by beef cattle, Objectives were to determine the effects of various grazing intensities on the establishment and growth of slash pine and on herbage and cattle production, and the subsequent influence of pines on herbage and cattle production. Three range units comprising about 650 ha of cutover pine land were stocked to produce light, moderate, and heavy grazing intensities. Each year during a 4-year regeneration cycle, 17 percent of each range unit was …

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Improvement Of Forest Grazing On Sado Island, H Hirota, T Suzuki Oct 2025

Improvement Of Forest Grazing On Sado Island, H Hirota, T Suzuki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The develpoment of forest grazing in Sada Island is briefly outlined and the cause of the abrupt decline of Zoysia dominant vegetation during the last few decades is discussed. Some experimental results to improve the herbage production for forest grazing on the island are described. For example the invading bush trees should be controlled by either felling them down or applying herbicides, followed by vegetative propagation of Zoysia species and fertilizer application. Gentle slopeland can be renovated by oversowing cool temperate grass species; 15 Kg Dactylis glomerata, 10 Kg Lolium perenne, 5 Kg Paa pratensis and 5 Kg …

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Grazing As A Part Of Agroforestry, Harold F. Heady Oct 2025

Grazing As A Part Of Agroforestry, Harold F. Heady

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Multiple use of land by the small landholder for food crops, trees and animals, often called agroforestry, holds great promise for aiding people near poverty in developing countries, but new forages and techniques of management must be developed.

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