Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Hydrology (1905)
- Geomorphology (1756)
- Sedimentology (1561)
- Stratigraphy (1428)
- Environmental Sciences (1351)
-
- Paleontology (1259)
- Geophysics and Seismology (1165)
- Soil Science (1118)
- Other Earth Sciences (918)
- Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology (862)
- Geochemistry (850)
- Engineering (808)
- Other Environmental Sciences (575)
- Life Sciences (555)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (530)
- Other Engineering (469)
- Tectonics and Structure (463)
- Environmental Engineering (456)
- Materials Science and Engineering (434)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (420)
- Metallurgy (413)
- Other Materials Science and Engineering (412)
- Ceramic Materials (405)
- Geography (290)
- Environmental Monitoring (212)
- Plant Sciences (205)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (204)
- Institution
-
- Western Michigan University (19354)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1807)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (676)
- University of Kentucky (577)
- Utah State University (507)
-
- University of South Florida (491)
- Montana Tech Library (460)
- Portland State University (447)
- University of North Dakota (407)
- Western Kentucky University (365)
- University of New Mexico (325)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (264)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (250)
- Smith College (219)
- Central Washington University (217)
- Brigham Young University (183)
- University of Texas at El Paso (181)
- Old Dominion University (170)
- Michigan Technological University (157)
- Louisiana State University (129)
- University of Dar es Salaam (127)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (124)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (112)
- Stephen F. Austin State University (109)
- West Virginia University (109)
- Illinois State University (104)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (103)
- Fort Hays State University (84)
- University of South Carolina (75)
- Wayne State University (73)
- Keyword
-
- Geology (729)
- Nebraska (496)
- Montana (275)
- Groundwater (267)
- Geochemistry (198)
-
- Kentucky (196)
- Karst (166)
- Stratigraphy (148)
- Rock (127)
- Tectonics (123)
- Butte (120)
- Utah (120)
- 3d model (116)
- Water (116)
- Geomorphology (115)
- Geophysics (112)
- Hydrogeology (105)
- Physical Sciences (99)
- Limestone (91)
- Hydrology (90)
- Copper (87)
- Petrology (82)
- Seismology (78)
- Shale (76)
- Test (75)
- Logs (73)
- Earth sciences (72)
- Hole (72)
- Map (71)
- Sedimentology (69)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Legacy Scout Tickets from Pure Oil Company (11044)
- Thin Sections (6677)
- Legacy Color Lithology Strip Logs (1152)
- Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications (897)
- Theses and Dissertations (626)
-
- United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications (507)
- Masters Theses (475)
- Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 (423)
- Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs (318)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (276)
- Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works (265)
- Map and Chart--KGS (234)
- Dissertations and Theses (233)
- Geosciences: Faculty Publications (215)
- International Journal of Speleology (212)
- Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations (193)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (181)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (178)
- Geolographs (174)
- Open Access Theses & Dissertations (167)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (145)
- Geosciences Faculty Publications (138)
- Mammoth Cave Research Symposia (133)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (130)
- Tanzania Journal of Science (127)
- All 3D Rock Models (116)
- Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023) (112)
- Geology Theses and Dissertations (111)
- Robert F. Diffendal, Jr., Publications (103)
- OES Theses and Dissertations (101)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 28771 - 28800 of 29947
Full-Text Articles in Geology
A Revision Of The Bees Of The Genus Andrena Of The Western Hemisphere. Part I. Callandrena. (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), Wallace E. Laberge
A Revision Of The Bees Of The Genus Andrena Of The Western Hemisphere. Part I. Callandrena. (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), Wallace E. Laberge
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)
This paper is the first part of a monograph of the bee genus Andrena in the western hemisphere and treats the subgenus Callandrena. Available data regarding phylogeny, distribution, biology, and flower preferences are presented together with keys to separate the species, diagnoses and descriptions of the species and discussions of geographic variation when applicable. Seventy-nine species and one subspecies are recognized. Sixteen names are relegated to synonymy, one to homonymy and eight are removed from the subgenus Callandrena. The thirty-nine species new to science are: aerifera, aeripes, afimbriata, ardis, auripes, balsamorhizae, beameri, bilimeki, bullata, calvata, dreisbachorum, fulminea, fulminoides, …
A New Species Of Rhinoceros, Aphelops Kimballensis, From The Latest Pliocene Of Nebraska, Lloyd G. Tanner
A New Species Of Rhinoceros, Aphelops Kimballensis, From The Latest Pliocene Of Nebraska, Lloyd G. Tanner
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)
An uncrushed skull and associated skeletal elements of a very large rhinoceros are the basis for the description of a new species of Aphelops from Frontier County, Nebraska. The major differences are: the skull is much larger in most dimensions than other Aphelops; it has an extremely elevated occipital region in comparison to Aphelops mutilus; the narial notch is retracted to a point perpendicular to the center of molar one; and the teeth are more hypsodont than any other species of this genus. The sediments which yielded the skull and skeletal parts are considered to be Kimballian in …
The Monotypic North American Subgenus Larandrena Of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), D. W. Ribble
The Monotypic North American Subgenus Larandrena Of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), D. W. Ribble
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)
Larandrena contains a single species, A. miserabilis Cresson. This small, common Andrena is found throughout most of the United States and southern Canada in the spring. The subgeneric position, nomenclature, redescription. variation, notes on the biology, parasites, range, seasonal activity and plant host records are included. A. rniserabilis is thought to be an important pollinator of fruit trees.
Citellus Kimballensis, A New Late Pliocene Ground Squirrel, Douglas C. Kent
Citellus Kimballensis, A New Late Pliocene Ground Squirrel, Douglas C. Kent
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)
A new fossil sciurid, Citellus kimballensis, is described. This new species was found in the Kimball Formation, uppermost Ogallala (very late Pliocene) at the University of Nebraska State Museum Collecting Locality Cn-1O1, northeast of Sidney, Cheyenne County, Nebraska. Characters of the dentition and skull of C. kimballensis are compared with those of other species of the genus, and with those of Cynomys.
The Brule-Gering (Oligocene-Miocene) Contact In The Wildcat Ridge Area Of Western Nebraska, C. Bertrand Schultz, Charles H. Falkenbach, Carl F. Vondra
The Brule-Gering (Oligocene-Miocene) Contact In The Wildcat Ridge Area Of Western Nebraska, C. Bertrand Schultz, Charles H. Falkenbach, Carl F. Vondra
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)
The contact between the Brule Formation (Oligocene) and the Gering Formation (Miocene) can be readily distinguished in the Wildcat Ridge area, as elsewhere in western Nebraska. At the critical fossiliferous exposures at Castle Rock in Scotts Bluff County, the contact on the south face between the two formations is defined as 129 feet above the base of the "Upper Ash" bed, which corresponds to the upper portion of Darton's (1899, PI. C, Fig. D, following p. 754) "sandy phase" in the upper part of the Brule. Certain key beds in the Gering Formation can be traced laterally from a channel …
Centennial Guidebook To The Geology Of Southeastern Nebraska, R. R. Burchett, E. C. Reed
Centennial Guidebook To The Geology Of Southeastern Nebraska, R. R. Burchett, E. C. Reed
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Devonian Of The North-Central Region, United States, C. Collinson, Marv Carlson
Devonian Of The North-Central Region, United States, C. Collinson, Marv Carlson
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Stratigraphy And Sedimentology Of The Tongue River Formation (Paleocene), Southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota, Jack W. Crawford
Stratigraphy And Sedimentology Of The Tongue River Formation (Paleocene), Southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota, Jack W. Crawford
Theses and Dissertations
The exposed Tertiary rock units in southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota were measured and described with particular emphasis on the Tongue River Formation. Lithologic samples were collected and analyzed for total carbonate content, particle size, particle roundness, and mineral composition. In the area studied, the Tongue River Formation is 763 feet thick which is considerably thinner than in surrounding areas. The lower member of the Tongue River Formation is 313 feet thick and is composed of yellow-gray, very fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, claystone, shale, and lignite. The overlying Sentinel Butte Member is 450 feet thick and composed of yellow-brown, fine …
The Hell Creek Formation In North Dakota, Charles I. Frye
The Hell Creek Formation In North Dakota, Charles I. Frye
Theses and Dissertations
This paper is a discussion of the surface stratigraphy and petrology of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Principal area of study included the Missouri Valley south of Bismarck, North Dakota; the Little Missouri Valley in Slope and Bowman Counties, southwestern North Dakota; the Yellowstone Valley near Glendive, Dawson County, Montana; and the type area of the Hell Creek Formation on Hell Creek and East Hell Creek, Garfield County, Montana on the south shore of the Fort Peck Reservoir.
Two and one-half summers were spent in the field measuring 72 stratigraphic sections, correlating between the measured …
The Surface Morphology Of A Small Drainage Basin In The North Dakota Badlands, J. Ladd Hagmaier
The Surface Morphology Of A Small Drainage Basin In The North Dakota Badlands, J. Ladd Hagmaier
Theses and Dissertations
To describe the surface morphology of a fourth order drainage basin located in the North Dakota Badland,, the writer made quanti tative application• of known descriptive techniques and morphological laws.
The surface configuration is a function of the study area's linear, areal, and relief properties and surface elements. The linear and areal properties are determined from maps showing the drainage basin 's surface geometry, the relief properties are determined from large-scale topographic maps of the area, and the surface elements are determined by direct field measurements of the ground slopes, surface materials, and vegetal coverage.
The surface geometry of the …
The Geology Of The Elliston Area, Western Montana, Thomas R. Walker
The Geology Of The Elliston Area, Western Montana, Thomas R. Walker
Theses and Dissertations
The Elliston area includes four townships located along the continental divide west of Helena, Montana on the northwest margin of the Boulder Batholith and within the Laramide disturbed belt. Strata ranging in age from Precambrian through recent are present, with all but the Ordovician, Silurian, and Triassic System& represented. The sedimentary rocks are mainly marine and continental carbonates, shales, and sandstones typical of a relatively stable shelf. The Precambrian Belt "Series" comprise the oldest rocks. The lower Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation is the youngest pre-Laramide unit. Post-Laramide sediments include fine-grained mid-Tertiary basin fills, terrace gravels, a moraine, and a mantle of …
Hydrogeology Of The Shell Creek Area, Mountrail County, North Dakota, Robert G. Willson
Hydrogeology Of The Shell Creek Area, Mountrail County, North Dakota, Robert G. Willson
Theses and Dissertations
A field study of the geology and hydrology of the Shell Creek area in southeastern Mountrail County, North Dakota, was made during 1966 in order to determine the hydrogeology of the area. Six lithostratigraphic and lithologic units were mapped. Samples were analyzed for grain size and mineralogy. Those units are the Fort Union Group, the “Lostwood” slightly-gravelly loam, the “Lostwood” sand-gravel, the “Lostwood” silt-clay, the “Little-Knife Formation”, and the “Coteau Formation”. Mine average maximum slope and drainage integration units were used to map the morphology of the area.
There are four magnitudes of flow systems observed in the Shell Creek …
A Study Of The Genesis Of The Pyritic Gneiss In The Grenville Series, St. Lawrence And Jefferson Counties, New York, Dennis O'Leary
A Study Of The Genesis Of The Pyritic Gneiss In The Grenville Series, St. Lawrence And Jefferson Counties, New York, Dennis O'Leary
Masters Theses
"The pyrite-pyrrhotite belt is a northeast-southwest trending area about 35 miles long and three to four miles wide located in Jefferson and western St. Lawrence counties, New York, within the metamorphosed Grenville Lowland just northwest of the Adirondack massif.
Outcropping within this belt are a number of thin discontinuous quartz-biotite-oligoclase gneisses with an unusually high graphite, chlorite, and pyrite content, known as "rusty gneisses." Sulfides are concentrated in these gneisses into zones of up to 50% or more pyrite. The pyrite is granular or crystalline and is invariably accompanied by large amounts of chlorite and graphite and local minor segregations …
A Subsurface Geologic Study Of Petroleum Possibilities In The Pennsylvanian Rocks Of Concho County, Texas, Gregory Paul Kraus
A Subsurface Geologic Study Of Petroleum Possibilities In The Pennsylvanian Rocks Of Concho County, Texas, Gregory Paul Kraus
Masters Theses
"During early Pennsylvanian time the area now occupied by Concho County was a portion of the Texas peninsula, a broad, low arch with a karst topography developing on its exposed Ellenburger surface. A mid-Pennsylvanian marine transgression inundated the arch and it became an area of clear, shallow water deposition favorable to limestone development. Local sedimentation during Strawn time was largely controlled by its position relative to the Llano uplift and surrounding basins. A variety of subsurface maps were constructed for this study essentially utilizing electric log data. The results indicate that limestones of the Strawn platform facies rapidly change in …
Stratigraphy Of The Lower Morrison Formation Along The Defiance Monocline, New Mexico And Arizona, Robin Clair Lease
Stratigraphy Of The Lower Morrison Formation Along The Defiance Monocline, New Mexico And Arizona, Robin Clair Lease
Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs
Along the western border of the San Juan Basin a prominent cliff-forming, orange sandstone has been incorrectly mapped as a part of the Recapture Shale Member of the Morrison Formation. This stratigraphic unit is here given the informal name, Beautiful Mountain member, and has stratigraphic continuity with the Salt Wash Sandstone Member in Red Rock Valley and the Cow Springs Sandstone in Todilto Park, New Mexico. The Recapture Shale Member is restricted to the pink and pale-green, slope-forming sandstone above these orange sandstone beds and below the Westwater Canyon Sandstone Member.
The Beautiful Mountain member is predominantly a lenticularly bedded, …
Nebraska Groundwater Level (Decline & Rise), 1967
Nebraska Groundwater Level (Decline & Rise), 1967
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Early Silurian Brachiopods From The Subsurface Of Southeastern Nebraska, M. P. Carlson, A. J. Boucot
Early Silurian Brachiopods From The Subsurface Of Southeastern Nebraska, M. P. Carlson, A. J. Boucot
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Early Silurian Brachiopods From The Subsurface Of Southeastern Nebraska, M. P. Carlson, A. J. Boucot
Early Silurian Brachiopods From The Subsurface Of Southeastern Nebraska, M. P. Carlson, A. J. Boucot
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Time And Soil Development On Lateral Moraines, Martin River Glacier, South-Central Alaska, John R. Tinker Jr.
Time And Soil Development On Lateral Moraines, Martin River Glacier, South-Central Alaska, John R. Tinker Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
During the summer of 1966, eighteen soil profiles on a series of 21 lateral moraines, were studied to ascertain the relationship of time to soil development. The moraines are located on Charlotte Ridge on the south margin of the Martin River Glacier in south-central Alaska. The elevation of the highest moraine is approximately fifteen hundred feet and is located 800 feet above the present level of the glacier.
To determine the direct effect of time on soil formation, the remaining soil forming factors were kept constant; the soil pits were located so that relief, exposure, and vegetation of the sites …
Ore Controls And Formation Of The Ore-Bearing Structures In The Idarado Mines, San Miguel And Ouray Counties, Colorado, S. R. Sanjines
Ore Controls And Formation Of The Ore-Bearing Structures In The Idarado Mines, San Miguel And Ouray Counties, Colorado, S. R. Sanjines
Theses and Dissertations
Two major ore-bearing veins were studied on two levels in the Idarado mine, on the northwestern flank of the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. The Argentine vein, striking N. 10°-20° W. and dipping 75°-85° W., and the Cross vein, striking N. 45°-50° W. and dipping 50° W. represent the two systems to which all productive veins of the mine belong. Although not formed simultaneously, all veins represent mid-Tertiary mineralization associated with volcanism that formed the San Juan Mountains. Vein minerals are galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, silver (probably as sulfides), and gold in a gangue of pyrite, quartz, calcite and epidote. …
A Stratigraphic And Sedimentologic Analysis Of The Tongue River And Sentinel Butte Formations (Paleocene), Western North Dakota, Chester F. Royse Jr.
A Stratigraphic And Sedimentologic Analysis Of The Tongue River And Sentinel Butte Formations (Paleocene), Western North Dakota, Chester F. Royse Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
The Tongue River-Sentirel Butte contact has been regarded by many workers as a vague color boundary of minor extent within a relatively homogeneous sequence of Paleocene strata. Consequently, the Sentinel Butte has come to be regarded as a subordinate unit of the ”Tongue River Formation. As defined in report, the contact is a distinctive horizon between two discrete lithogenetic units. It characterized by three criteria: a horizon (HT Butte bad) &t the top of the Tongue River sequence; a. basal sandy unit in the Sentinel Butte sequence, and a marked change in color between buff yellow Tongue River sediments below …
Analysis Of Trace Elements In River And Spring Waters, Faridoon Andeshire Namdarian
Analysis Of Trace Elements In River And Spring Waters, Faridoon Andeshire Namdarian
Masters Theses
"Methods for the analysis of trace elements in natural fresh waters were investigated.
Preconcentration of the water samples by reducing the volume and by using cation adsorption resins was studied. It was concluded that cation absorption was the more promising procedure.
The methods used for analysis were absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was considered the most suitable method for the analysis of trace elements in waters.
Calcium, copper, lead, zinc, and cadmium were determined in a number of Missouri springs and stream water samples"--Abstract, page ii.
A Petrofabric Study Of The Iron Ore Of Benson Mines, Star Lake, New York, Remo Antonio Masiello
A Petrofabric Study Of The Iron Ore Of Benson Mines, Star Lake, New York, Remo Antonio Masiello
Masters Theses
"The petrofabrics of the host gneiss silicates and Ovate ore grains were studied in thin sections of oriented specimens collected from widely scattered positions in the iron ore deposit at Benson Mines, New York.
Ten oriented specimens selected for petrofabrics study were comprised primarily of feldspar, quartz, garnet and ores, with lesser quantities of biotite and sillimanite. Petrofabric diagrams were prepared for the orientation fabrics of magnetite and biotite in eight of the ten specimens, but sillimanite and quartz were sufficiently abundant for fabric determination in only three specimens. Duplicate thin section and perpendicular sections were utilized to check the …
Relationship Of Pleochroism And Specific Refractivity Of Cupric Compounds To Cupric Ion Coordination., Pilsum Phiroze Master
Relationship Of Pleochroism And Specific Refractivity Of Cupric Compounds To Cupric Ion Coordination., Pilsum Phiroze Master
Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs
The ion has a 6-fold coordination. The CU-polyhedron is distorted due to the Jahn-Teller effect. There is, hence, varying polarizability in each Cu-polyhedron. Also since the nature (and size) of the ligands in each Cu-polyhedron varies, the polarizability varies from one Cu-polyhedron to the next.
Light waves passing through the Cu-polyhedra cause electron polarization. Conversely the polarizing action of light waves upon the atoms is accompanied by a reaction of the atom upon the light waves. Hence, absorption of light energy is directly proportional to polarizability. This thesis demonstrates this relationship by:
l) Showing that the projection of the square-planar …
Recent Fluvial Geology In Western North Dakota, Thomas M. Hamilton
Recent Fluvial Geology In Western North Dakota, Thomas M. Hamilton
Theses and Dissertations
The thesis here abstracted was written under the direction of Lee Clayton and approved by Walter L. Moore -and John R. Reid as members of the examining connnittee, of which Mr. Clayton was chairman.
In western North Dakota many drainage channels that are incised into valley fill are characterized by steep, unvegetated sides. Many such channels contain actively eroding scarps. The origin of these scarps is most frequently related to increased water velocity causing accelerated erosion on a steepened reach of the valley flat.
The principal mechanism of scarp migration is soilfall which is initiated by undercutting of the scarp …
Centennial Guidebook To The Geology Of Southeastern Nebraska, R. R. Burchett, E. C. Reed
Centennial Guidebook To The Geology Of Southeastern Nebraska, R. R. Burchett, E. C. Reed
Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
The Newcastle Formation In The Williston Basin Of North Dakota, Mark Reishus
The Newcastle Formation In The Williston Basin Of North Dakota, Mark Reishus
Theses and Dissertations
The Lower Cretaceous Newcastle Formation of the Black Hills has been traced, through the use of well logs, from near the type section in eastern Wyoming into the subsurface of the Williston Basin. In the Basin, the Newcastle Formation is a very fine to medium grained, gray to white, quartzose sandstone, which overlies the Skull Creek Shale and underlies the Mowry Shale. In area where the Newcastle is absent the overlying and underlying shales cannot be separated and here are referred to as “undifferentiated Mowry-Skull Creek”.
Newcastle deposition occurred mainly in the eastern one-third and western quarter of North Dakota. …
Bivalvia And Paleoecology Of The Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) Of North Dakota, Rodney M. Feldmann
Bivalvia And Paleoecology Of The Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) Of North Dakota, Rodney M. Feldmann
Theses and Dissertations
The bivalve fauna of the Fox Hills Formation, Maestrichtian, of North Dakota was studied in an attempt to modernize the nomenclature of known bivalves, describe new forms, interpret the relationships of members of the formation, and establish the paleoecological setting in which the Fox Hills was deposited.
The Fox Hills Formation crops out in Logan, Emmons, Sioux, Morton, Burleigh, Kidder, Pierce, McHenry, Bottineau, and Bowman counties in North Dakota. It is best exposed along the Missouri River in south-central North Dakota. Traditionally, the formation has been subdivided into four members, all of which are exposed in the type area of …
Ua37/35/3 Department Of Geography (-1935); Department Of Geography/Geology (1936-), Paul Terrell
Ua37/35/3 Department Of Geography (-1935); Department Of Geography/Geology (1936-), Paul Terrell
Faculty/Staff Personal Papers
History of the Geography/Geology department written by Paul Terrell for O.J. Wilson's history of WKU project.
Mineralogy And Paragenesis Of The Cave-In-Rock Fluorspar District, Hardin County, Illinois, Daesuk Han
Mineralogy And Paragenesis Of The Cave-In-Rock Fluorspar District, Hardin County, Illinois, Daesuk Han
Masters Theses
"The paragenesis of minerals occurring in the bedding-replacement fluorspar ores in the Crystal, Minerva No. 1 and Hill mines in the Cave-in-Rock district, Hardin County, Illinois, has been studied by underground, binocular, petrographic and ore microscopic examination. More than 300 hand specimens were collected from the mines, 100 thin sections were prepared and 36 polished surfaces were examined to prepare paragenetic diagrams for the Crystal and Minerva No. 1 mines.
The minerals determined in the fluorspar ores were: fluorite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, calcite, strontianite, witherite, barite, quartz, dolomite, oil and bitumen. Most of these minerals are present both …