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Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Commons™
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- Simulation (135)
- Path planning (76)
- Genetic algorithm (48)
- Deep learning (44)
- Numerical simulation (44)
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- Digital twin (42)
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- Traffic simulation (17)
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- Publication Year
Articles 3811 - 3840 of 3880
Full-Text Articles in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Mathematical Modeling And Simulation Of Hydraulic Governor For Marine Diesel Engine, Chen Jian
Mathematical Modeling And Simulation Of Hydraulic Governor For Marine Diesel Engine, Chen Jian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The speed control and load limit of marine diesel engine are implemented by hydraulic governor, of which the characteristics directly determines the performance of generator set. Therefore, it is an important content of marine engine room simulator training to strengthen the students’ training and understanding of the working characteristics of the hydraulic governor. In the existing marine engine room simulators, the simulation model of hydraulic governor is too simple to carry out further training tasks. According to the working principle of hydraulic governor and the training purpose of marine engine room simulator, the mathematical model of UG-8 hydraulic governor …
A New Method On Trajectory Planning For Mobile Robots Using Bezier Curves, Sun Lei, Lishuang Zhang, Zhou Lu, Xuebo Zhang
A New Method On Trajectory Planning For Mobile Robots Using Bezier Curves, Sun Lei, Lishuang Zhang, Zhou Lu, Xuebo Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view ofthe trajectory planning for the mobile robots, an efficient method based on Bezier curves is proposed, which produces better solution with shorter path and faster trajectory, compared with the existing methods. The problem of trajectory planning is divided into path planning and velocity planning. A Bezier curve is used to connect each two line-segments to obtain shorter paths. It is proved that the order of the used Bezier curves is at least five to ensure the curvature continuity of the whole path. Taking a differential-driven wheeled mobile as an example, to follow the planned path steadily and …
A Simulation Study Of Appointment Rulesin Ct Department, Li Jun, Xuemei Lin, Zhou Jie
A Simulation Study Of Appointment Rulesin Ct Department, Li Jun, Xuemei Lin, Zhou Jie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A discrete event simulation model was established onExtendSimsoftware, , with the average patient waiting time, average idle time of the examination rooms and total cost which wasthe linearlyweighted sum of them being as performance measures.Estimated value and sample data of these performance measures of 9 basic appointment scheduling rules and 9 adjusted ones were produced by the de-duplication methodso that analysis of variance and efficient frontier were carried out to compare the effects of different “staggered reservation rules” on this queuing system.It was showed that, for different beneficiaries (patients, hospital or both), the appointment scheduling rules …
Vibration Simulation And Damping Ratio Optimization Of Seat Suspension System For High-Speed Rail, Changcheng Zhou, Yuewei Yu, Leilei Zhao
Vibration Simulation And Damping Ratio Optimization Of Seat Suspension System For High-Speed Rail, Changcheng Zhou, Yuewei Yu, Leilei Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the 1/4 body-seat vertical vibration model of high-speed rail, an optimal design simulation model for damping ratio of seat suspension was established. An optimal design mathematical model for damping ratio of seat suspension was built with the optimal ride comfort as the target. Taking the track vertical irregularity as input and the seat suspension vertical stroke as constraint condition, an optimization design method for damping ratio of seat suspension based on track excitation was presented. With a practical example, the damping ratio was designed and validated by simulation. The results show that the damping ratio value …
Optimal Control And Simulation Of Hard Shoulder Running On Highways, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li
Optimal Control And Simulation Of Hard Shoulder Running On Highways, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: This paper summarizes the problems in the operation of hard shoulder running (HSR). A new algorithm for optimizing HSR on highways is proposed, which aims to minimize the total time spent (TTS) in the whole network. Based on the METANET model of highways, the algorithm utilizes genetic algorithm and sliding windows technique to forecast and optimize the operation of HSR under different constraint conditions and target functions. The strategy is tested on the I-80E highway in California. The experimental results show that when the change frequency of HSR is less than or equal to 14 during a sliding window …
Simulation Of Missile Head Cover Separation And Landing Locations, Tian Hao, Mu Zhou, Huitong Li, Zhao Yang
Simulation Of Missile Head Cover Separation And Landing Locations, Tian Hao, Mu Zhou, Huitong Li, Zhao Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Some missiles use head cover to protect the internal equipment during the launching process. In order to prevent the head cover from damaging the people or equipment after separation, researchers need to predict the landing position range and take protective measures. This paper designs a separation scheme for a missile head cover separation based on solid propellant gas generator and solid rocket. In this study, we establish a dynamic simulation model of head cover separation and falling procedure. The simulation calculation of the head cover location range considering multiple factors using Monte-Carlo method is developed. And the motional …
Fast False Scene Jamming Algorithm For Sar-Gmti Based On Moving Jamming Station, Mingxing Fang, Daping Bi, Aiguo Shen
Fast False Scene Jamming Algorithm For Sar-Gmti Based On Moving Jamming Station, Mingxing Fang, Daping Bi, Aiguo Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Traditional false scene jamming of SAR is invalid for SAR-GMTI system, which does not have the feature of moving targets, so a fast false scene jamming algorithm for SAR-GMTI based on moving jamming station is proposed. Through reasonable simplification of the traditional algorithm, the fast false scene jamming algorithm of matrix form is put forward. The method is proposed to take advantage of both fast false scene jamming algorithm and moving jamming station, so it can produce false scene jamming with real moving feature. It not only solves the real-time problem of traditional false scene jmming, but …
Research On Dynamic Framed Binary Tree Anti-Collision Algorithm For Rfid System, Xiaohong Zhang, Weihui Zhou
Research On Dynamic Framed Binary Tree Anti-Collision Algorithm For Rfid System, Xiaohong Zhang, Weihui Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on dynamic frame-slotted ALOHA algorithm and binary search tree algorithm, a dynamic framed binary tree (DFBT) anti-collision algorithm is presented to solve the problem of multi-tag collision in radio frequency identification (RFID). Vogt algorithm is adopted to estimate tags number, then the dynamic frame-slotted ALOHA (DFSA) algorithm is used to identify tags, and the unidentified tags are extracted and the highest collision bit is judged by readers. The highest collision tags are grouped by the collision bit within the binary search tree (BST) algorithm. Simulation results show that the DFBT algorithm can improve the identification efficiency and stability …
Smooth Transition Method Over Entire Speed Range Of Switched Reluctance Motor, Diansheng Sun
Smooth Transition Method Over Entire Speed Range Of Switched Reluctance Motor, Diansheng Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to smoothly switch different control modes of switched reluctance motor under the condition of low speed and high speed, a novel scheme using function fitting method to control turn-on angle, turn-off angle and phase current chopping is proposed. The active disturbance rejection speed control system is structured for switched reluctance motor in order to restrain all kinds of disturbance and improve the dynamic performance. Simulation results indicate that the principle of the method is correct and the turn-on angle, turn-off angle and phase current chopping is coordinated to realize the smooth switching of different control modes with …
Formation Mechanism And Simulation Analysis Of Railgun Armature Electromagnetic Transition, Zhiheng Wang, Wan Mei, Xiaojiang Li
Formation Mechanism And Simulation Analysis Of Railgun Armature Electromagnetic Transition, Zhiheng Wang, Wan Mei, Xiaojiang Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Armature transition of railgun causes rails erosion and change of launching parameters, which is one of the key problems restricting the performance of railgun. The formation mechanism of armature transition at the down-slope of driving current is analyzed. The armature transition estimation model and electromagnetic parameters calculation model are given. The formation process of armature transition at the down-slope of driving current is simulated by AYNSYS Workbench. The current and magnetic field distribution are simulated, so as the armature deformation caused by the armature electromagnetic force. The effect of current dropping rate on armature transition is analyzed. The …
Modified Fractional Order Sliding Model Control For Dc Speed Regulating System, Zhicheng Zhao, Zhitao Zhao, Jinggang Zhang, Xianjiao Zhao
Modified Fractional Order Sliding Model Control For Dc Speed Regulating System, Zhicheng Zhao, Zhitao Zhao, Jinggang Zhang, Xianjiao Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An improved fractional order sliding model control (FOSMC) is proposed for DC speed regulating system to eliminate static error easily caused by disturbance in sliding model control. Second order mathematical model is established through taking the derivative of first-order mathematical model of DC speed regulating system. The theory of fractional calculus is introduced to the switching function of sliding mode, and fractional sliding model is designed combining exponential reaching law and second order mathematical model. The control signal of voltage can be obtained through taking output of the controller and integrator in series. Stability analysis of the system is …
A Mppt Control Method Of Wind Turbines With Nonsingular And Fast Terminal Sliding Mode, Dazhong Li, Wu Feng
A Mppt Control Method Of Wind Turbines With Nonsingular And Fast Terminal Sliding Mode, Dazhong Li, Wu Feng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the energy capture efficiency of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), a control method is designed based on direct speed control (DSC) to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT). An effective wind speed estimator based on high-degree cubature Kalman filter (HCKF) and Newton-Raphson method (NR) is proposed for solving the difficulty in obtaining effective wind speed using traditional control strategy. A speed controller based on nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode surface is designed to obtain a faster speed response for the speed loop. The numerical simulation research of the 2.4MW wind turbine under rapidly variable wind …
Relevance Analysis Of Deicing Parameters And Deicing Efficiency Of Aircraft Ground, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang
Relevance Analysis Of Deicing Parameters And Deicing Efficiency Of Aircraft Ground, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aircraft ground freezing could lead to potential danger and delay for flight. To alleviate these problems, the main method is to use the deicing fluids to clean ice or snow on the aircraft body, which lacks of reference of the deicing fluids parameters and efficiency. To study the effect of the deicing fluids parameters on the aircraft deicing efficiency, the deicing mechanism is analyzed.The black box mathematical model of the deicing process is generalized abstractly. The deicing process is divided into two subprocesses to establish the deicing model.The relevance between the deicing fluids parameters and deicing efficiency is studied …
A Novel Algorithm For Improving Fairness Between Uplink And Downlink Flows In Heterogeneous Network, Peiyu Li, Zheqing Li, Wang Hui, Xia Qian
A Novel Algorithm For Improving Fairness Between Uplink And Downlink Flows In Heterogeneous Network, Peiyu Li, Zheqing Li, Wang Hui, Xia Qian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the fairness between uplink and downlink flows in AP optimization, a novel algorithm called FOUD(fairness over uplink and downlink) is proposed.Considering the influence of the attempt limit and the bit error rate of wireless, the FOUD algorithm modeling of AP and wireless stations is studied separately by using two-dimensional Markov chain, which derives the probability of data sending under the condition of different bit error rate and different number of uplink and downlink flows. Simulation results show that FOUD can improve the fairness of the uplink and downlink bandwidth as well as the …
Frequency Domain Analysis Of Common Configuration Semi-Submersible Drilling Platform Based On System Simulation, Chen Bo, Zhiyong Yu, Lü Yong, Xiaojian Li
Frequency Domain Analysis Of Common Configuration Semi-Submersible Drilling Platform Based On System Simulation, Chen Bo, Zhiyong Yu, Lü Yong, Xiaojian Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To analysis of 4 semi-submersible drilling platform hydrodynamic performance providing a comprehensive guidance for system selection. The 1:1 3D wet surface model is established by ANSYS and numerical simulation is carried out based on the dynamic analysis software AQWA. Simulation results show that longitudinal waves impact the surge, heaving and pitching motion a lot, beam seas have large effects on the sway, heave, roll motion vertical heave response increases significantly, as will as surge, sway, heave damping coefficient of vector direction and the added mass coefficient of algebraic. We can not only increase the number of columns to …
A Method Of Finding The Shortest Path Of Dynamic Networks, Lunwen Wang, Zhang Ling
A Method Of Finding The Shortest Path Of Dynamic Networks, Lunwen Wang, Zhang Ling
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: We analyze the research status of finding the shortest path of dynamic networks, analyze the complexity of getting the shortest path, study the relationship between the structure of the dynamic networks and finding the shortest path of the dynamic networks. It is proved that dynamic networks defined by velocity automatically meet weak FIFO’s condition. The networks whose passing function of any side is not decreasing function equals dynamic networks which use velocity. The sufficient condition of directly using Dijkstra algorithm to get the shortest path is that the networks must meet weak FIFO’s condition. How to build a …
Fuzzy Sliding Backstepping Mode Control For Flight Simulator Servo Based On Friction And Disturbance Compensation, Huibo Liu, Shanglei Liu
Fuzzy Sliding Backstepping Mode Control For Flight Simulator Servo Based On Friction And Disturbance Compensation, Huibo Liu, Shanglei Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering friction, modeling errors and other uncertainties of flight simulator servo system, a compensation strategy which combines model-based friction compensation with nonlinear disturbance observer compensation was proposed. First, the friction is modeled , whose parameters are identified by using genetic algorithm, and using the identified model to compensate. Second, using a nonlinear disturbance observer to estimate the modeling errors, friction less-compensation or over-compensation and other uncertainties, and using this observed value to compensate. The system adopted sliding backstepping controller to ensure the stabilization of the system. Finally, the fuzzy algorithm is adopted to adjust the switching gain of sliding …
Preliminary Study Of Modeling And Simulation Technology Oriented To Neo-Type Artificial Intelligent Systems, Libo Hu, Xudong Chai, Zhang Lin, Li Tan, Duzheng Qing, Tingyu Lin, Liu Yang
Preliminary Study Of Modeling And Simulation Technology Oriented To Neo-Type Artificial Intelligent Systems, Libo Hu, Xudong Chai, Zhang Lin, Li Tan, Duzheng Qing, Tingyu Lin, Liu Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A brief interpretation of the rapidly developing “New Internet+ Big Data+ Artificial Intelligence+” era is given in the paperand the essence and the architectureof neo-type artificial intelligence systems are explained. The meaning of neo-type artificial intelligence system oriented modelling and simulation technology is proposed and the new challenges they are facing are discussed. The research contents and preliminaryresults on neo-type artificial intelligence system oriented modelling and simulation technology are given, which includeneo-type artificial intelligence system oriented modelling/secondary modelling, intelligent simulation computer, smart cloud simulation and intelligent simulation hardware/software supporting system technology, and intelligent simulation system application engineering technology. Several …
Combination Forecasting Of Stock Index Time Series Based On Cooperative Game Theory, Luo Wei
Combination Forecasting Of Stock Index Time Series Based On Cooperative Game Theory, Luo Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the characteristics of nonlinear, large amplitude, frequent fluctuations in China's stock market, a prediction method of intelligent composite stock index time series based on the cooperative game is presented. The prediction model of stock index time series is established by using neural network method based on the correlations among the various economic indicators, and the development trend and laws of stock index time series are established by using the improved ARIMA method. The two methods are combined by importing cooperative game method. Simulation results show that the prediction accuracy of the presented method is controlled …
Real-Time Simulator For Spatial Information Networks Based On Analog If Signal Processing, Zeguo Yang, Ma Shang, Diaopeng Huang, Jianhao Hu, Lixiang Liu
Real-Time Simulator For Spatial Information Networks Based On Analog If Signal Processing, Zeguo Yang, Ma Shang, Diaopeng Huang, Jianhao Hu, Lixiang Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the problem of real-time simulation of spatial information network with high dynamic network topology, a real-time simulator based on the IF signal processing is proposed. Compared with traditional channel simulator, it supports both the channel transmission characteristics like channel fading, Doppler shift, noise, and path delay, and the real-time simulation of dynamic network topology changes. The simulator supports 8~128 70 MHz IF (0~20 MHz signal bandwidth) emulated nodes with flexible link type configuration. The maximal fading depth is 100 dB, the maximal Doppler shift is 2 MHz, and the maximal path delay can reach up …
A Lightweight Modeling And Simulation Technical Framework For Complex Systems, Ji Hang, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi, Tingyu Lin, Junjie Xue
A Lightweight Modeling And Simulation Technical Framework For Complex Systems, Ji Hang, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi, Tingyu Lin, Junjie Xue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the modeling and simulation verification of complex systems, the paper established a lightweight simulation technical framework and a system building method. The simulation technical framework is built based on distributed network communication middleware and has graphic user interface, simulation management and run control modules, it packages effective and lightweight network middleware, object management, event management and time management and it is capable of interoperability and its members have abilities of reusable and combinable. The results show that the framework can supports flexible construction and effective simulation on complex systems.
Temperature Characteristics Of Contact Wire Under Different Driving Intervals, Hongwei Wang, Zhang Kai, Zhiyong Wang, Fengyi Guo, Liu Shuai, Zhang Qiong
Temperature Characteristics Of Contact Wire Under Different Driving Intervals, Hongwei Wang, Zhang Kai, Zhiyong Wang, Fengyi Guo, Liu Shuai, Zhang Qiong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To reduce the wear of pantograph and catenary system while decreasing the headway, the temperature field of the contact wire is studied. A simulation model is established by using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The effectiveness of the model is verified with temperature experiments. Temperature field of the contact wire of freight locomotive and passenger locomotive in different intervals is studied by simulation. The smaller the headway of trains, the higher the temperature value, and the shorter the balance process. Under the constraint of temperature field, the headway of freight locomotive couldn't be less than 180s under long term operation. …
Analysis And Simulation Of Temperature Control For Battery Pole Piece Electromagnetic Heating Roller, Jing Ran, Feng Hua, Yonggeng Wang, Haiping Song, Yanjun Xiao
Analysis And Simulation Of Temperature Control For Battery Pole Piece Electromagnetic Heating Roller, Jing Ran, Feng Hua, Yonggeng Wang, Haiping Song, Yanjun Xiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the application of electromagnetic heating roller on battery pole piece rolling,the processing technology, quality and efficiency of the battery pole piece are improved. The special heating technology of electromagnetic heating roller which involves multi-physics coupling in the process of conversion makes it difficult to control the heating process and determine the control index. By studying the electromagnetic heating theory, the mathematical model of electromagnetic heating roller is established and the simulation and analysis of the electromagnetic heating roller using MATLAB software and the finite difference method are carried out. The distribution, change rule and influence factors of the …
Modeling & Simulation Technology In Manufacturing, Zhang Lin, Longfei Zhou
Modeling & Simulation Technology In Manufacturing, Zhang Lin, Longfei Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the continuous deepening of the application of information technology in the manufacturing field, the informatization of manufacturing systems is developing from unit digital manufacturing to integration networked manufacturing, and then to the comprehensive digital, networked and intelligent manufacturing. As a comprehensive information technology integrating computer, model theory, and scientific computing, modeling & simulation technology plays an irreplaceable role during the development of manufacturing informatization and is widely applied in all phases of the whole product lifecycle, such as design, manufacturing, testing, maintenance, purchase, sales and other phase. This paper reviews and summarizes the research and application of modeling …
Research On Maturity Evaluation Technology Of Complex Digital Industrial System, Geng Chao, Shiyou Qu, Tingyu Lin, Guoqiang Shi, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Qiudan Ma, Ji Hang
Research On Maturity Evaluation Technology Of Complex Digital Industrial System, Geng Chao, Shiyou Qu, Tingyu Lin, Guoqiang Shi, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Qiudan Ma, Ji Hang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the background of a new round of the innovation of science and technology and the revolution of industry, the complex digital industrial system is constantly innovating and shaping. Firstly, the paper established maturity evaluation model of the complex digital industrial system based on system engineering. Then, the paper proposed multi - index maturity analysis method and multi - enterprise maturity synthesis method of the complex digital industrial system. Combined with the digital industrial system of aerospace complex product, an evaluation example is presented. The results show that the maturity evaluation method can be used to standardize and guide …
Identification Of Closed Loop Projection Subspace For Motor Based On Hankel Correlation Function, Minghong She
Identification Of Closed Loop Projection Subspace For Motor Based On Hankel Correlation Function, Minghong She
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve estimation deviation problem of model parameter in the closed-loop system identification, the subspace identification model and state space model based on the estimation of the correlation function are presented, and through the correlation function estimation and zero space followed by projection, the block Hankel matrix of identification framework was filled so as to obtain the scope of the extended observability matrix; on the basis of the same projection on the time offset set of related data, the RQ decomposition of the projection is calculated by numerical calculation, and the dynamic estimation of the system model is obtained. …
High Frequency Blend Clips Matching Based Fire Sound Synthesis, Yin Qiang, Shiguang Liu
High Frequency Blend Clips Matching Based Fire Sound Synthesis, Yin Qiang, Shiguang Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aimed at the problem which generated by fire sound simulation in virtual reality field, a new fire sound synthesis method was proposed. Most of the sound synthesis methods currently separate the fire sound into low and high frequencies for synthesizing. The influence of low frequency fire sound models was considered and the low frequency signal was synthesized based on the physical visual fire model data. The high frequency sound signal was synthesized based on high frequency blend clips matching method. According to the characteristics of the fire's high frequency, the different frequency bands of high noise signal …
Clustering Method Based On Graph Data Model And Reliability Detection, Yanyun Cheng, Huisong Bian, Changsheng Bian
Clustering Method Based On Graph Data Model And Reliability Detection, Yanyun Cheng, Huisong Bian, Changsheng Bian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For the data in feature space, traditional clustering algorithm can take clustering analysis directly. High-dimensional spatial data cannot achieve intuitive and effective graphical visualization of clustering results in 2D plane. Graph data can clearly reflect the similarity relationship between objects. According to the distance of the data objects, the feature space data are modeled as graph data by iteration. Cluster analysis based on modularity is carried out on the modeling graph data. The two-dimensional visualization of non-spherical-shape distribution data cluster and result is achieved. The concept of credibility of the clustering result is proposed, and a method is proposed, …
Aerodynamic Simulation Of Multi-Dof Flapping-Wing Air Vehicle Of Bird-Like Based On Xflow Software, Yonggang Yang, Hanping Su
Aerodynamic Simulation Of Multi-Dof Flapping-Wing Air Vehicle Of Bird-Like Based On Xflow Software, Yonggang Yang, Hanping Su
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The aerodynamic characteristics analysis of flapping-wing is of great significance to the design, manufacturing and control of the aircraft. In this paper, a simple motion model of multiple-Degrees-of- Freedom (multi-DOF) of “swing-torsion-bending and folding” is established by analyzing the flight characteristics of bird-like flapping wing. The flapping-wing air vehicle of multi-DOF is numerically simulated in the case of unsteady flow at low Reynolds number by XFlow software. The effects of flapping wing shape, frequency and inflow on surrounding air are analyzed. The simulation results provide theory and technique supports for the flapping-wing air vehicle'research and development.
Simulation Analysis Of Magnetic Field Effect In Induction Heating Coil Of Porous Silicon Core Furnace, Jingang Li, Gaoyuan Liu
Simulation Analysis Of Magnetic Field Effect In Induction Heating Coil Of Porous Silicon Core Furnace, Jingang Li, Gaoyuan Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A new technology of porous coil disposable drawing a plurality of single crystal silicon rod can solve the problem of low efficiency and high cost of zone melting method of single induction heating coil in drawing monocrystalline silicon. However,the missing of the theoretical research and mature technology leads to different sizes of monocrystalline silicon rods. According to electromagnetic theory,Some characterisitics of the porous coil are studied,including magnetic field model,operating principle,magnetic field distribution.To prove the mechanism of the technology, a mathematical model of the porous coil is constructed based on Matlab and Ansys software. The magnetic flux density distribution …