Analytical Chemistry Commons^™

Evaluation And In Vitro Studies Of Folate Peg Biotin And Other Peg Agents, Syed Zahid Hussain

All Capstone Projects

Folate is a member of vitamin B family and plays an essential role in cell survival by participating in the biosynthesis of nucleic and amino acids. Receptors folic acid are frequently over expressed on epithelial cancer cells. These receptors are believed to serve as a receptor-mediated transport system of folic acid into cancer cells and cells associated with inflammation. Interesting, most normal cells in the body have lower frequency of these receptors. Based on these attributes, folate based drug delivery, imaging systems, and diagnostic systems are in several stages of development worldwide.

In this current project, we have characterized the …

Literature Search On Using Dendrimer Nanoparticles As Drug Delivery Vehicles, Sivateja Kasaraneni

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The architectural design of dendrimers, multivalency, well-defined molecular weight and higher degree of branching differentiates them as unique and excellent nanocarriers in therapeutic applications such as drug delivery, gene transfection, tumor therapy, imaging and diagnostics. Nanoparticle drug-delivery systems are well known to increase the stability and selectivity of therapeutic agents. However immunogenicity, reticuloendothelial system uptake, drug leakage, cytotoxicity, hemolytic toxicity, poor aqueous solubility restrict the use of these drug delivery systems. These defects are overcame by surface engineering of the dendrimer molecule.

Drug molecule can be efficiently conjugated or encapsulated into the interior of the dendrimer or physically adsorbed onto …

Purification And Analysis Of Folate-Dye Conjugate, Sravya Mothe

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Folate receptor has achieved great importance for use in targeted drug delivery and in vitro and in vivo diagnostic assays. Folate receptor (FR) is over expressed on several cancer cell types and activated macrophages, but exists in relatively low abundance on the surface of non-cancerous tissue and non-inflammatory cells. This unique attribute is the hallmark of folate – targeted methodologies allowing the diagnostic agent and/or drug to be ferried to the specific disease sites while preventing “off target” effects in normal tissues. Although several folate-based dyes have been reported, simple and detailed synthetic and purification methods for these conjugates have …

Quality Assurance Plan Project For Copper Determination Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Bharath Raparthi

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This study developed a method for determination of Copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) from the soil samples and mine tailings using Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800 atomic absorption spectrometer. A detailed procedure has been developed with a detection limit of 0.12 mg/L. In the recent decades, pollution from heavy metals has been increased. Copper is one of the trace metals that has a significant impact and carries risk to the human health. Calibration curve was established with working range 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. Over 50 environmental samples from the historic Copper mining …

Project Synthesis Of N Acetyl L Histidine Ethyl Amide And Standard Operating Procedure For Fractional Collector, Maneesha Jakkampudi

All Student Theses and Dissertations

Photo oxidation of proteins leads to the formation of cross links of the amino acids in the proteins and leads to induction of cataracts, photo aging of the skin and in the Photodynamic therapy of tumors.

Oxidation of proteins involves significant modification of particular amino acids residues with consequent photodynamic damage. Studies show that tryptophan, tyrosine and histidine side chains gives rise to semi stable peroxides on exposure to singlet oxygen these oxidized structures are studied with low temperature NMR. These peroxides or species derived from them have been postulated as key intermediates in subsequent reactions such as cross linking …

Quantitative Determination Of Acetylsalicyclic Acid And Acetaminophen By Q-Nmr (Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Technique, Gouthami Kanduri

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The pharmaceutical industry mainly uses chromatographic techniques such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC), to determine the quantity of the active ingredient and other material in the drugs. A large effort goes into developing methods using chromatography techniques. The method development and running HPLC and GC are time consuming. Methods need to be updated as the chromatographic columns and the instruments wear out. On the other hand, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique is mainly used for qualitative analysis to determine the identity of compounds. However, Proton-NMR technique does provide quantitative information of compounds but to develop …

Characterization Of Polymeric Phthalocyanine Nanoparticles Using Dynamic Light Scattering Laser, Satish Kumar Murarishetty

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The objective of this study is to use DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) to analyze polymeric copper phthalocyanine nanoparticles (CuPcNPs). CuPcNPs are synthesized in order to facilitate drug penetration of bacterial biofilms for the treatment of chronic wounds. Microorganisms that reside inside the biofilms of chronic wounds are very resistant to any kind of treatment, even to the host’s own immune system. Therefore we have proposed an alternative method to destroy the microorganisms existing within the biofilms. Photodynamic anti-bacterial chemotherapy (PACT) has received much attention for the past decade due to the multi-drug resistant strands. PACT uses photons, a photosensitizer, and …

Nanoencapsulated Copper Pthalocyanine As Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Prathima Arrabelly

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The growing resistance developed by microbes towards antimicrobial agents has driven our focus on developing alternative treatment modalities such as Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). It would be difficult for the microbes to develop resistance towards singlet oxygen generated during the PACT process. Photosensitizers are the vehicles of the transfer and translation of light energy into a type II chemical reaction (singlet oxygen generation) in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. PACT is proposed as a potential, low cost approach to treatment of locally occurring infection.

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has been studied in cultures treated with photoactivated copper …

Nano Encapsulated Drug Delivery For Biofilms, Arunakanth Chavala

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Biofilms are now considered ubiquitous in the natural world. Bacterial biofilms have been observed to be extremely heterogeneous, both structurally and with regard to the physiology of the bacterial cells within them. The prevailing conceptual model depicts bacterial biofilms as being made up of microcolonies, which serve as the basic unit of the greater biofilm structure. A major concern with this approach is the frequently observed development of resistance to antimicrobial compounds. A number of elements in the process of biofilm formation have been studied as targets for novel drug delivery technologies. The present study aimed to penetrate biofilm by …

Analysis Of Barbiturates By Gc/Ms, Hplc And Chemical Ionization, Deepthi Ravipati

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Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid. They act as central nervous depressants. These drugs are frequently used as sedatives or anesthetics. It is a simple and reproducible method for the analysis of barbiturates.

Usage of these drugs is increased in recent days and the analysis of barbiturates by GC/MS is very fast. As they are used as sedatives their usage has been increased to relieve the stress. But the over usage of these drugs may lead to death. Different barbiturates like phenobarbital, pentobarbital can be analyzed by their molecular weights. Because of the over usage of the drugs the interest …

Nanoparticlated Drug Delivery System For Vitreous Humor, Kartheek K. Suragoni

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The purpose of this study is to develop a unique nanoparticulated system that has the capability of providing sustained drug delivery into the eyes. In ophthalmic preparations, poor ocular drug delivery of ocular dosage form is due to the production of tears and impermeability through corneal epithelium. The usage of liposomes in ophthalmic disorders shows promising results in ocular drug delivery. Liposomes are bilayered, microscopic vesicles surrounded by the aqueous compartments. Liposomes have the ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This unique property of liposomes helps in delivering the drug at specific site. This invention involves three major …

Nih Shift Literature Search, Nicole Owens

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The NIH shift is a chemical shift of substituents in aromatic hydroxylation reactions. The substituents that undergo this shift are hydrogen, halogens, acyl and alkyl groups. It is an important aspect that is a requirement in the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds by monooxygenase enzymes.

The NIH shift or the National Institute of health shift gets its name from the founders of this mechanism. The National Institute of Health was the first to observe this phenomenon in there studies and are the first to report this chemical shift.

Using Photoactive Nanoparticles As Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapeutic (Pact) Agent To Treat Chronic Wounds, Chaitanya Poola

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The purpose of this study is to use photoactive vitamin nanoparticles as photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agent to treat patients with chronic wounds. Chronic wounds are considered as a pandemic health problem which affects millions of people and increases ~10 % annually. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the expense of treating chronic wounds constitutes over half of the total cost for all skin diseases. The main cause of chronic wounds is due to the existence of biofilms. Biofilms are complex microbial communities containing and are reported to be major factor contributing to multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. Owing to bacterial …

Detection Of Folate Receptor From Fr+ Cells, Gopikrishna Pinnaka

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Targeted drug delivery is a newer and less explored arena that has potential scope in tumor targeting because the regular chemotherapy has lethal effects on the normal cells also. Our present Work was an attempt to specifically target receptors on cancerous cells, especially the Folate Receptor (FR). Folate is important for cells for DNA synthesis and the tissues that rapidly divide require folate, cancer cells are no exceptions for this. To cope with the increased demand for the folate the cancer cells express greater FR on the cell surface. This very fact was our basis for the construction of our …

Folate Nanoparticle Conjugates, Safwat A. Masood

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The folate receptor is overexpressed on the surface of numerous cancer cell types including those of the breast, lung, kidney, ovary, and brain. Recent interest has exploded in the use of folate to deliver payloads and imaging agents to folate receptor positive cancer cells based on several positive clinical trials including phase III trials of EC-145, which is poised to become the first folate targeted, FDA approved drug. Given the success of EC-145 and numerous other agents in the pharmaceutical pipeline, there remains a great interest in the exploitation of this technology in the delivery of nanoscale agents to folate …

Interaction Between Humic Acid And Dna, Sree Divya Bikki

All Student Theses and Dissertations

Humic acid (HA) are widely dispersed, naturally occurring biopolymers most commonly found in soil, drinking water, and plants. Humic acid is soluble in alkali and insoluble in an acidic medium or water. In the present study the interaction of Humic acid with DNA is determined by the calculation of the binding constant of humic acid with CT-DNA and the quenching phenomenon of humic acid in the presence of DNA is also studied using Stern Volmer Relationship.

An Lcms Based Assay For Detection And Quantification Of Bacterial Cell Wall Intermediates, Chandra Sekhar Arigapudi

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The main objective of my project is to determine the bacterial cell wall intermediates in E.coli and develop an LCMS method that Phosphomycin is a PEP analogue that irreversibly inhibits UDP-GluNAc-enolpyruvate transferase (MurA enzyme), which prevents the formation of N-acetyl muramic acid, which is an essential element in the Peptidoglycan cell wall. Antibacterial agents have a tremendous impact on human health. Most of the antibacterial agents, including beta lactams target the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.The pathway for Escherichia coli is shown in page 19. Among the most widely used antibiotics, beta lactams inhibit the penicillin binding protein (PBPs)which block the …

Evaluation And In Vitro Studies Of Folate Peg Biotin And Other Peg Agents, Vikram Reddy Kasarala

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Folate is an essential component for cell growth and cell division, playing a major role in DNA synthesis. It is common sense that the rapidly dividing cells synthesize more DNA, including cancer cells. Also, it was reported that cancer cells over express Folate receptors and this was the basis for our probe for cancer cells. We used long PEG biotin in conjugation with Folate. Previous studies in our group showed that the PEG could be used in the sensor to detect and capture cancer cells. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Long PEG containing Folate based …

Evaluation And In Vitro Studies Of Folate Peg Biotin And Other Peg Agents, Christopher E. Zmudka

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Folate receptor alpha is a membrane-bound protein displaying high affinity for folic acid. This receptor is believed to serve as a receptor-mediated transport system of folic acid into cancer and cells associated with inflammation. Interesting, most normal cells in the body have little if no high affinity folate receptor alpha. Based on these attributes, folate based drug delivery, imaging systems, and diagnostic systems are in several stages of development worldwide.

Numerous methods have been explored in the literature in an attempt to detect low levels of free folate receptor and/or rare circulating cancer cells. In an attempt to further exploit …

Nanoparticles For Mercury Abatement, Sunil Krishna Thanikanti

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Mercury is considered to be a global contaminant. It does not break down in the environment and can build up in living organisms. Mercury can be carried long distances on wind currents, staying in the atmosphere for long periods of time, when in its vapor form. High mercury exposure results in permanent nervous system and kidney damage. Mercury exists in three different chemical forms: elemental, inorganic, and organic. The routes of exposure can be inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Vapor from liquid elemental mercury and methyl mercury are more easily absorbed than inorganic mercury salts and can, therefore, cause more …

Wound Healing And The Role Of Biomarkers And Biofilms, Mujtaba Khan

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An injury to the skin alters the integrity of underlying tissues and microcirculation and thus certainly culminates in a wound. Wound healing is a highly complex, dynamic, interactive and well regulated physiological process involving blood cells, extracellular matrix, parenchyma cells and soluble mediators. It starts with alteration in integrity of tissues and ends with the formation of scar. The process of wound healing is distinguished into Haemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation and Remodeling. Various cells like platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, angiocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and factors like platelet derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, platelet derived epidermal growth factors, fibroblasts growth factor, albumin, …

Analytical Evaluation Of Imaging Agents, Vineela Chowdary Talluri

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The folate receptor has achieved great importance for use in targeted drug delivery and in vitro and in vivo diagnostic assays. The folate receptor (FR) is over expressed on several cancer cell types and activated macrophages, but exists in relatively low abundance on the surface of non-cancerous tissue and non inflammatory cells. This unique attribute is the hallmark of folate – targeted methodologies allowing the diagnostic agent and/or drug to be ferried to the specific disease sites while preventing “off target” effects in normal tissues. Although several folate-based dyes have been reported, simple and detailed synthetic and purification methods for …

Capture And Analysis Of Cells Using Magnetic Beads, Alexandro Dominguez

All Capstone Projects

Magnetic separation of cells and bacterium is a fascinating field of study. There are tremendous capabilities in separation, selectivity, and sensitivity. Magnetic separation reduces complex techniques, time consuming preparation, and complicated multistep methods of separation.The separation of cells, bacterium, and macromolecules can be extremely challenging. Fortunately, magnetically tagged cells, bacterium and macromolecules can be easily separated without great expertise. Antibody magnetic micro beads are specific to a cell, bacterium, or macromolecules. Separating a mixture can lead to a better, more accurate analysis of samples that can be crucial in the medical field, therapeutic drug delivery systems, and in some circumstances …

Nanoencapsulated Drug-Carrying System For Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Pact), Gopala Krishna Murthy Kalapala

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The purpose of this study is to develop nanoparticulate drug-carrying systems that are capable of directly delivering photodynamic antimicrobial agents to treat patients with chronic wounds. Chronic wounds are considered as a pandemic health problem. Approximately 1% to 2% of the population in developing countries has experienced a chronic wound during their lifetime. In the United State States, according to the American Academy of Dermatology, the expense of treating chronic wounds constitutes over half of the total cost for all skin diseases, which exceeds $10 billion annually. For the last decade extensive basic science and clinical research in chronic wounds …

Micro Bca Analysis Of Proteins, Anusha Chennupati

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The main objective of this project was to develop and validate methods for detection and analysis of proteins using a newly introduced microdrop plate reader equipped with a 16 well microdrop reader (2 uL sample volume). We used commercially available BSA, egg albumin, trypsinogen, Pepsin, β-lactoblobulin and lysozyme as out test moieties. Protein drop size, time, BCA reagent quantity, was assessed at various levels using a microdrop micro-BCA protocol (Pierce Chemical Company) with the appropriate controls (PBS blank) the method validated using the appropriate statistical and method parameters (i.e %RSD, and regression analysis of the standard curves). The micro method …

Novel Ruthenium Complexes As Photodynamic Therapeutic Agents, Sareen Kumar Kushangari

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This project reviews the literature of novel ruthenium c complexes in photodynamic drug therapy. (Abstract by OPUS staff)

Analysis Of Anions In Water Samples From The Holy Land (Israel And Jordan) By Using Ion Chromatography, Ahalya Yalamanchili

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Ion chromatography is a form of liquid chromatography, which measures concentration of ionic species by separating them based on their interaction with resins. Ion chromatography is mainly useful for the separation and analysis of ions (cations or anions) in water. Analysis of anions in water is of greater importance because water is very important in daily life, especially in the Holy Land, where water is the very essence of life. If variety of chemicals, such as organic and inorganic salts enter into the water system, they make water toxic and poisonous to drink. In this project water samples from different …

Synthesis Of A Folate Receptor Mass Spectrometry Probe, Audrea Rhymes

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Drug delivery is one of the most important concepts for cancer patients because it is oftentimes very difficult or nearly impossible to exclusively target cancerous cells. In this study, the aim was to target receptors on cancerous cells, specifically the Folate Receptor (FR). This specific receptor was targeted because it has been proven to enhance intracellular delivery being that folic acid is an integral species in normal cell function and also that cancerous cells tend to exhibit an abnormally high concentration of Folic Acid on cell surfaces.

The application of dyes is a very common practice used to link folic …

Encapsulated Antibiotic Nanoparticles For Cranial Transplantation, Adusumilli Naga Anusha

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The purpose of this research is to develop a unique nanoparticulate system that is capable of delivering antibiotics in a locally applied and extended-release manner for patients receiving cranial replacement implants and bone grafting. This study involves three major components: first, encapsulate both hydrophobic antibiotics (chloramphenicol and rifampicine) and hydrophilic antibiotics (vancomycine and acyclovir) into nanoparticles. Second, incorporate antibiotic nanoparticles in a polymeric coating material (nitrocellulose plus 7.0% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone) with a volatile carrier solvent (ethyl acetate or ethanol). Third, directly apply the resulting product from component 1 and 2 to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cranial implants and hydroxylapatite (HA) bone …

Synthesis And Analytical Evaluation Of Folate Conjugates For Use In Cancer Cell Detection, Rakeshkumar V. Desai

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Folate receptors have two glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchored isomers, alpha and beta. Folate receptor alpha binds with high affinity for folic acid and act as a receptor for mediated transport of folate into the cells. Folate is necessary for DNA metabolism and thus it is speculated that rapidly dividing cancer cells have an increased necessity for folic acid. Folate receptor alpha levels eminent in specific malignant diseases (like solid tumors and leukemia) and thus folate receptors serve in the detection of FR+ (Folate receptor positive) and diagnosis of cancers.

In general, liposomes have the capacity intake the most imaging and toxic …