Chemistry Commons^™

Investigating Dna Barcoding Potentials And Genetic Structure In Ozobranchus Spp. From Atlantic And Pacific Ocean Sea Turtles, Triet Minh Truong

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The Ozobranchidae family is the smallest and least studied hirudinean taxon. Our research includes the largest molecular dataset yet reported for marine ozobranchids (Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus) with the most number of documented turtle hosts (57) from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to date of any marine turtle epibiont study. Turtle species sampled in this study include loggerheads (Caretta caretta), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear ribosomal (18S and 28S) genes all support the monophyly of marine Ozobranchidae leeches with speciation occurring over an extensive period …

A Chemical Free Approach For Increasing The Biochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (Sers)-Based Sensing Capabilities Of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles, Kevin Michael Dorney

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The unique optoelectronic properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have led to their explosive use in a multitude of both research and industrial settings in recent years. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) exhibited by AgNPs has been exploited extensively as a nano-scale probe in a variety of spectroscopic detection modalities, particularly in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS effect is highly dependent upon the LSPR interaction with optical laser frequencies, thus optimization of LSPR via specific control of AgNP dimensionality and composition of the surrounding medium is vital for increasing the efficacy of SERS-based nano-sensing. This work aimed to augment LSPR …

The Synthesis Of 1,4-Bis(2-(4-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)Phenoxyethoxy)Benzene And Poly(Aralkyl Ether)S Derived From 1,4-Bis(2-Tosyloxyethoxy)Benzene, Juraj Drzic

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The reaction of 1,4-bis(2-tosyloxyethoxy)benzene or 1,4-bis(bromoethoxy)-benzene with 4-fluoro-4'-hydroxybenzophenone was carried out under a variety of conditions. Changes were made in solvent, reaction time, work-up and base. All attempts to generate a bis(fluorobenzophenone) monomer were unsuccessful. In some cases the presence of the half-product could be determined. In other cases, an elimination product was indicated. The ditosylate, 1,4-bis(2-tosyloxyethoxy)benzene was reacted with bisphenol-A, bisphenol-AF, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane and 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene in a dioxane - water solution in the presence of sodium hydroxide to produce four polymers. The polymers were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA) to reveal 5% weight loss temperatures of 338°, 350°, 365° and …

The Synthesis Of Polyimides Containing Oxyalkylene Units, Kristy Wickman

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A series of oxyalkylene containing diamines, 1,4-bis(2-(4-aminophenoxy)-ethoxy)benzene, 2,2-bis[4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane, 9,9-bis(4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)fluorene, and bis(4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)-phenyl)diphenylmethane, has been synthesized from the reduction of 1,4-bis(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)benzene, 2,2-bis[4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]-hexafluoropropane, 9,9-bis(4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)fluorene, bis(4-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)diphenylmethane, respectively. The diamine compounds were reacted reacted with 6FDA to obtain the corresponding polyimide. The polymerization was done in a one-pot reaction with m-cresol and isoquinoline. The polyimides displayed glass transition temperatures ranging from 186-231°C and thermal stability <400°C.

Stop Cheating!: An Evaluation Of A Scientific Integrity Writing Strategy In General Chemistry I, Michelle L. Edwards

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Cheating in America has become an epidemic, which has unfortunately spread to academia. Researchers have long been interested in the trends in cheating behavior and the factors that influence these trends among undergraduate college students. Though cheating can take on many forms, in science, there is a deep concern about scientific misconduct related to research. Because training for future scientists begins in undergraduate courses, this study investigated the use of scientific integrity writing strategy in General Chemistry I at Wright State University. The goal of the study was to determine if providing scientific integrity and ethics training, while teaching students …

Routes To N-Heterocycle Functionalized Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)S, Jesse L. Picker

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The synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, with a pendant aryl iodide, was achieved via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) polycondensation of 3-iodo-3',5'-difluoro-diphenylsulfone. The polymer series was subjected to amino acid promoted, copper catalyzed coupling reactions with various N-heterocycles. The resulting polymers became crosslinked and insoluble in any organic solvents. The iodo monomer was then subjected to an amino acid promoted, copper catalyzed coupling reaction with carbazole. The successful synthesis of 3'-(9-carbazole) 3,5-difluorodiphenylsulfone is reported. A series of PAES containing a carbazole substituent were synthesized and characterized. The polymers were characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, SEC, TGA, DSC, UV-Vis spectroscopy. …

Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation As A Route To Synthesize Functional Poly(Arylene Ether)S, Godfred Boakye

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Two monomers, 4',3,5-trifluorodiphenylsulfone, 1, and 4',3,5-trifluorobenzophenone, 2, have been investigated for their potential use as special BB'B''type monomers to synthesize functionalized, linear PAEs via a process called reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation (RRCP). A model study with monomer 1 resulted in a mixture of unreacted starting material, two mono-substitution products (para-and meta-F substitution) and a significant amount of di-substitution products as evidenced by the GC/MS and 13C DEPT-90 NMR spectroscopy. Conversely, subjecting monomer 2 to similar conditions, using 3-aminophenol (3f) as the nucleophile, afforded mono-substitution exclusively. A series of functionalized, linear PAEs polymers were prepared by reaction of compound 2 with …

A Sers-Based Investigation Of The Molecular Interaction Between Natural Organic Matter And Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles In Porous Media, Jessica L. Fraley

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The significant presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in numerous consumer products and various applications of today’s society raises major concerns with respect to their release into the environment. Because groundwater represents an important transport pathway from contamination sources to human and environmental receptors, it is critical to understand how natural organic matter (NOM), a main component of groundwater, interacts with colloidal AgNPs and influences their stability and mobility. Thus, this study uses Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to examine the possible molecular interactions between widely-used Creighton AgNPs (11 mg L-1) and NOM (0-160.0 mg L-1 of humic and fulvic …

The Curing And Degradation Kinetics Of Epdm Rubber, Robert J. Wehrle

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Ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubbers containing varying amounts of diene were cured with sulfur using either a moving die rheometer (MDR) or a rubber process analyzer (RPA). The effect of removing curatives and how the curing reaction changed was explored. Kinetic data was extracted from the rheology plots and reaction rate constants were determined by two separate ways: manually choosing points of interest or by a computer model.

The Enhancement Of Peroxide-Cured Fluoroelastomer Rubber To Metal Bonding, Richard Hunter Cooke Iii

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A "combi-cured&" fluoroelastomer (FKM) rubber formulation was designed to yield 100% cohesive rubber failure when cured to cold-rolled steel with derivatives of polymeric silane adhesives. Three different categories of adhesives were tested: Unsaturated Polymeric Silane with Phosphonium Salt (UPSP-D), Unsaturated Polymeric Silane (UPS-L), and Saturated Polymeric Silane (SPS-L). Adhesion Inserts molded using ASTM Method D429 Method C all consistently yielded 100% cohesive rubber failure and showed adhesion strength in the range of 700 to 800 psi after being pulled at 2" per minute until break. After obtaining consistent 100% rubber failure, a design of experiment (DOE) was implemented to determine …

The Synthesis And Characterization Of 1,3-Bisphenylsulfonylacetone, 2,5-Dicarboethoxy-3,4-Di(4-Methylphenyl)Cyclopentadienone Dimer, And Dp-Ppv Polymers And Oligomers, Mark Robert Duffy

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An SN2 reaction between 1,3-dichloroacetone and benzenesulfinic acid sodium salt was carried out to produce 1,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)acetone. A crystal structure for 1,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)acetone was obtained. The SN2 reaction was followed by a condensation reaction with benzil but this did not yield a condensation product. A photo-active compound, 2,5-dicarboethoxy-3,4-di(4-methylphenyl)cyclopentadienone, was synthesized and was shown to undergo a unique, solid-state dimerization. Several reactions involving the ester functions were carried out but these did not yield the expected products, instead, structural rearrangements seemed to predominate. An asymmetric cyclopentadienone, 2-carbomethoxy-5-methyl-3,4-diphenylcyclopentadienone, was synthesized and it was reacted with norbornadiene to produce methyl 4-methyl-2,3-diphenylbenzoate. The benzoate was reduced …

Effect Of Sample History On Dissolution Rates Of Gypsum {010} Surfaces, Dennis Stefan Renier Lennaerts

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Mineral dissolution plays a significant role in geochemical processes such as carbon sequestration and isotope geochemistry. While factors such as temperature, pressure, and solution chemistry have been widely studied, the effects of sample history and surface morphology on dissolution rates have been studied to a lesser extent. This research focuses on the dissolution of cleaved, polished, and reacted samples of the atomically flat natural {010} cleavage plane of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) to further investigate upon the effect of sample history. Gypsum was chosen as the mineral of interest because of its planar crystal surface and relatively fast dissolution rate. Chemical dissolution …

Effect Of Sample Miscut On Dissolution Kinetics Of Calcite (104) Cleavage Surfaces, Tahiru Sulley Addo

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Calcite is one of the most abundant naturally occurring carbonate minerals in the earth crust, and it is believe to play a crucial role in the long-term effectiveness of geochemical process works such as geological carbon sequestration. Due to the ease in which clean, flat calcite surfaces may be prepared, a lot of dissolution studies have been carried out on its (104) cleavage plane. However in geologic media, natural calcite grains consist of alternate surface terminations that do not display similar crystallographic properties as the (104) cleavage plane. This study focuses on the effect of miscut and step orientation on …

Libraries From Libraries Approach To The Synthesis Of Arylidene Oxindoles, Kyle James Knisley

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A libraries from libraries combinatorial chemistry approach was employed to synthesize fluorinated derivatives of both oxindoles and isatins as potential pharmaceuticals or targeting agents for imaging purposes related to cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Synthesis for these fluorinated derivatives are described by routes involving, either: a) N-alkylation of 5-substituted isatins followed by Wolff-Kishner reduction to the corresponding oxindoles and final Knoevenagel condensation with aryl aldehydes, or; b) Wolff-Kishner reduction of the isatins followed by condensation and finishing with the N-alkylation of the aldol products. In specific cases, a click reaction followed the N-alkylation of the aldol products to form the isatin …

The Synthesis Of Haplomyrtin Utilizing The Triisopropylsilyl Protecting Group, William S. Barrow

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The synthesis of the arylnaphthalene lignan haplomyrtin using vanillin as a starting material is synthesized via: 1) a bromination of vanillin, 4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, to produce 6-bromovanillin 2) a hydroxyl protection step of 6-bromovanillin with triisopropylsilylchloride to produce 2-bromo-4-triisopropylsilyoxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 3) an aldehyde protection step through a cyclic acetal formation using ethylene glycol to produce 2-(2-bromo-4-triisopropylsilyloxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane 4) a lithium for halogen exchange of the doubly protected 6-bromovanillin leads to neucleophilic coupling with piperonal producing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl-[5-triisopropylsilyloxy-2-(1,3-dioxolane-2-yl)-4-methoxyphenyl]methanol and 5) an acid catalyzed intramolecular cycloaddition /Diels Alder adduct with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate producing dimethyl 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-triisopropylsilyloxynaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate.

Iodo Containing Sulfone And Sulfonamide Based Poly(Arylene Ether)S, Fadwa G. Constandinidis

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In an ongoing project involving the synthesis of functionalized poly(arylene ether)s that carry pendent phenyl sulfonyl groups, the introduction of an iodo group was desired. The effects of fluorine position on the electrophilic iodination of the 2,4-, 2,6-, and 2,5- and 3,5-isomers of difluorodiphenylsulfone, DFDPS were studied. The relative reactivity, toward EAS, was probed via ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and verified experimentally by iodination with N-iodosuccinimide. The product mixtures and corresponding structures indicated that intermediate stability did not always correlate to reactivity. Model studies were also conducted on DFDPS isomers that successfully carry in iodo groups in a pendent …

The Synthesis Of Benzyloxy Substituted Dp-Ppvs, Ryan Oostendorp

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The alkyne 1-(benzyloxy)-4-(propargyloxy)benzene was reacted with 2,5-di(carboethoxy)3,4-diphenylcyclopentadienone to yield diethyl 5-((4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,3-diphenylterephthalate. The terephthalate was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to produce 5-((4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy)methyl)-1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-diphenylbenzene. The diol was reacted with thionyl chloride to yield the monomer 5-((4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy)methyl)-1,4-di(chloromethyl)-2,3-diphenylbenzene that has a pendent protected phenol function. The new compounds were characterized by melting point, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Polymerization of the dichloro monomer via a Gilch polymerization yielded poly[(2,3-diphenyl-(5-((4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy)methyl)-1,4-phenylene) vinylene]. The polymer was characterized by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, TGA and DSC. The polymer was insoluble in most solvents but partially soluble in chlorinated solvents. The solid polymer fluoresced a …

Synthesis And Electrodeposition Of Mixed Metal Trinuclear Clusters Of Molybdenum And Chromium In Ionic Liquid Onto A Platinum Electrode, Lynn Renee Frock

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Electrochemical properties of [Mo3O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)(CF3SO2H)2 and [Cr2Mo(u2-CH3COO)6(u3-O)(H2O)3][CF3SO3] in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)-imide ionic liquid was investigated. Cyclic voltammograms using a Platinum electrode indicated deposition had occurred for the [Mo3O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)(CF3SO2H)2 metal cluster but had not for the polynuclear complex [Cr2Mo(u2-CH3COO)6(u3-O)(H2O)3][CF3SO3]. Constant potential electrolysis of -1.23 V using a platinum foil electrode was performed. Scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersion spectroscopy confirmed that deposition had occurred.

The Solvent-Free Synthesis Of And N-Methyl-N-Alkylpiperidinium Salts And Their Anion Exchange Reactions With Dilithium Phthalocyanine, Michael Joseph Krol Jr.

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A nucleophilic substitution reaction of N-methylpiperidine with bromopropane, bromobutane, bromopentane, bromohexane and bromoheptane was carried out in a Q-Tube with excess alkyl halide and yielded N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylpiperidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-pentylpiperidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-hexylpiperidinium bromide and N-methyl-N-heptylpiperidinium bromide in yields from 85 to 92 %. The salts, which were solids at room temperature, were soluble in dichloromethane and were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis and DSC. Two of the piperidinium bromides, N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylpiperidinium bromide were used in an anion exchange reaction with dilithium phthlocyanine to yield N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium lithium phthalocyanine and N-methyl-N-butylpiperidinium lithium phthalocyanine, respectively in 78 to 85% …

Dual-Stimuli Responsive Poly(Ethylenimine)S With A Tunable Lcst For Gene Delivery, Mary Abraham

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Hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine)s (HPEI) were modified with hydrophobic isobutyryl amide groups (HPEI-IBAm_0.60) to cause an LCST. These modified polymers were then further substituted with hydrophobic alkyl chains (HPEI-IBAm_0.60-R_0.40), a mixture of alkyl chains and hydroxyethyl groups (HPEI-IBAm_0.60-EtOH_0.20-R_0.20), and a mixture of alkyl chains and low molecular weight PEG (HPEI-IBAm_0.60-PEG_0.20-R_0.20) to determine the effect of different functional groups on solubility behavior. At pH 7.4, all but three LCSTs were below body temperature (37 °C), while at pH 5, all but three LCSTs were above …

Hydroquinone-Based Poly(Arylene Ether)S With Pendent Benzothiazole Or Benzoxazole And 3-Sulfonated Phenyl Sulfonyl Groups For Use As Proton Exchange Membranes, Huong Hoang

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A series of hydroquinone-based poly(arylene ether) copolymers, with truly pendent sulfonated phenyl sulfonyl groups and either benzothiazole or benzoxazole groups was synthesized for use as proton exchange membranes (PEM). Two homopolymers series, benzothiazole and benzoxazole based, were prepared via meta activated nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation reactions. Two copolymer series of N-heterocyclic and sulfonated phenyl sulfonyl groups were synthesized via a similar method. The ratio of 3,5-difluoro-3'-sulfonated diphenylsulfone to 2-[3,5-bis-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)]benzothiazole or 2-[3,5-bis-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)]benzoxaole was varied to afford ion-exchange capacities ranging from 0.60 to 1.39 meq and 0.62 to 1.42 meq, respectively. Polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ¹³C NMR …

Near Single-Molecule Sers-Based Detection Using Ultrafiltered, Unfunctionalized Silver Nanoparticles, Joshua Dale Baker

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently widely-used in consumer products, therapeutics, biomedical devices, and electronics. Yet, one application for which AgNPs have been used extensively is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based sensing. However, AgNP size and aggregation state are known to greatly influence these applications. This works aimed 1) to synthesize a large volume of unfunctionalized, Creighton AgNPs, to characterize their chemical and physical properties, 2) then to size-select AgNPs of 1-50 nm and 50-100 nm in diameter and to concentrate them using a three-step, "green" tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFU) process. 3) Finally, to determine and compare the SERS-based sensing capabilities of …

Micro-Raman Imaging And Hyperspectral Analysis Of Tibiotarsi From Chick Embryos Exposed To Sublethal Doses Of Platinum Group Metals, Adam Christopher Stahler

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Platinum group metals (PGMs), i.e., Pd, Pt and Rh, are found at pollutant levels in the environment. PGMs accumulate in plant and animal tissues, and little is known about their toxicity. Our previous studies have shown that chick embryos exposed to 1.0 mL PGM solutions of 5.0 ppm (LD₅₀) and higher exhibited severe skeletal deformities. This work hypothesized that 1.0 ppm sublethal doses of PGMs would negatively impact the mineralization process in tibiotarsi. One milliliter of 1.0 ppm of Pd(II), Pt(IV), Rh(III) aqueous salt solutions and a PGM-mixture were injected into the air sac of the eggs …

Friedel-Crafts Acylation Studies On 3-Alkyl-1-(Phenylsulfonyl)Indoles Using Aluminum Chloride And Bismuth Triflate, Venkateswara Reddy Karrepu

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Using the traditional catalyst, aluminum chloride in stoichiometric amounts, 3-alkyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indoles can be regioselectively acylated under Friedel-Crafts conditions at the C-6 position along with 10% of a minor isomer at the C-5 position. Alternatively, using catalytic amounts of the green catalyst, bismuth triflate, C-2 acylation was observed. Therefore, regioselectivity can be controlled by the nature of the Lewis acid catalyst. Moreover, this is the first-time that Friedel-Crafts acylation studies were demonstrated upon 3-alkyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indoles.

The Synthesis Of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids And Their Metathesis Reactions With Dilithium Phthalocyanine, Andrew Michael Beauchamp

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A series of alkoxyalkylammonium salts has been synthesized for use in metathesis reactions with dilithium phthalocyanine. The salts, which were ionic liquids at or near room temperature, were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution of tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine and iodomethane, iodoethane, bromoethane, 1-bromo-propane, 1-bromo-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane, and [2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy] p-toluenesulfonate in yields ranging from 67% - 88%. The methyl, ethyl, propyl and tetra[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]ammonium salts were obtained for use in metathesis reactions. The salts were liquid at room temperature, with the exception of tetra[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]ammonium bromide which was found to melt at 46° and were thermally stable to approximately 200°. The four salts were used in metathesis reactions …

Facile Synthesis Of Functionalized Poly (Arylene Ether Sulfone)S, Mehmet Tatli

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The synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, with a pendant aryl iodide, was achieved via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) polycondensation of 3-iodo-3',5'-difluoro-diphenylsulfone (2) with Bisphenol-A. Monomer 2 was prepared by the reaction of 3, 5-difluorodiphenylsulfone with N-iodosuccinimide (NIS). Model reactions indicated that the iodo group was stable to NAS conditions. Both GC/MS analysis and NMR spectroscopy indicated quantitative displacement of the two fluorine atoms while the iodo group remained untouched. Furthermore, the modification of the iodo polymer was achieved via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with phenyl, naphthyl, and phenylacetyl boronic acids. The thermal properties of the polymers were evaluated via DSC and …

Poly(Arylene) Ethers Prepared From Functionalized 3,5-Difluorotriphenylphosphine Oxide, Courtney M. Sutherland

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The di-iodinated derivative of 3,5-difluorotriphenyl phosphine oxide, 3,5-DiFTPO-I2, was synthesized for the modification of poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s, PAEPOs. The di-iodinated monomer was polymerized to afford the di-iodinated polymer, a pre-cursor for tailoring solubility and the thermal properties of the PAEPO derivatives via functionalization. The di-iodinated polymer was post-functionalized via the Suzuki Miyaura cross coupling reaction with a variety of boronic acids. The successful conversion of the iodo groups, along with the immense number of possible functional groups that can be introduced to the di-iodinated polymer makes PAEPO-derivative a highly useful thermoplastic with a wide range of potential uses.

The …

Computational Investigations Of The Adsorption Of Molecular Hydrogen On Graphene-Based Nanopore Model, Jared Duncan

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Computational modeling using classical grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and first-principles calculations were carried out to study the adsorption of molecular hydrogen on nanoporous carbon modeled by the slit- pore geometry. It has previously been shown that hydrogen adsorption on pristine porous carbon has dependence on pore size and that an optimum pore size, which exhibits the maximum mass uptake, exists. There have been suggestions that doping graphitic nanocarbon structures with Pd enhances their adsorption capacity. The pore-size dependence of this change in adsorption brought about by Pd and the conditions at which improvement in adsorption can occur have not …

Synthesis Of Mixed Metal Trinuclear Cluster Of Molybdenum And Tungsten And Their Electrochemistry In Ionic Liquids, Jessica Ann Davis

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Research is being done to find a material to improve the efficiency of the ethanol fuel cell by using a platinum free catalyst. Mo2WO2(O2CCH3)6 cluster was synthesized using Mo2(O2CCH3)4 dimer and Na2WO4. One ionic liquid, EMImBF4, was synthesized using methylimidazolim and chloroethane in the first step, and EMImCl and NaBF4 in the second step. The electrochemical properties of the ionic liquid and the metal cluster were studied. A potential window for the EMImBF4 was found to be 3.2 V. The ionic liquid has a wider potential window, and allowed for the observation of the redox properties of Mo2WO2(O2CCH3)6. The electrochemistry …

A Sers And Sem-Edx Study Of The Antiviral Mechanism Of Creighton Silver Nanoparticles Against Vaccinia Virus, Catherine Binns Anders

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-recognized as antiviral agents but little is known about their mechanism of action. In this study, it was hypothesized that unfunctionalized, Creighton AgNPs of an average diameter of 11 nm will form covalent bonds with vaccinia virus (VV) mainly through the external, entry fusion complex (EFC) proteins. The EFC is housed on the external membrane of VV and contains 9-12 proteins having numerous cysteine groups, intramolecular disulfide bonds, aromatic moieties and myristic acids bound to the N-terminus of glycine residues. VV (1012 PFUs) was incubated at 37oC for one hour with Creighton AgNPs that were size …