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Articles 91 - 120 of 254
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Isolation, Purification, And Characterization Of Biologically Active Compounds From Endophytic Fungi, Trisha L. Anderson, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Isolation, Purification, And Characterization Of Biologically Active Compounds From Endophytic Fungi, Trisha L. Anderson, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project focused on endophytic fungi, fungi that live inside of plants without causing disease, as a source of compounds that may be useful in treating human disease. Endophytic fungi were chosen both because their relationship with the plants in which they live indicates that they provide some benefit to the plant and because they have a more specific relationship with a plant host, making acquisition of future samples of the same fungus more feasible. In addition, these fungal species have been less studied than many other aspects of natural products research. This research centered on the isolation of novel …
Effects Of Sirna-Mediated Silencing Of Phosducin-Like Protein Expression On Protein Folding By The Cytoplasmic Chaperonin Complex, Sarah Warburton, Dr. Barry Willardson
Effects Of Sirna-Mediated Silencing Of Phosducin-Like Protein Expression On Protein Folding By The Cytoplasmic Chaperonin Complex, Sarah Warburton, Dr. Barry Willardson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Our lab has recently described an interaction of Phosducin-like protein (PhLP) with the cytoplasmic chaperonin complex (CCT), a sixteen polypeptide complex required for the native folding of actin and tubulin and many other cellular proteins. We found that the binding of PhLP blocked CCT-dependent folding of firefly luciferase in vitro and that over expression of PhLP in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells inhibited actin folding by 80%. Thus, it appears that PhLP is the first known regulator of CCT-dependent protein folding.
Thermodynamics Of L-Valine And L-2-Aminobutyric Acid, Joshua L. Price, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Thermodynamics Of L-Valine And L-2-Aminobutyric Acid, Joshua L. Price, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Understanding the thermodynamics of protein hydration is critical to elucidating protein structure and function in aqueous solution. Because they are derivative properties, apparent molar volume Vφ and apparent molar heat capacity Cp,φ are particularly useful in describing solution thermodynamics. It is difficult, however, to resolve the apparent molar volume or apparent molar heat capacity of a large protein into individual contributions from specific amino acid residues and functional groups. Small model compounds like the amino acids can provide useful estimates of these individual contributions. While the apparent molar properties of many amino acids have been studied recently, there is a …
Buruli Ulcer In The Ga District Of Ghana, Jonathan Osorio, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Buruli Ulcer In The Ga District Of Ghana, Jonathan Osorio, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
During this past summer, I had the wonderful opportunity to travel to southern Ghana with the Humanitarian Aid Relief Team to study the effects of Buruli ulcer in rural endemic villages. From May 12 to June 21, I was part of a small research group studying the effects of Buruli ulcer on villagers in the Ga District. Part of my research included investigating their cultural beliefs that related in any way to possible contraction of the disease.
Thermodynamics Of Aqueous Nucleic Acid Bases And Nucleosides, Bryan R. Mcrae, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Thermodynamics Of Aqueous Nucleic Acid Bases And Nucleosides, Bryan R. Mcrae, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Despite the astounding advances in modern genetics research, surprisingly little is known about the thermodynamic behavior and physical properties of DNA’s molecular subunits. Our study investigated several thermodynamic properties of common nucleic acid constituents. Specifically, we calculated the apparent molar volumes (Vφ) and apparent molar heat capacities (Cp,φ) of the nucleosides adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, and uridine, and of their corresponding bases adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil, in dilute aqueous solutions.
Identification Of The Regulatory Elements Responsible For The Control Of Premrna Splicing Of Intron-1 In Chicken Cox-2, Daniel L. Simmons, Dr. Orlan Kenneth Macdonald
Identification Of The Regulatory Elements Responsible For The Control Of Premrna Splicing Of Intron-1 In Chicken Cox-2, Daniel L. Simmons, Dr. Orlan Kenneth Macdonald
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In order to create a unique clone of chicken COX-2 it was necessary to insert a synthetic DNA tag into the full-length version of the COX-2 cDNA. First, a 21-nucleotide oligo and its complement were produced using a DNA synthesizer. The oligos were purified, phosphorylated and then annealed.
A Search For An Internal Ribosomal Entry Site In The Human Angiotensin 2, Type 1 Receptor, Joseph A. Garcia, Dr. Terry S. Elton
A Search For An Internal Ribosomal Entry Site In The Human Angiotensin 2, Type 1 Receptor, Joseph A. Garcia, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The study of human genetics has recently exploded into numerous fields and, as a result, our knowledge of genetics and gene related illnesses is growing exponentially. Human DNA undergoes three main levels of control. The first is replication where the genome is reproduced in an exact copy. The second level is transcription, where an RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA. Finally translation where mRNA, the code for making a protein is recognized by ribosomes. Ribosomes recognize the 5′ region of the mRNA and scan along until they find the start codon to initiate the translation of the mRNA into a …
Distribution Of Isoforms Of The Sodium Pump In Pregnancy-Related Tissues: Changes For Women In Labor, David S. Faux, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Distribution Of Isoforms Of The Sodium Pump In Pregnancy-Related Tissues: Changes For Women In Labor, David S. Faux, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The birth of a baby has always been regarded as a miracle. Even today the carefully orchestrated events that result in birth elude the outreaches of scientific research. Among the most important of these events are the contractions of the uterus termed labor. Several factors are known to be important in the initiation and maintenance of labor, including hormones secreted by the placenta and the aminochorionic membranes. The mechanisms or factors that increase secretion and/or production of these activating agents are less well understood.
Elements Regulating Excision Of Chicken Cyclooxygenase-2 Intron 1, Nathan Evanson, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Elements Regulating Excision Of Chicken Cyclooxygenase-2 Intron 1, Nathan Evanson, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are enzymes that are responsible for the production of a potent class of biological signaling molecules called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are involved in responses such as inflammation, contraction of smooth muscle, and regulation of water balance in the kidney. They are also found in greatly elevated amounts in some types of cancer. This elevation in prostaglandins is the result of increased production of the form of COX known as COX-2. Because COX-2 may play a role in the development of cancer, an understanding of how COX-2 is regulated is important in the understanding of cancer and may give insights …
Evaluation Of The Abilities Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics To Inhibit Microbial Growth In Food, Timothy W. Winter, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Evaluation Of The Abilities Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics To Inhibit Microbial Growth In Food, Timothy W. Winter, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Food-borne illnesses are a continuing problem in the US. According to figures from the Center for Disease Control, an estimated one million food-borne infections and 500 deaths occur each year associated with Salmonella. Also reported are the cases involving Escherichia coli O157:H7; the death toll is between 50 and 100 people every year. Currently, the only antibiotic approved for use in food in the US is nisin, a cationic peptide antibiotic (CPA) that is active against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative (including E. Coli and Salmonella).
Effects Of Ammine And Hydroxyl Groups On The Fluorescence Of Chemosensors, Scott H. Fredrickson, Dr. Paul Savage
Effects Of Ammine And Hydroxyl Groups On The Fluorescence Of Chemosensors, Scott H. Fredrickson, Dr. Paul Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Diaza-crown ethers have the ability to bind many metal cations. When certain side arms are attached, a fluorescence increase can be observed when the metal binds to the crown.1,2,3,4 Via this increase in fluorescence, presence of metal cations can be detected. For industrial purposes, these molecules may be important in the determination of toxic metal levels in waste streams. The use of different side arms effects the initial fluorescence observed. A side arm similar to 1 is not fluorescent. It is believed that transfer of the hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl group to the pyridine nitrogen quenches fluorescence. When …
Macrocycle-Substituted Resorcinarenes As Primary Functional Groups In Ion Chromatography, Arlo Mcginn, John D. Lamb
Macrocycle-Substituted Resorcinarenes As Primary Functional Groups In Ion Chromatography, Arlo Mcginn, John D. Lamb
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ion chromatography is an instrumental technique known for its ability to determine and quantify mixtures of ions in solution. In ion chromatography, a solution containing different ions is passed through a column packed with a stationary phase containing active groups (chemical compounds that exhibit binding properties). These active groups show affinity for the various ions in solution. Chemical separations are achieved in ion chromatography by means of electrostatic interactions and coordinate covalent bond formation between the active groups in the stationary phase of the chromatography column and the ions present in the mobile phase or eluent. Strong interactions effectively slow …
Interaction Of Phosducin-Like Protein With Eukaryotic Cytosolic Chaperonin, Sarah Hart, Dr. Barry Willardson
Interaction Of Phosducin-Like Protein With Eukaryotic Cytosolic Chaperonin, Sarah Hart, Dr. Barry Willardson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Eukaryotic cells employ G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to detect various extracellular signaling molecules, including many that control cell proliferation. As a result, a knowledge of G protein pathway components and their mechanisms of interaction and regulation is essential in understanding cell transformation. Phosducin-like protein (PhLP) is a broadly expressed regulator of G protein signaling that exerts its effect by binding to G protein âã subunits [1-3]. When a signaling molecule binds to the extracellular surface of the receptor, it results in a conformational change in the receptor. This causes an interaction between the receptor and a heterotrimeric G protein …
Development Of Integrated Pumps For Microdevices, Melissa Draper, Dr. Adam Woolley
Development Of Integrated Pumps For Microdevices, Melissa Draper, Dr. Adam Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Miniaturization offers several advantages in regards to protein characterization, including the potential to increase speed and throughput while reducing reagent consumption (and therefore reducing cost) during analysis. In recent years, the Human Genome Project has generated an unprecedented amount of genetic information; it has also instigated several developments in the area of miniaturization. However, one of the greatest advantages of the technique—the possibility of forming integrated microdevices capable of carrying out multiple steps of an assay on a single miniaturized platform—remains relatively undeveloped.
Improved Synthesis Of 2-Amino-6-Alkoxypurineribosides, Potential Co-Agents For Combination Therapy With Alkylating Anticancer Drugs, Dr. Morris J. Robins, Dr. Theodore C. Jessop
Improved Synthesis Of 2-Amino-6-Alkoxypurineribosides, Potential Co-Agents For Combination Therapy With Alkylating Anticancer Drugs, Dr. Morris J. Robins, Dr. Theodore C. Jessop
Journal of Undergraduate Research
2-amino-6-alkoxypurineribosides are involved in clinical testing as anticancer co-drugs (1); however, current methods for the large scale synthesis of these compounds have proven extremely difficult. The improved synthesis of 2-amino-6-alkoxypurineribosides reported herein allows easy access to these medicinally important compounds.
Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt
Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Although the earth’s atmosphere is approximately 80% nitrogen (N2) gas, this form of nitrogen is inert and must be reduced and “fixed” into a useable form of nitrogen through the process of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is an important biological process in the earth’s nitrogen cycle because it provides nutrient nitrogen for plants and animals. The enzyme responsible for conducting nitrogen fixation is nitrogenase, which is found only in certain diazotrophic microorganisms. Nitrogenase is also capable of reducing protons (H+) and small substrates that have a terminal triple bond, such as acetylene (C2H2 …
Establishing A Mammalian Expression System For Cyclooxygenase-2, Nathan K. Evanson, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Establishing A Mammalian Expression System For Cyclooxygenase-2, Nathan K. Evanson, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cyclooxygenases are proteins that make small molecules called prostaglandins, which relay signals from one cell to another, or from one cell to itself. Prostaglandins are involved in many different physiological processes such as inflammation, contraction of smooth muscle, and regulation of water balance in the kidney. Because prostaglandins are involved in so many different things, they are an important topic of research, and therefore, cyclooxygenases are a topic of intense research.
The Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Paul B. Savage, Dr. Bryce A. Harrison
The Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Paul B. Savage, Dr. Bryce A. Harrison
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Gram-negative bacteria contain a toxin known as lipid A (1 in Figure 1). During bacterial infections, lipid A may be released from the bacteria and cause a condition known as septic shock, an over-response of the host immune system that may result in death (2). In fact, septic shock kills over 100,000 people annually in the U.S.1 In hopes of developing treatments for septic shock, we are researching compounds that bind and detoxify lipid A. One such compound, polymyxin B (2 in Figure 2), is itself too toxic for medicinal use; nevertheless, we want to understand how polymyxin B binds …
The Effect Of Substrate Structure On The Cleavage Efficiency Of Trna 3′ Processing Endoribonuclease, Susanna M. Geary, Dr. Roger Kaspar
The Effect Of Substrate Structure On The Cleavage Efficiency Of Trna 3′ Processing Endoribonuclease, Susanna M. Geary, Dr. Roger Kaspar
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Viruses insert DNA or RNA into host cells and use the cell’s resources to make proteins designed to propagate the virus. Viral proteins can cause disease, as can defective proteins from faulty or damaged genes. The enzyme, tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease (also called 3′ tRNase) can specifically cleave RNA that is made to resemble pre-tRNA (1). RNA heptamers can be engineered to form such pre-tRNA-resembling complexes by binding to a target RNA just downstream of a stable hairpin loop (fig. 1). Hence, pathogenic RNA could be targeted and destroyed, thereby decreasing the production of damaging proteins.
Potential Role Of Direct Inhibition And Phosphorylation Of The Sodium-Potassium Atpase In Cataract Formation, Jason E. Wright, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Potential Role Of Direct Inhibition And Phosphorylation Of The Sodium-Potassium Atpase In Cataract Formation, Jason E. Wright, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Preliminary data suggested that bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC) are able to increase the amount of sodium-potassium ATPase (sodium pump or SP) in the plasma membrane. I set out to accomplish three objectives: (1) to continue ongoing ouabain inhibition experiments in order to confirm the preliminary data; (2) to examine BLEC’s response to peptide hormones (in other tissues the peptide hormone induced phosphorylation of SP is followed by an observable removal of SP from the membrane); and (3) to confirm our hypothesis that observations of SP redistribution are a manifestation of BLEC’s ability to compensate for the inhibitory effect of …
The Function Of Phosducin’S N-Terminus And C-Terminus Domains, Collin Driscoll, Dr. Barry M. Willardson
The Function Of Phosducin’S N-Terminus And C-Terminus Domains, Collin Driscoll, Dr. Barry M. Willardson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cells use heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gabg) to transduce extracellular signals into intracellular messages. A hormone or other signal molecule binds to a seven trans-membrane receptor on the cell’s surface causing the receptor to change shape. On the inside of the cell this conformational change causes Gabg to split into a Ga subunit and a Gbg subunit complex. Both Ga and Gbg activate effector enzymes that determine the cellular response to the signal molecule. Phosducin (Pd) is a G-protein regulator that works by binding to the Gbg subunit complex and blocking Gbg function in three ways: 1) It blocks reassociation with Ga, …
Evaluation Of The Activity Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics, David W. Swenson, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Evaluation Of The Activity Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics, David W. Swenson, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Food-borne illnesses are a continuing problem in the US [1]. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria pose significant threats to the integrity of the food supply and to the health of the public. For example, according to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control, an estimated 1 million infections and 500 deaths are associated with food-borne Salmonella infections each year [2]. Additional concern is caused by the fact that many patients who die from food-borne illnesses are infected with drug-resistant bacteria, and resistant organisms are increasingly found in the food supply [3].
Metal Ion Analysis For Use In Calculation Of Apparent Molar Volumes And Apparent Molar Heat Capacities Of Copper(Ii), Nickel(Ii), And Zinc(Ii) Nitrates, Eric Merkley, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Metal Ion Analysis For Use In Calculation Of Apparent Molar Volumes And Apparent Molar Heat Capacities Of Copper(Ii), Nickel(Ii), And Zinc(Ii) Nitrates, Eric Merkley, Dr. Earl M. Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Apparent molar heat capacity, Cp,f, and apparent molar volume, Vf, are valuable thermodynamic quantities in the study of solute-solvent interactions and chemical reactions in aqueous solutions. Work in our laboratory1-3 has demonstrated that fixed-cell differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating-tube densimetry can provide sensitive and accurate data for calculating Cp,f and Vf. We have recently collected data for solutions of copper(II) nitrate, nickel(II) nitrate, and zinc(II) nitrate. As for most compounds, there is a lack of Cp,f and Vf date for these heavy metal nitrates. Our measurements will allow calculation of Cp,f and Vf.
Ion Chromatographic Quantification Of Trace-Level Perchlorate Concentrations Using 18-Crown-6 As A Mobile-Phase Additive, David Simpson, Dr. John Lamb
Ion Chromatographic Quantification Of Trace-Level Perchlorate Concentrations Using 18-Crown-6 As A Mobile-Phase Additive, David Simpson, Dr. John Lamb
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Awareness of the potential contamination issues with perchlorate ion (ClO4 -) came about in 1985 when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first reported contamination in 14 Californian wells ranging from 0.11 to 2.6 micrograms per liter (ppm).1 In 1992 the EPA issued a provisional reference dose (RfD) of 0.14 milligrams per kilogram per day, which set a standard of 18 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water.2 However, in January 1997 the EPA indicated that a reporting limit of at least 4 ppb would be necessary; yet, procedures to measure perchlorate ion at such low levels were unavailable.3 By March …
Molecular Pathology Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lipofuscin-Generated Apoptosis Of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (Rpe) Cells, Aaron Secrest, Dr. Craig Thulin
Molecular Pathology Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lipofuscin-Generated Apoptosis Of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (Rpe) Cells, Aaron Secrest, Dr. Craig Thulin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly and is currently untreatable. In the central region of the posterior retina (the macula), AMD is caused by damage to and subsequent death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and, consequently, the photoreceptors that are attached to them, leading to vision loss. The current thinking in the field of ophthalmology is that the eye cannot function efficiently after 50-60+ years of continuously repairing damage caused by exposure to high-energy photons from blue light. The increase in average human life span correlates with a higher prevalence …
Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt
Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ferritin is a protein that facilitates iron metabolism in the body. Virtually all living organisms are dependent on ferritin for iron storage. It has been found in everything including animals, plants and bacteria. Ferritin is formed from 24 subunits, which are arranged to form a sphere with a hollow center. In mammals these subunits consist of two isomers: heavy and light, which are named so due to the difference in their molecular weight. In the center the iron is stored as ferric hydroxide. The mechanism of the iron deposition into the core is not well understood. A part of this …
Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Na,K-ATPase is a multi-subunit protein that uses ATP to pump Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell. Multiple isoforms of each subunit of Na,K-ATPase have been identified, but the á subunit of Na,K-ATPase plays the most important functional role and has been the most widely studied. Within the lens, Na,K-ATPase is most concentrated in the outer epithelial layer. To study changes in Na,K-ATPase levels I cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC), and incubated them with various hormones. The abundance of the á3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase was determined by Western blot protein gel electrophoresis using specific …
The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt
The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
We are investigating the kinetic effect of salt concentration on the reaction N2 + (6+2n)H+ + (6+2n)e- + 2(6+2n)ATP 2NH3 + nH2 + 2(6+2n)Pi + 2(6+2n)ADP (1) catalyzed by nitrogenase where the spontaneous decomposition of S2O4 2- is the electron source. Under high partial pressures of N2, n has a limiting value of one, but in the absence of N2, nitrogenase simply catalyzes the reduction of protons to H2.
Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a treatment that uses protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs to block replication of HIV, has had a marked effect on decreasing the viral loads of HIV in infected individuals. However, studies have indicated that if a patient receiving HAART for long periods of time (2 to 3 years) is taken off treatment, HIV levels in the blood will increase drastically within several weeks (2). This problem indicates that reservoirs in the body harbor the virus and protect it from treatment until conditions allow the virus to replicate unchecked throughout the body. The Follicular Dendritic Cell …
Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent photochemical research has proven helpful in understanding the regio- and stereoselective mechanism of four-member ring formation. When compounds cycloadd— combine either inter- or intramolecularly to form rings—a broad assortment of isomers are generally formed. However, the regio- and stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition process—the tendency of the compounds to combine in specific ways, i.e. the preference for one product over another—can be greatly enhanced through the utilization of a tether group. This tether group can be anything used to control the reacting molecular components involved in a cycloaddition towards combination in a specific orientation. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the …