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Articles 61 - 90 of 254
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
The Synthesis Of Novel Chiral Pyridino Crown Ethers, Steven L. Castle
The Synthesis Of Novel Chiral Pyridino Crown Ethers, Steven L. Castle
Journal of Undergraduate Research
0ur research group has been interested in the synthesis of chiral pyridino crown ethers for some time. Many chiral pyridino crown ethers have been shown to exhibit enantiomeric recognition for chiral ammonium salts.1 In other words, the crown compound forms a more stable complex with one enantlomer of the chiral ammonium salt than It does with the other enantiomer. Recent results from de Mendoza, Echegoyen and coworkers’ led us to believe that a new type of chiral pyridino crown ether would exhibit even greater enantiomeric recognition than what was observed with previous compounds. So, my project was to prepare chiral …
The Location And Role Of Phosphate In Horse Spleen Ferritin (Hosf), Joseph Johnson
The Location And Role Of Phosphate In Horse Spleen Ferritin (Hosf), Joseph Johnson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Although iron Is necessary for life, It Is toxic If left free In most organIsms. To control Its toxic effects and still have iron available for biological use, organisms use ferrltins. Ferritins are similar throughout the biological world. Each ferritin is a roughly spherical, hollow protein with a thin, negatively charged shell that can hold up to 4500 Iron atoms. This shell is composed of 24 nearly Identical subunits. Junctions between three or four subunits form channels, 3-fold or 4-fold respectively, that traverse the protein shell. The hydrophilic 3-fold channels are believed to be the key pathway for the uptake …
Synthesis Of A Potential Photoaffinity Labeling Agent, 4-Nitr0-3- Trinuoromethylbenzyl Phenyl Sulfide, Christina Johnson, Dr. Steve Fleming
Synthesis Of A Potential Photoaffinity Labeling Agent, 4-Nitr0-3- Trinuoromethylbenzyl Phenyl Sulfide, Christina Johnson, Dr. Steve Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Photoaffinity labeling is a useful methodology for determining the active site of a given enzyme. It is also a very important tool in discovering what roles different enzymes play in the human body. Our research group has been involved in a continuous effort to develop new and more effective photoaffinity labeling reagents. I A photoaffinity labeling model compound currently under investigation is the target molecule 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl phenyl sulfide.
The Spectroscopy Of Divinvltelluride, Brent A. Horn, S. R. Goates
The Spectroscopy Of Divinvltelluride, Brent A. Horn, S. R. Goates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
0rgano-tellurides are industrially important compounds. One of these compounds which has been studied at BYU is divinyltelluride (DVT). Dr. Noel Owen and colleagues from the Department of Chemistry have done extensive studies on the stable molecular conformations of DVT using quantum mechanical calculations and matrix-isolation FT-IR. Our goal is to learn more about the structure and properties of DVT by probing the electronic energy levels of the molecule. We wanted to focus on obtaining laser-induced fluorescence from supersonic jet expansion of DVT molecules. Molecular beams are excellent for doing laser fluorescence experiments because many of the line broadening mechanisms that …
Providing A Second Source Of Negative Charge On A “Molecular Leash”, Eric Nelson
Providing A Second Source Of Negative Charge On A “Molecular Leash”, Eric Nelson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
I was awarded the Research and Creative Work Scholarship for the winter semester of 1994 based on my proposal to synthesize a novel organic compound for testing and publication in conjunction with the research group of Dr. Jerald Bradshaw in the Chemistry Department.
Ambient Ionization Sources For Mass Spectrometry, Paul Farnsworth
Ambient Ionization Sources For Mass Spectrometry, Paul Farnsworth
Journal of Undergraduate Research
MEG funding directly supported the efforts of three students in my laboratory during the calendar year 2011. A graduate student, Manan Dhunna, received partial support (approximately one-third of his annual stipend) during the year. His role, in addition to carrying out his own research on ambient ionization sources, was to provide continuity and consistent in-lab supervision for the undergraduates during the times that I could not be present in the lab. Two undergraduates were supported by the grant, Jonathan Wright and Kellie Woodfield. These three students were part of a larger group effort to develop advanced ambient ionization sources for …
Optimization Of Ecfps For The Production Of Engineered Virus-Like Particles, Dr. Bradley C. Bundy
Optimization Of Ecfps For The Production Of Engineered Virus-Like Particles, Dr. Bradley C. Bundy
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The academic objectives of this grant were met. Each specific aim was completed as described in the proposal and the results were reported in a peer-review journal (listed in section below) and at academic conferences. The results of this work provided preliminary data which helped in applying for and receiving a 2011 National Science Foundation EAGER Award.
Design And Development Of An Extended Sheath Flow Nozzle For Supercritical Fluid/Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy, Eric Sevy
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with supersonic jet spectroscopy has been shown to be an effective analytical technique in the analysis of complex samples. This highly selective technique derives its power from the combination of a powerful separation technique and an discriminating spectroscopic identification technique. Using them in tandem an investigator can analyze complex mixtures for specific compounds. Unfortunately, till now the compounds that could be analyzed were limited in their size, by the requirements necessary to couple the two methods together. The work reported here is the first step to opening up this analysis to larger molecular weight samples.
Phosducins: Evidence For The Evolution Of New Proteins Through Gene Duplication, Tim Rand, Dr. Barry Willardson
Phosducins: Evidence For The Evolution Of New Proteins Through Gene Duplication, Tim Rand, Dr. Barry Willardson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The theory of evolution by natural selection is arguably the most important scientific theory ever formulated. Its importance has not been manifest in an “ooh, ah” technological way—it doesn’t empower us to fly airplanes or to illuminate streets at night—but no scientist really thinks technology is the sine qua non of science anyway. The really big theories are the ones that change our thinking, rather than the way we get around or see at night. The theory of evolution changed the way we think about life itself. Interestingly, our acceptance of evolution is based mainly on its elegance. As far …
Coalescence Extraction: A Novel Means Of Performing Solvent Extractions, Randall T. Peterson
Coalescence Extraction: A Novel Means Of Performing Solvent Extractions, Randall T. Peterson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Solvent extraction is a widely used method of separation in which a given target substance is extracted from a mixture and transported across a liquid-liquid interface into a separate liquid. Typically, the two immiscible liquids are shaken or stirred vigorously to increase contact between the two liquids. This contact is vital to extraction of the target substance and much time and effort is expended in increasing extraction efficiency through improved contact. We have developed a novel method of solvent extraction which makes possible the extraction of large amounts of the target substance in very little time without shaking or other …
Synthesis Of Systematically Varied Nucleosides As A Logical Approach Toward Inhibitor Design For Nucleoside Transport Proteins, Lars P. C. Nielsen, Dr. Morris J. Robins
Synthesis Of Systematically Varied Nucleosides As A Logical Approach Toward Inhibitor Design For Nucleoside Transport Proteins, Lars P. C. Nielsen, Dr. Morris J. Robins
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Glucose transporter proteins constitute one class of transmembrane integral proteins that have received much attention in the current chemical literature. Many prominent groups have set out to explore their mechanisms, kinetics, and active sites. Studies have focussed on one of these in particular, Human Glucose Transporter I, the most common and efficient at mediating cellular glucose concentrations. Studies have also proven that certain nucleoside transporters exist, analogous to the sugar proteins, which regulate nucleoside and nucleotide concentrations in cells.
An Investigation Of The Influence Of Polar Vs. Polarizable Substituents In Polysiloxane Stationary Phases For Gas Chromatography, Sarah Morgan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
For my creative work and research scholarship project I proposed the synthesis of four polymers for use as stationary phases in gas chromatography. Each polymer would contain a pendant group with a halogen-substituted benzene ring, making use of the four halogen atoms-fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Since these atoms lie along a spectrum of polarity vs. polarizability, I hypothesized that testing the selectivity of the polymers as GC phases would increase our understanding of the roles of these closely related properties in chromatographic separations. I have chosen to submit selected nuclear magnetic resonance spectra as evidence of the success of …
Use Of An Intermolecular Tether In [2+2] Photochemical Cycloadditions, Brent Siemssen, Dr. Steve Fleming
Use Of An Intermolecular Tether In [2+2] Photochemical Cycloadditions, Brent Siemssen, Dr. Steve Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Oxetanocin is a nucleoside that occurs naturally in the bacteria Bacillus megaterium (see figure 1a).1 Oxetanocin and its analogues show antiviral activity but have not yet been introduced in any successful drug treatment. Even so, oxetanocin continues to be a model studied to help understand the action of nucleoside drugs. Oxetanocin is a distinct nucleoside because it has a four-membered ring sugar moiety.
Velocity Determination Of Metastable Calcium Ions Using High- Resolution Diode Laser Spectroscopy, Rebecca Vanwagoner, Dr. Paul Farnsworth
Velocity Determination Of Metastable Calcium Ions Using High- Resolution Diode Laser Spectroscopy, Rebecca Vanwagoner, Dr. Paul Farnsworth
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is a useful tool for trace chemical analysis. However, instrument response to the analyte changes with increasing concentration of other elements in solution. This change in response due to matrix elements lowers the accuracy of ICPMS. Most of the matrix effects occur in the vacuum interface between the plasma torch and the mass spectrometer. My goal in this research project was to map the temperatures and velocities of analyte inside the ICPMS interface and look for changes with changing matrix concentration. Knowing where and how changes occur would point to why matrix effects happen …
A Novel Human Angiotensin Ii Type 1 Receptor Isoform Elicits An Exaggerated Angiotensin Ii-Induced Response, Terry S. Elton, Dr. James W. Ogilvie Jr.
A Novel Human Angiotensin Ii Type 1 Receptor Isoform Elicits An Exaggerated Angiotensin Ii-Induced Response, Terry S. Elton, Dr. James W. Ogilvie Jr.
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Hypertension (i.e., high blood pressure) is a significant health problem affecting more than 15% of the population contributing to the increased incidence of heart failure, kidney failure and stroke. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in salt and water homeostasis and the maintenance of vascular tone. This balance is achieved through the actions of the hormone, angiotensin II (Ang II), the biologically active component of the RAS, with its membrane-bound receptors. These receptors, designated as type 1 and type 2 (AT1R and AT2R), bind Ang II with equal affinity. The AT1R, however, which is localized in numerous tissues …
Report Of Progression On The Synthesis Of A Conformational Amphiphile For Nondestructive Diffusion Through Membrane Bilayers, Paul B. Savage, Dr. David B. Mcmullin
Report Of Progression On The Synthesis Of A Conformational Amphiphile For Nondestructive Diffusion Through Membrane Bilayers, Paul B. Savage, Dr. David B. Mcmullin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The stability of all cellular life in the presence of adverse environmental conditions may be attributed to the function of cellular membranes. Membranes are unique in their ability to act as barriers with selective permeability (1). Such selective permeability allows cells to control and differentiate between the chemical constituents of their intracellular fluid and that of their extracellular environment.
Multivariate Analysis Of Elemental Concentrations In Various Lichen Growth Forms, Seth Washburn, Dr. Nolan Mangelson
Multivariate Analysis Of Elemental Concentrations In Various Lichen Growth Forms, Seth Washburn, Dr. Nolan Mangelson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Lichens consist of two organisms that live in a symbiotic relationship. The lichen photobiont, green alga, cyanobacteria, or a combination of both, provides carbohydrates from photosynthesis. While the mycobiont partner, a fungus, accounts for the majority of the lichen mass, and provides shelter and nutrients (St. Clair, 1998). Although lichens come in many different shapes and colors, all lichens are grouped into three main categories, depending on their growth type. Crustose lichens attach very tightly to their rock substrate and often appear as if they were painted on. Foliose lichens have a more leafy appearance and are attached to the …
Update On The Reconstruction Of The Cytochrome B Gene Of The Extinct M4mmuthus Columbi, Natalie Mincek
Update On The Reconstruction Of The Cytochrome B Gene Of The Extinct M4mmuthus Columbi, Natalie Mincek
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The intent of this project was to reconstruct the cytochrome B gene from the extinct mammoth Mammuthus columbi. This was to be accomplished through amplification by PCR the fragments of the cytochrome B gene in order to determine their respective sequences, after which these DNA sequences would be combined to reconstruct the entire sequence of the gene.
The Separation Of Transition Metals Using Macrocycles Adsorbed On A Reversed Phase Column, Anthony P. Giauque
The Separation Of Transition Metals Using Macrocycles Adsorbed On A Reversed Phase Column, Anthony P. Giauque
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Standard protocol for the analysis of transition metals by conventional chromatographic means calls for the complexation of the transition metal cations prior to their separation. Consequently, this addition of a complexing agent does not allow for conductimetric detection of transition metals due to the high conductivity of the complexing agent in the eluent. It was therefore my intent to develop a system in which the stationary phase would act as the complexing agent and allow the analytes to be detected conductimetrically-the universal means of detection in ion chromatography.
The Hydrolytic Interaction Of Phospholipase A2 And Lysolecithin, Brian Baker
The Hydrolytic Interaction Of Phospholipase A2 And Lysolecithin, Brian Baker
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of my project was to determine whether the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine occurs at the sn-1 or the sn-2 position.
Expression, Activity And Inhibition Of Canine Cyclooxygenase, Joel Ellis Wilson, Dr. Dan Simmons
Expression, Activity And Inhibition Of Canine Cyclooxygenase, Joel Ellis Wilson, Dr. Dan Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit their effect by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. However, inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 by the administration of NSAIDs to both humans and animals often leads to negative side effects, most commonly gastric toxicity, including ulcers, which may progress to perforation with risk of sepsis. Functional COX-1 and COX-2 are both necessary to maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal lining. Fueled by the discovery of COX-2 and the elucidation of its biological properties, new NSAIDs have been produced that selectively inhibit only COX-2. This new class of inhibitors effectively reduces pain and inflammation with …
Cellulose Acetate/Butyrate As A Support Polymer In Polymer Inclusion Membranes, Arlo Mcginn, Dr. John D. Lamb
Cellulose Acetate/Butyrate As A Support Polymer In Polymer Inclusion Membranes, Arlo Mcginn, Dr. John D. Lamb
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Developing efficient means of making chemical separations of solutions is a problem that has long concerned chemists. This ability to separate a solution into its individual components or selectively remove elements of the solution is helpful in the treatment and refinement of nuclear waste and other applications. Common processes in use today are time-consuming and cumbersome to perform. Because of these problems chemists have been interested in developing new methods and procedures for making chemical separations of solutions.
A Partial Asymmetric Synthesis Of The Anti-Tumor Antibiotic Geldanamycin, Bryon Simmons, Dr. Merritt B. Andrus
A Partial Asymmetric Synthesis Of The Anti-Tumor Antibiotic Geldanamycin, Bryon Simmons, Dr. Merritt B. Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Geldanamycin, a member of the benzoquinoid ansamycin family, was discovered in 1970 by workers at UpJohn laboratories.1 Scientists were eager to characterize and assess the biological activity of this natural product, first isolated from the bacteria species Steptomyces hygroscpius.2 It was soon learned that geldanamycin functioned as an antibiotic. More importantly, this antibiotic was also shown to check the proliferation of malignant cancer cells.3 This observation has fueled significant interest in geldanamycin as a potential antitumor drug.
The Flavodoxin Reduced All-Ferrous Fe Protein In Nitrogenase, Tom Lowery Jr., Dr. Gerarld D. Watt
The Flavodoxin Reduced All-Ferrous Fe Protein In Nitrogenase, Tom Lowery Jr., Dr. Gerarld D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nitrogenase, an enzyme system found in a small, diverse group of diazotrophic microorganisms, is responsible for the natural reduction of atmospheric N2 to NH3. Nitrogenase plays a critical role in the earth’s nitrogen cycle and has therefore been a subject of intense study for over thirty five years. Nevertheless, detailed mechanistic explanations of in vivo nitrogenase catalysis remain ambiguous.1
Use Of Gold Nanoparticles To Identify Targets Of Membrane-Active Steroid Antibiotics, Katie L. Jensen, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Use Of Gold Nanoparticles To Identify Targets Of Membrane-Active Steroid Antibiotics, Katie L. Jensen, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Pathogenic bacterial resistance to antibiotics has risen sharply over the past two decades.1 This problem is compounded with Gram-negative bacteria, which, in addition to developing specific resistant mechanisms, also display membrane structures that are impermeable to many hydrophobic antibiotics. Thus, new antibiotics are needed that do not elicit the emergence of resistant organisms, especially against Gram-negative bacteria.
G Protein Regulation Of Chaperonins Through Phosducin-Like Protein, Tiffany L. Sabin, Dr. Barry Willardson
G Protein Regulation Of Chaperonins Through Phosducin-Like Protein, Tiffany L. Sabin, Dr. Barry Willardson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
G proteins participate in a myriad of cell signaling processes by shuttling information between cell surface receptors and intracellular effectors(1). The importance of G protein signaling is evidenced by the fact that ~5% of human genes encode G protein-coupled receptors, G protein subunits of effectors. Phosducin-like protein (PhLP) is a widely expressed protein with homology to the retinal photoreceptor protein phosducin(2). Like phosducin, PhLP binds G protein âã subunit complexes(3). Phosducin is believed to inhibit light signaling in photoreceptor cells as a part of the mechanism of light adaptation. Because of its homology to phosducin and its broad expression, PhLP …
Preparation Of Green Fluorescent Protein Constructs For The Determination Of The Mechanism Of The Excision Of A Novel Intron, John Daniel Clinger, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Preparation Of Green Fluorescent Protein Constructs For The Determination Of The Mechanism Of The Excision Of A Novel Intron, John Daniel Clinger, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent advances have greatly increased the utility of bioluminescence as a qualitative and quantitative tool in scientific research. The genes encoding fluorescent proteins in several organisms have been identified, cloned, modified, and inserted into several different vectors; thus allowing them to be used in a variety of diagnostic techniques. One such protein, isolated from aequorea victoria, is green fluorescent protein (GFP). Since GFP is encoded by a small gene, 720 base pairs, and fluoresces brightly when irradiated by ultraviolet light; it was seen as good candidate for the study of a novel pre-mRNA splicing mechanism.
Molecular Machine Components Observed In The Gas Phase: Self- Assembling Pseudorotaxanes Of Cucurbit[N]Urils (N=6, 7, And 8) And Doubly-Protonated 1,4-Diaminobutane, Kevin Alan Walker, Dr. David Dearden
Molecular Machine Components Observed In The Gas Phase: Self- Assembling Pseudorotaxanes Of Cucurbit[N]Urils (N=6, 7, And 8) And Doubly-Protonated 1,4-Diaminobutane, Kevin Alan Walker, Dr. David Dearden
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nanotechnology offers the potential of creating machines the size of molecules. Such machines have limitless possibilities in numerous fields: chemistry, computer science, technology, and medicine, to name a few. Molecular machines could be instrumental in creating computers millions of times faster than our present computers. These machines could catalyze or inhibit a variety of chemical reactions. Such machines could be instrumental in altering and fixing an individual’s genetic makeup to successfully combat disease and illness. However, because nanotechnology is a relatively new field of study, science has yet to scratch the surface of the implications molecular machines may have in …
Calorimetric Investigation Of The Complexation Of Didodecylcalix[4]Arene-Crown-6 With Alkali Metal Cations In Acetonitrile, Dusten M. Macdonald, Dr. John D. Lamb
Calorimetric Investigation Of The Complexation Of Didodecylcalix[4]Arene-Crown-6 With Alkali Metal Cations In Acetonitrile, Dusten M. Macdonald, Dr. John D. Lamb
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Processing and storage of medium and high level activity liquid nuclear wastes (MLW/HLW) present a major challenge for governments around the world. Gamma radiation from 137Cs, as well as radiation from 90Sr and other radionuclides present in the waste, complicates the already troublesome disposal process (1, 2). Removal of such long-life radionuclides from MLW and HLW mixtures would allow for more affordable disposal of the partially decontaminated solutions, would lower the volume of high activity waste to be stored in geological formations, and/or possibly allow for transmutation of these radionuclides into non-radioactive elements (2). Much effort has been expended in …
Electronic Control Of The Photocycloaddition Of Silyl Tethered Alkenes, Kari Cowdell, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Electronic Control Of The Photocycloaddition Of Silyl Tethered Alkenes, Kari Cowdell, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Solar energy is a major reason for the study of photochemistry. Photochemistry is the investigation of the interaction of organic compounds with light. The ability of plants and bacteria to harness the sun’s energy is an example of photochemistry. One area of photochemical research is the synthesis of cyclobutane rings which are found in plant essential oils and animal pheromones. Anticancer drugs such as taxol also have four member rings in their structures. Biological systems are unique in their ability to produce cyclobutane systems with specific stereochemistry that current methods of synthesis require great effort to acquire. It has been …