Animal Diseases Commons^™

The Role Of Host Management In Tick Population Changes On Rusinga Island, Kenya, D. K. Punyua, S. M. Hassan

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Contrary to patterns described elsewhere, tick numbers on Rusinga Island cattle drop markedly after the onset of the rainy season. One possible explanation is that this is related to seasonal differences in host behaviour since cattle grazing on the island are restricted during the crop-growing season (the rainy season) and free grazing afterwards. In a field experiment, cattle were divided into two groups, free grazing and restricted, for 2 months each during the rainy season and during the dry season, and the number of ticks infesting each group was compared. In both seasons, the free-grazing group carried more ticks than …

Inhibitory Effect Of Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei On Glossina Morsitans Midgut Trypsin In Vitro, M. O. Imbuga, E. O. Osir, V. L. Labongo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The ability of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of Glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. The isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. Furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. In both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by Dixon plots. Similarly, trypanosome membrane proteins stoichiometrically inhibited trypsin activity, suggesting that the enzyme interacts specifically with a moiety on the parasite surface. The Km and Ki values obtained in this case were 35 μm and …

Effects Of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide On Plasma Corticosterone Concentrations And Body Temperatures Of New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus), Phillip Keith Wilkins, Stanley N. David, Lawrence W. Hinck

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Twelve New Zealand rabbits were injected with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin, 10 ng/kg b.w. ,via an auricular marginal vein and the effects of the pyrogen on the rectal temperatures and plasma corticosterone concentrations of these animals were observed. Our data showed significant increases of the core temperatures from the normal 39.3 +/- 0.18 to 40.9 +/- 0.43 C (p < 0.001). Radioimmunoassay results of the plasma corticosterone levels were 5.76 +/- 3.7 ug/100 ml in the pre-injection blood samples and 9.02 +/- 3.7 ug/100 ml in the plasmas obtained from the animals, one hour after the pyrogen was administered. The increase of corticosterone was significant (p

Effect Of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fever On The Humoral Response Of New Zealand White Rabbits, Lawrence W. Hinck, Stanley N. David

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Understanding The Importance Of Eperythrozoon Ovis Infection In Sheep, Marc Kabay

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Assigning priorities for research on sheep diseases relies in part on understanding the prevalence and economic impact of each disease.

Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep, for example is a common, but not costly, disease.

Trypanosome Infection Rates In Tsetse Flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) And Cattle During Tsetse Control Operations In The Kagera River Region Of Rwanda, Steve Mihok, Leonard H. Otieno, Christopher S. Tarimo

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Trypanosome infections were monitored in three species of tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes Austen, G. morsitans centralis Machado, and G. brevipalpis News-tead) at four locations in the Kagera River region of Rwanda from May 1989 to September 1990. Two of the four areas (Mpanga Ranch and Bukora Ranch) were subjected to tsetse fly suppression operations with odour-baited traps. Proboscis infections of the Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax types accounted for roughly equal numbers of the 207 mature infections detected (3.8%). Variation in infection rates was area-specific rather than tsetse species-specific. Order of magnitude differences in tsetse fly densities among areas were …

Studies On Tsetse Midgut Factors That Induce Differentiation Of Bloodstream Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei In Vitro, M. O. Imbuga, E. O. Osir, V. L. Labongo, N. Darji, L. H. Otieno

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An in vitro system for studying the transformation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei into procylic (midgut) forms is described. In this system, transformation of the parasites was stimulated by Glossina morsitans morsitans midgut homogenates at 27° C but not at 4° C. The transformation-stimulating capacity was irreversibly destroyed by heating the midgut homogenates at 60° C for 1 h. A correlation was established between the transformation activity of the midgut homogenates and trypsin activity. The protease inhibitors (soybean trypsin inhibitor and N-p-tosyl-l-lysine-chloromethyl-ketone) inhibited trypsin activity and completely blocked the transformation of the parasites. Furthermore, the midgut homogenates could …

Influence Of D(+)-Glucosamine On Infection Rates And Parasite Loads In Tsetse Flies (Glossina Spp.) Infected With Trypanosoma Brucei, Steve Mihok, Leonard H. Otieno, Nafisa Darji, David Munyinyi

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Teneral Glossina morsitans centralis, G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes were infected with three different clones of Trypanosoma brucei in blood containing d(+)-glucosamine, an inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin. On average, 5 days of d(+)-glucosamine treatment tripled infection rates, without affecting the proportion of infections that matured. Total infection rates were equal in males and females, but twice as many infections matured in males. Counts of parasites in the guts and salivary glands of 277 flies revealed order of magnitude differences among flies, with females consistently having 2-3-times as many parasites as males. Parasite numbers varied in a sex-specific manner …

Laboratory And Field Observations On Anti-Tick Properties Of The Plant Gynandropsis Gynandra (L.) Brig, M. M. Malonza, O. O. Dipeolu, A. O. Amoo, S. M. Hassan

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A shrubby plant, abundant in east Kenya, Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., was shown to exhibit repellent and acaricidal properties to larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. All stages of ticks avoided the leaves of the plant and a high percentage of the ticks which were continuously exposed to its leaves died; surviving ticks were weak and inactive but regained activity when exposed to fresh air. The effectiveness of the plant's leaves as a repellent and acaricide was most pronounced on nymphs and least pronounced on adults. Field investigations indicated that ticks were not found up to …

Predation Of Free-Living Engorged Female Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus, Esther N. Mwangi, Robin M. Newson, Godwin P. Kaaya

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In experiments done over a period of 1 1/2 years using engorged female Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tethered in a grass plot, 42% predation was observed in long grass (40-60 cm), and 36% in short grass (6-10 cm). Deaths due to environmental factors were 4.8% and 6.8% in long and short grass, respectively. Six groups of animals were confirmed to be predators of the ticks, namely: ants, spiders, rodents, birds, lizards and shrews. The implications of these results in making tick population models, and the possibility of using predators in integrated tick-control packages are discussed. © 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

Arkansas Cooperative Beef Bull Performance Test 1991, M. W. Eaton, A. E. Brown Jr., J. A. Hornsby, R. W. Parham, J. D. Shockey, W. C. Loe

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Performance testing of beef bulls was initiated to improve productivity of Arkansas beef cattle through breeding. This cooperative testing program provides cattlemen with reliable information for identifying animals with superior breeding value for the traits of production measured in the test. By using the information as a basis for herd sire selection, a breeder can greatly increase the chances of obtaining a bull that will sire rapid-gaining, more efficient, highquality calves. Such calves can increase profits for both the breeder and the feeder. This testing program provides information that is useful to financial institutes in arranging their lending programs and …

Bacteremia Associated With Mortality In An Arkansas Alligator, James J. Daly, Sam W. Barkley, Peggy Benton

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Veterinary Consultancy Boosts Piggery Profits, Ashley Mercy

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A pilot Pig Herd Health Management Scheme co-ordinated by the Department of Agriculture has stimulated much increased involvement of veterinarians in the Western Australian pig industry. Co-ordinated by Ashley Mercy, principal veterinary officer (epidemiology) horn 1985 to 1989, the scheme demonstrated the value of having regular visits from veterinary consultants and in implementing programs to prevent disease and production problems occurring in herds.

Reported Animal Rabies In Arkansas: 1982-1990, Gary A. Heidt, David A. Saugey, Laura Chandler, Karen D. Stone

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Reported animal rabies in Arkansas is reviewed for the years 1982-1990; providing an update from 1950-1981 (Heidt, 1982). Total cases ranged from 39 in 1990 to 168 in 1986, with a mean of 123.1. Wildlife accounted for 93.4% of the total cases. A total of 16 kinds of mammals has been implicated in reported rabies (individual species of foxes and skunks have been combined). The four taxa accounting for the highest incidence are: skunks (82.6%); bats (10.1%, all seven species combined); cattle (2.8%); and dogs (1.5%). Skunks, the most prominent species, ranged from 71.8% in 1990 to 90.2% in 1987. …

Hyperinfestation Of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus Dolomieui) By The Trematode Clinostomum Marginatum, James J. Daly, Bruce Deyoung, Terryl L. Hostetler

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Infection Rates In Glossina Morsitans Morsitans Fed On Waterbuck And Boran Cattle Infected With Trypanosoma Congolense, Steve Mihok, Reardon O. Olubayo, David F. Wesonga

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Teneral Glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on waterbuck (Kobus defassa) and Boran cattle (Bos indicus) infected experimentally with Trypanosoma congolense clone IL2895. Infection rates in tsetse varied from 9 to 31% when fed on cattle, and from 2 to 59% when fed on waterbuck. In waterbuck, infections were often detected through the development of parasites in tsetse at times when parasitaemia could not be detected through microscopic examination of blood. Male and female, and 1- and 2-day-old flies were equally susceptible to infection on both hosts. Infection in tsetse was associated with a 14% absolute reduction in survival during the …

Pathogenicity Of Tsetse-Transmitted Trypanosoma Congolense For Waterbuck (Kobus Defassa) And Boran Cattle (Bos Indicus), R. O. Olubayo, S. Mihok, D. F. Wesonga, E. R.M. Mbwabi

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Five waterbuck (Kobus defassa) and four Boran cattle (Bos indicus) were infected with Trypanosoma congolense IL2895 using Glossina morsitans morsitans. At the same time, two waterbuck and two cattle were inoculated intravenously with bloodstream forms. With both methods of challenge, cattle had short prepatent periods followed by a continuous high parasitaemia. All cattle became severely anaemic and had to be treated with trypanocidal drugs to prevent death. In contrast, tsetse and intravenous challenge of waterbuck resulted in a long prepatent period, followed by brief, intermittent levels of low parasitaemia, and eventual selfcure. Waterbuck did not become anaemic, even during short …

Hematozoa Of Common Grackles (Quiscalus Quiscula Versicolor, Vieillot) In Central Arkansas, Arthur A. Johnson

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

During the years 1977-84, 118 bronzed grackles, Quiscalus quiscula versicolor, Vieillot, of 132 examined were found infected with hematozoa. The eight species of symbionts collected from the infected birds included two microfilarial species (Chandlerella quiscali and Eufilaria hibleri), five apicomplexans (Haemoproteus quiscali, Leucocytozoon fringillinarum, Plasmodium matutinum, P. vaughani, P. sp.) and a flagellate (Trypanosoma ontarioensis). P. matutinum and T. ontarioensis represent new host records and all the protozoans represent new locality records. Comparisons are made of symbiont prevalance and diversity as this relates to seasons of the year, sex and age of the host. Comparisons are also made with previous …

Reported Bat Rabies In Arkansas, Gary A. Heidt, David A. Saugey, Susan R. Bradford-Luck

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Preventing Lupinosis With Phomopsis-Resistant Lupins, Jeremy G. Allen, W. A. Cowling

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Lupinosis is one of the major livestock siseases in Western Australia. It is caused by stock eating toxins produced by the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis which colonises the stems of dead lupin plants.

In 975, the Department of Agriculture started a breeding programme to develop Phompsis-resistant lupins to overcome or control lupinosis. In the previous issue of this Journal the results of small plot evaluations of new lines of Phompsis-resistant lupins developed in this programme were reported. This article describes the first trial involving grazing of Phompsis-resistant lupins.

Annual Ryegrass Toxicity Research Update, A G P Brown, P. Vogal

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is a complex disease that kills sheep and cattle grazing pastures which contain infected ryegrass. The disease results when a nematode (Anguina agrostis) and a batcerium (Corynebacterium sp.) invade annual ryegrass and cause the seed heads to become toxic as the grass dries off.

The bacterium produces a complex toxin of 18 glycolipid compounds or corynetoxins which have been found to be virtually identical to the antibiotic tunicamycin.

Tip-Recording From Ixodid Tick Olfactory Sensilla: Responses To Tick Related Odours, S. M. Waladde

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The tip-recording technique was used to obtain electrophysiological responses from the tarsal olfactory sensilla, md3 and apl, in ixodid ticks, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum. Stimuli tested were phenolic compounds, 2,6-dichlorophenol, P-cresol, phenol and salicylaldehyde, reported to act as sex pheromone of various ixodid ticks. Certain cells responded to vapours from cartridges charged with as little as 0.04ng of 2,6-dichlorophenol while at least 200 μg of any of the other compounds was required to exert the minimum effect. Response patterns of cells in sexually immature and mature males were similar but response levels were higher among sexually immature males. Vapours …

Leptospirosis : A Disease Of Animals And Man, G M. Robertson

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Leptospirosis is best known in Western Australia as an insidious cause of abortion in pigs and cattle. Less well known is the fact that leptospirosis can occur in any warm blooded animal, including man, and that farmers, meat workers and veterinarians frequently risk infection. The disease is difficult to diagnose but research in the Microbiology Section of the Department of Agriculture's Animal Health Laboratory has resulted in the development of a new test which overcomes some of these difficulties

Reported Animal Rabies In Arkansas: 1950-1981, Gary A. Heidt

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Reported animal rabies in Arkansas is reviewed for the years 1950-81 . Total cases ranged from 44 in 1969 to 332 in 1979, with a mean of 154. Domestic animals accounted for 72.5% of the total cases until 1961-63 and then declined to 15.8% from 1964-81. This switch from domestic to wildlife rabies corresponded to a similar trend in nationally reported rabies and was probably due to increased public awareness and the vaccination of domestic dogs and cats. Over the 31 year period a total of 18 species of mammals has been implicated in reported rabies (individual species of foxes, …

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay For Anatid Herpesvirus, Margaret Anne Lewis

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Duck plague virus causes a hemorrhagic disease affecting the family Anatidae, resulting in 60-80% mortality in captive flocks. Plaque and neutralization assays for Anatid herpesvirus (AHV) require 5-10 days for completion and are restricted by the seasonal availability of fertile duck eggs. The enzyme linked innnunosorbent assay (ELISA) is rapid and specific and avoids the use of living cells. The Holland strain of AHV was grown on duck embryo fibroblasts and purified by banding on CsCl gradients. The resulting virus was used to raise antisera in prebled New Zealand white male rabbits. Antibody production was confirmed in double diffusion plates …

Duck Plague Virus An Investigation Of Cytopathic Effects, In-Vitro Host Range, And Inhibition By Phosphonoacetic Acid, Ronald Attanasio

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Duck plague is a hemorrhagic, necrotic disease found exclusively in the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae (ducks, geese, swans). The etiologic agent has been reported to be a herpes-like virus. The Holland strain of duck plague was found to induce cytopathic effects in cell culture (perinuclear vacuolation followed by lysis). A simple reproducible plaque assay for quantitating the virus was developed. Under conditions of the plaque assay, one-hit kinetics were observed. The host range of duck plague virus in cell culture was found to include the order Galliformes, family Phasianidae (pheasants, quails and partridges). Duck plague virus-induced cell culture cytopathic effects …

The Pathophysiology Of Acute Venous Occlusion, Lewis H. Curd Jr.

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Large artery, pedal small vein, femoral vein and central venous pressures and extremity volume changes were recorded in mongrel dogs in which the hindlimb was perfused at a constant flow. Arterial, pedal venous and femoral venous blood gases were drawn and analyzed for measurements of arterio-venous O₂ and CO₂ differences. Paw and thigh resistances were calculated. Measurements were repeated following ligation of the iliac and femoral veins, alpha receptor blockade (dibenzyline), and dilation with Vasodilan. Results indicate that ligation of extremity veins results in an active ·increase in total limb resistance below the ligation, an increase in the …

Bulletin No 3863 - Plants Which Cause Kimberley Horse Disease, A. L. Payne

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Crotalaria crispata and Crotalaria retusa (Rattlepod), two plants responsible for Kimberley horse disease*, are, unfortunately, fairly widespread throughout the Kimberleys. Both species are apparently toxic in all stages of growth.

This bulletin is to assist pastoralists to:-

• Identify the two plants;

• Recognise the type of country and conditions under which they grow; and

• Locate horse paddocks on country where the plants are least likely to occur.

Bulletin No 3966 - Vitamin A And Animal Health, J. Johnson

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Vitamin A is one of the essential vitamins for animal health. Grazing animals obtain their vitamin A requirements mostly from the carotene in green feed. This carotene is converted to Vitamin A in the intestinal wall and is passed to the liver and to a less extent the kidneys for storage. Some carotene also passes direct to the liver where it is stored before it is converted to vitamin A.

When dry pastures, hay and grains (except maize) are low in carotene content this ability of the animals to store vitamin A means that they usually have enough when there …

Dairying In W.A., Department Of Agriculture And Food, Western Australia

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Western Australia has a small dairy industry compared with its other rural production. However, the industry has consolidated over recent years.Tree clearing and pasture development on existing holdings and the amalgamation of small dairy farms has led to a rapid increase in the area of pasture per farm. The trend in Western Australia is towards bigger herds, more efficient dairies, more fodder conservation and increasing production per cow and per hectare. Commercial dairy farming in Western Australia is confined to the south-western corner of the State, south of Perth, extending in a 50-kilometre-wide strip along the coast to 50 kilometres …