Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons^™

Thoughtful Use Of Animals, Hyram Kitchen

Experimentation Collection

As part of a symposium held in Cincinnati entitled, "Ethical Issues Related to the Use of Research Animals," I was asked by the program director to consider whether further legislation regarding the use of animals might be necessary to ensure more thoughtful use of animals at universities. The following is my response.

Protection Of Animals And Animal Experimentation: A Survey Of Scientific Experts, Norbert Lagoni, Joachim Fiebelkorn, Hans-Joachim Wormuth

Experimentation Collection

This article summarizes information from a survey of biomedical scientists, specifically pharmacologists and toxicologists, on the use of laboratory animals and the potential for replacing their use with alternative methods for the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical substances. The majority of those surveyed felt that the alternatives could supplement or complement animal tests, but not replace the tests altogether. However, most favored the use of nonsentient material in safety tests.

Alternatives To Animal Experimentation, Steven M. Niemi

Experimentation Collection

Alternatives to animal experimentation are highly touted today by animal welfare advocates. Their campaign for adoption of alternatives has caused much discussion and debate within and outside of the biomedical community. The purpose of this paper was to examine the controversy and assess the more common alternatives, including the bacterial mutagenicity assay or Ames test, cell culture, and mathematical models for toxicity prediction. Safety testing of chemicals is the most promising of the fields for alternatives where laboratory animals are used, and incorporation of alternatives with live-animal assays is increasing. However, due to limitations of alternatives in use currently, there …

Cryonic Suspension: A Prospect For Immortality, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

No abstract provided.

The Razor’S Edge Of Human Bonding: Artificial Fathers And Surrogate Mothers, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

This article will examine the plight of the artificial father and surrogate mother by focusing on how the law views artificial insemination. From this focus, the author will explore alternative responses for dealing with problems involving surrogate mothers, donor insemination, and infertility and show their symbiotic, if not direct, relation to the problem of infertility.

Intimations Of Immorality: Clones, Cyrons And The Law, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

This article examines some legal and moral issues associated with two developing areas of biomedicine; cloning and cryonics. The author firstly considers the practical benefits to society of developing perfecting and utilizing the process of cloning. These include the ability to overcome inheritable genetic defects and the provision of organs for transplantation. Against this must be weighed some moral and ethical problems of genetic engineering. Professor Smith then discusses the process of deep-freezing a person and the development of cryonics as a social movement. The major legal problem stemming from cryonics is determining the time at which a cryonically suspended …

Book Review Of Genetics, Ethics, And The Law, Larry I. Palmer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Dealing With Terminally Ill Patients: An Institutional Approach, Larry I. Palmer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Laboratory Animals: Unification Of Legislation In Europe, H. Rozemond

Laboratory Experiments Collection

A committee of experts within the Council of Europe is currently making preparations for a European convention on the protection of laboratory animals. The committee has been designated as the Comite Ad Hoc pour Ia Protection des Animaux (CAHPA). The Council of Europe, the sponsoring organization, is an institution whose chief goal is the peaceful cooperation of most European countries concerning cultural, economic, and social affairs; expressly excluded are matters of military concern. The countries represented on the Council include Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Greec:e, Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Malta, the …

A Message From Pano, William G. Conway

Zoos and Aquariums Collection

The memo attached was found in an unstamped envelope with no return address on the grounds of the Bronx Zoo. It appears to have been written by a chimpanzee on assignment from a clandestine organization in Africa.

Effects Of Psycho-Physiological Stress On Captive Dolphins, Nick Carter

Conservation Collection

Morgane (1978) has stated that:

Man sees all other creatures through the narrow focus of his own knowledge and sees the whole image in distortion. We patronize animals for their incompleteness and dependence and for their fate in having taken form so far below ourselves ... a great mistake, for animals should not and cannot, be measured by man. Many are gifted with many extensions of senses we have lost or never attained .... They live by voices we may never hear. Some may not be our accepted brethren, but also they are not our underlings.

If this "narrow focus …

Reporting Requirements Under The Animal Welfare Act: Their Inadequacies And The Public's Right To Know, Mark Solomon, Peter C. Lovenheim

Laws and Legislation Collection

We conclude from the analysis that the Reporting System, as presently administered, fails to achieve its primary statutory objective: it does not provide APHIS with information sufficient to demonstrate that researchers have used pain-relieving drugs "appropriately" and in accordance with "professionally acceptable standards." The chief reasons for this failing are (1) regulations and guidelines do not define "pain" or "distress," (2) regulations and guidelines do not adequately define "routine procedures," and (3) regulations and guidelines do not require meaningful explanations for the withholding of pain-relieving drugs in procedures acknowledged to cause pain.

Intrusions Of A Parvenu: Science, Religion, And The New Biology, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

Both religion and the law must seriously consider artificial insemination so that dogma and laws are formed to incorporate the process. Science has brought the procedure to a society unequipped to deal with the religious and legal implications of birth through artificial insemination in any of its forms. Not all religions or jurisdictions can be expected to treat the process exactly alike, but there must be an effort on the part of each organization to react to the situation facing them so that their citizens will have some guidance.

Section II of this article illuminates the path science is on …

The Promise Of Abundant Life: Patenting A Magnificent Obsession, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

The purpose of this essay will be to explore the parameters of the scientific imperative to explore truth. The scope of this inquiry is shaped in part by the United States patent laws and administrative interpretations and, more specifically, by the United States Supreme Court in its recent holding allowing the new forms of life created in a laboratory to be patented. The ultimate purpose of this piece, then, is to refute the arrogance of power theory expressed as being implicit in the investigations of the vast potential for the positive achievement of good through harnessing the "New Biology." Thus, …

Health Care Expenditures In Maine 1978 : A Funds Flow Analysis, Bruce Armstrong

Maine Collection

Health Care Expenditures in Maine 1978 : A Funds Flow Analysis

by Bruce Armstrong, Research Consultant

Maine Department of Human Services, Bureau of Health Planning and Development, Division of Data and Research, Augusta, Maine (August 1981).

Contents: Preface / Highlights / List of Tables and Figures / Introduction / Definitions / Health Expenditures / Sources of Funds / Type of Expenditure / Comparison of Maine and U.S. Per Capita Expenditures

Trends In Health Care Expenditures, Maine 1974-1978, Bruce Armstrong

Maine Collection

Trends in Health Care Expenditures, Maine 1974-1978

by Bruce Armstrong, Research Consultant

Maine Department of Human Services, Bureau of Health Planning and Development, Division of Data and Research, Augusta, Maine (August 1981).

Contents: Preface / Highlights / List of Tables and Figures / Yearly Tables / Trend Illustrations and Tabular Descriptions

Fight For Alternatives Gathers Momentum: Commitments To Help Lab Animals Are Extracted From Industry And Government

Close Up Reports

The Humane Society of the United States wants to see an eventual end to all pain and suffering inflicted on animals in the laboratory. We are working hard to make this happen, and the "alternatives" concept is basic to our program. We want scientists to find alternative methods of testing and experimentation that do not involve the use of animals.

The Psychology Of Euthanizing Animals: The Emotional Components, Charles E. Owens, Ricky Davis, Bill Hurt Smith

Human and Animal Bonding Collection

The emotional effects of euthanizing unwanted animals on professional animal control personnel are examined using written statements of and discussions among twenty-six euthanasia technicians at a workshop during a national session of the Animal Control Academy (Tuscaloosa, AL]. Emotional conflicts arise .in significant part from the dilemma that the same public which is responsible for the problem of unwanted animals also has a markedly negative perception of euthanasia, and by extension, of those who perform euthanasia. During discussions, the euthanasia technicians revealed a variety of strategies for coping with feelings of isolation, alienation and sorrow. These included intellectualization, avoidance of …

Ethical Concerns In Primate Use And Husbandry, Ardith A. Eudey

Experimentation Collection

Subsequent to World War II, a dramatic increase occurred in the utilization of nonhuman primates in biomedical and psychological research and industry. At the same time field studies on the ecological and social behavior of natural populations of primates also increased, making possible more realistic assessments of both the behavioral potentiality of primate populations and their conservation status. In spite of the growing body of information indicating the endangered or threatened status of most species, many laboratory workers and planning agencies continue to regard primates as renewable resources, even seeking to bypass protective legislation in habitat countries to obtain them. …

Biomedical Research And Animal Welfare: Traditional Viewpoints And Future Directions, Franklin M. Loew

Experimentation Collection

It has been twenty years since C.P. Snow first presented the concept of "The Two Cultures"; referring to the "culture" of scientists and the "culture" of literary intellectuals (mainly writers), Snow said (1969):

... constantly I felt I was moving among two groups- comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origin, earning about the same incomes, who had almost ceased to communicate at all, who in intellectual, moral and psychological climate had so little in common ...

In some ways, "Two Cultures" goes far to characterize the current state of affairs surrounding those whose scientific endeavors …

Conversation With Henry Spira: Draize Test Activist, Lynne Harriton

Interviews

No abstract provided.

Rights And The Meta-Ethics Of Professional Morality, Mike W. Martin

Philosophy Faculty Articles and Research

This article looks into the Meta-Ethics of medical professionals.

Ada Constitution & Bylaws (1981), American Dental Association

Constitution & Bylaws

The ADA Commons Constitution & Bylaws archival collection comprises printed issues of the American Dental Association's Constitution and Bylaws. The collection also includes the ADA Charter and the ADA Code of Ethics issued 1924-1946.

Beyond Conspecifics: Is Brer Rabbit Our Brother?, Gordon Burghardt, Harold Herzog

Experimentation Collection

Today, on many fronts, there is renewed interest in our relationship with nonhuman animals. Many factors have contributed to this concern. Environmental and ecological awareness has drawn public attention to the near extermination of many species and the detrimental effects of pollution, pesticides, and habitat destruction. The inefficiency of transmuting vegetable protein to meat has added to the traditional moral arguments of vegetarians. The widespread questioning of government support for basic research has been intertwined with suspicions about the use and worth of any studies on animals, even those purporting to help understand human medical and behavioral problems. New evidence …

Ada Code Of Ethics (October 1980) - Amendment Sheet, American Dental Association

Code of Ethics

The ADA Code of Ethics has three main components: The Principles of Ethics, the Code of Professional Conduct and the Advisory Opinions. Contents may also include: Amendment to ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct and Insert for the ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. The most current issue is available on the ADA’s website.

Ada Code Of Ethics (October 1980), American Dental Association

Code of Ethics

The ADA Code of Ethics has three main components: The Principles of Ethics, the Code of Professional Conduct and the Advisory Opinions. Contents may also include: Amendment to ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct and Insert for the ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. The most current issue is available on the ADA’s website.

Ada Constitution & Bylaws (1980), American Dental Association

Constitution & Bylaws

The ADA Commons Constitution & Bylaws archival collection comprises printed issues of the American Dental Association's Constitution and Bylaws. The collection also includes the ADA Charter and the ADA Code of Ethics issued 1924-1946.

Laboratory Animals And Alternatives In The 80'S, Andrew N. Rowan

Laboratory Experiments Collection

No abstract provided.

Live Animals In Car Crash Studies, Nancy Heneson

Experimentation Collection

The scientific rationale for using live animals in car crash studies proceeds from the argument that comparative biomedical and biomechanical data are needed to develop an instrumented dummy, or anthropomorphic test device, which will provide reliable, reproducible information for designing safe cars. The animal studies are thus not really ends in themselves, i.e., they do not supply data which can be readily applied to real situations. Instead, they contribute to a pool of information which is supposed to lead to the perfecting of an experimental subject (the instrumented dummy) which will eventually render the further use of Iive animals unnecessary.

Nsmr: Its Image, Direction And Future, J. Russell Lindsey

Experimentation Collection

The point I wish to emphasize is that NSMR, like all of its predecessors representing the scientific community, has consistently maintained a defensive posture while claiming that a// practices of animal use and care within the biomedical community have been "lily white." In my judgment, this has been a major tactical error because abuses of freedoms to use animals in research too frequently have been and continue to be common knowledge (e.g., Science, Editorial, 1976). NSMR's complete unwillingness to face up to these realities and torespond positively to the public's legitimate concerns has led to the inevitable loss of credibility …