Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons^™

Ethical Aspects In Managing Patients Diagnosed With Digestive Cancers; A Review Of Literature, Andrada Dumitru, Cornelia Nitipir, Gabriel Preda, Dragos Radu Marcu, Dumitru Cristinel Badiu, Gheorghe Andreea, Corina Silvia Pop, Laura Marina Serban, Roxana Hulea, Silviu Pituru

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Numerous bioethical recommendations are now available in the complex process of communication with cancer patients. In this review, we have focused on the complex process of managing patients with different types of oncologic digestive diseases, immediately after the diagnosis is made.

We have analyzed the literature data on the topic. MEDSCAPE and PubMed databases have been studied. Issues such as telling the truth to patients with digestive cancer, the physician's responsibility in the psychological management of patients and their relatives, the nurses’ duties, the consented death, the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) as well as the clinical research …

Developing Technologically Advanced Research In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Isa Abdulkadir, Tina Slusher, Fidelia Bode-Thomas, Sean Riordan, Jean-Baptiste Lepichon, Laila Hassan, Shehu Abdullahi, Akinyemi Ofakunrin, Stephen Oguche, Steven Shapiro, William Ogala

Posters

This poster presents a collaboration between a group of scientists in Nigeria and the USA in developing a genomic research project and the solutions adopted in tackling the ethical implications and partnership equity and ownership of such a project.

Publication Reform To Safeguard Wildlife From Researcher Harm, Kate A. Field, Paul C. Paquet, Kyle A. Artelle, Gilbert Proulx, Ryan K. Brook, Chris T. Darimont

Professional Science Research Ethics Collection

Despite abundant focus on responsible care of laboratory animals, we argue that inattention to the maltreatment of wildlife constitutes an ethical blind spot in contemporary animal research. We begin by reviewing significant shortcomings in legal and institutional oversight, arguing for the relatively rapid and transformational potential of editorial oversight at journals in preventing harm to vertebrates studied in the field and outside the direct supervision of institutions. Straightforward changes to animal care policies in journals, which our analysis of 206 journals suggests are either absent (34%), weak, incoherent, or neglected by researchers, could provide a practical, effective, and rapidly imposed …

Law & Health Care Newsletter, Spring 2019

Law & Health Care Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Generations Of Fertility: A Bioethical And Evolutionary Analysis, Kat Panos 19

Honor Scholar Theses

Influenced by both societal and biological factors, women play a central role in reproducing offspring for future generations. Because females play such an integral role in reproduction, it is often psychologically difficult for women to cope with infertility that can arise due to a variety of factors: ovarian factor infertility, cervical factor infertility, uterine factor infertility, and peritoneal and tubal infertility factors. As a result, technology has evolved to cater to women's infertility in procedures and treatments regarded as assisted reproductive techniques (ARTS), medical regimens than impose bioethical implications. Examples of ART include therapeutic intrauterine insemination (IUI), in-vitro-fertilization (IVF), pre-implantation …

The Role Of Compassion In Medical Ethics And Its Reintegration In Modern Practice, Hannah E. Borchers

Senior Honors Theses

Compassion has been an integral part of medical ethics since its origins, but as medicine progressed, compassion slowly disappeared from practice. The development of any industry results from many complex factors, but the decline of compassion in medicine can be largely attributed to the evolution of technology and role of medical ethics committees. Change is not always negative, but in this case, medicine neglected one of its foundational principles. This is seen by analyzing the history and progression of medical ethics and its four pillars. Plato and Aristotle defined justice in Greek philosophy, Hippocrates used the concept of non-maleficence in …

Designing Ethakul: A Mobile Just-In-Time Learning Environment For Bioethics In Pakistan, Azra Naseem, Kulsoom Ghias, Sohail Bawani, Mohammad Ali Shahab, Sameer Nizamuddin, Waqar Kashif, Kausar S. Khan, Tashfeen Ahmad, Murad Khan

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

In developing countries such as Pakistan, bioethics has not been included in mainstream thinking in medical education. The authors’ experiences suggest that current methods of teaching bioethics are problematic as students are unable to translate theory to practice. Alternative pedagogies, such as just-in-time learning (JiTL) using mobile devices, may be able to foster the development and implementation of ethical reasoning among nurses, doctors, and medical and nursing students. This research was conceived to determine the effectiveness of mobile JiTL – anytime, anyplace learning through mobile devices – for teaching bioethics. After obtaining ethical clearance, a participatory design (PD) approach was …

Advance Directives: Assessing Effectiveness At A Health System, Rose Allen, Tanya Cohn, Christine Edozie, Susan Howard, Patricia Mccrink

All Publications

No abstract provided.

A Cleaner, Crispr Constitution: Germline Editing And Fundamental Rights, Andrew Cunningham

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

No abstract provided.

Social Inequity Is A Life And Death Situation For Our Patients, Stephanie Clough, Mira Hamame, Elizabeth Bavers

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

Advocating for change in the economic structure of health care in the United States is a moral imperative.

Faculty Socialization Of Graduate Students’ Attitudes And Perceptions Toward The Irb, Elisa Jolls

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Graduate student mistrust and fear of the institutional review board (IRB) is an issue that is commonly encountered at academic institutions. Research has shown that students emulate and are vulnerable to assuming the norms of faculty, which is supported by research that shows that students who have difficult relationships with the IRB often have faculty mentors who also have difficult relationships with the IRB. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how novice researchers’ perceptions of the IRB changed through their research submission and IRB interactions required during the IRB approval process, as well as to identify …

Commentary: Telehealth Holds Promise, But Human Touch Still Needed, Todd Czartoski

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

No abstract provided.

Escaping Death: Naloxone's Chemical Nature And Potential To Combat The Opioid Epidemic, Abigale Miller

Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)

Naloxone is a life-saving drug with the ability to reverse an opioid overdose. As the opioid epidemic’s death toll rises, we can turn to Naloxone as a tool to combat the crisis. The epidemic, born of corruption, has a wide reach among the people of the United States, with especially firm grasps on middle-aged people, sufferers of chronic pain, white Americans and those living in the eastern portion of the country. Naloxone’s elegant design saves lives by effectively competing for a position on an opioid biding receptor in the brain to almost instantly end an overdose and restore normal breathing. …

Outcomes Comparison Of Enculturating Advance Directives Process At A Health System, Rose Allen, Tanya Cohn, Christine Edozie, Susan Howard, Patricia Mccrink

All Publications

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services requires organizations to comply with the Patient Self-Determination Act by having processes that inform patients about their rights to execute an advance directive (AD) and engage in shared decision-making. The aim of this study was to compare AD data from a previous study (1999–2002) to a postenculturation (2011–2015) of a structured process for documented patient’s preferences. Second, to conduct a descriptive, bivariate analysis of the enculturated structured ADs process during 2011 and 2015. This descriptive, comparative analysis included 500 random patients from four hospitals, and the enculturated descriptive analysis included 302 patients …

Welfare Challenges Influence The Complexity Of Movement: Fractal Analysis Of Behaviour In Zebrafish, Anthony G. Deakin, Joseph W. Spencer, Andrew R. Cossins, Iain S. Young, Lynne U. Sneddon

Experimental Research and Animal Welfare Collection

The ability to assess welfare is an important refinement that will ensure the good condition of animals used in experimentation. The present study investigated the impact of invasive procedures on the patterns of movement of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Recordings were made before and after fin clipping, PIT tagging and a standard pain test and these were compared with control and sham handled zebrafish. The fractal dimension (FD) from the 3D trajectories was calculated to determine the effect of these treatments on the complexity of movement patterns. While the FD of zebrafish trajectories did not differ over time in either the …

The Common Rule’S “Reasonable Person” Standard For Informed Consent, Jake Greenblum, Ryan K. Hubbard

School of Medicine Publications

Laura Odwazny and Benjamin Berkman have raised several challenges regarding the new reasonable person standard in the revised Common Rule, which states that informed consent requires potential research subjects be provided with information a reasonable person would want to know to make an informed decision on whether to participate in a study. Our aim is to offer a response to the challenges Odwazny and Berkman raise, which include the need for a reasonable person standard that can be applied consistently across institutional review boards and that does not stigmatize marginal groups. In response, we argue that the standard ought to …

Betrayed Partners And Men With Poisoned Souls: Interview With A Former Sex Buyer In Germany, Ingeborg Kraus

Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence

No abstract provided.

Confidential Care For Adolescents In The U.S. Health Care System, Priya R. Pathak, Adriana Chou

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

In providing care for adolescents, maintaining confidentiality should be considered a human right and an evidence-based component of quality care. Unfortunately, complexities in the U.S. legal and health care systems have created a setting in which confidential care is inaccessible to many adolescent patients. Federal laws provide a minimum standard for confidentiality protections, but variations in state legislation relating to minor consent, special health care services, and confidentiality exemptions create large variability in adolescent confidentiality rights across the country. In certain contexts, such as consensual sexual activity, legal provisions may not align with professional ethical standards in adolescent care. In …

Who Speaks For Me?: Addressing Variability In Informed Consent Practices For Minimal Risk Research Involving Foster Youth, Mary V. Greiner, Sarah J. Beal, Antonio Allen, Vikash Patel, Jareen Meinzen-Derr, Armand Antommaria

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Background: Youth in protective custody (i.e., foster care) are at higher risk for poorer physical and mental health outcomes compared with those who are not. These differences may be due in part to the lack of research on the population to create evidence-based recommendations for health care delivery. A potential contributor to this lack of research is difficulties in obtaining informed consent for empirical studies in this population. The objective of this study was to describe the approaches to obtaining informed consent in minimal risk studies of foster youth and provide recommendations for future requirements.

Methods: We conducted a …

Mid-Atlantic Ethics Committee Newsletter, Winter 2019

Mid-Atlantic Ethics Committee Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Ada Constitution & Bylaws (2019), American Dental Association

Constitution & Bylaws

The ADA Commons Constitution & Bylaws archival collection comprises printed issues of the American Dental Association's Constitution and Bylaws. The collection also includes the ADA Charter and the ADA Code of Ethics issued 1924-1946.

The Cura Personalis Of Healthcare Delivery: Ethical Reflections On Internal Medicine, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author explores the meaning of care for the whole person, and underscores the mission of compassion as being willing to meet patients at their suffering point.

Managing Endings In The Beginning: Ethical Reflections On Neonatal Intensive Care, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author examines the difficult task of determining quality of life for seriously-ill newborns, and highlights the narrative vitalism so often characteristic of those forced to make end-of-life decisions on behalf of those whose lives have just begun.

Dignity And The Life Worth Living: Ethical Reflections On Pediatric Intensive Care, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author navigates the terrain of proxy decision making, and uncovers the hidden tendency of some clinicians to reduce quality of life to physical capability.

The Moral Obligation Of Bearing One Another’S Burdens: Ethical Reflections On Surgical Intensive Care, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author analyzes the nature of curing and healing, and offers practical steps for managing families who request medically contraindicated interventions.

Healing Without Curing: Ethical Reflections On Palliative Care Medicine, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author evaluates the nature of hope in the chronically ill, and emphasizes the many lessons dying individuals can teach us about living.

The Truths That Make Us Free: Ethical Reflections On Reproductive Endocrinology, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author surveys the concept of therapeutic privilege, and addresses the temptation to respond to biographical questions with biological answers in the context of personal meaning-making.

The Morality Of Medical Miracles: Ethical Reflections On Pediatric Oncology, Peter A. Depergola Ii

Journal of Health Ethics

In this essay, the author investigates the practical ethics of miraculous healings, and proposes a four-step approach for working with parents who, for religious reasons, refuse life-saving treatment for children.

Informed About Informed Consent: A Qualitative Study Of Ethics Education, Rocksheng Zhong, John K. Northrop, Puneet K.C. Sahota, Henry B. Glick, Anthony L. Rostain

Journal of Health Ethics

Informed consent is a foundational concept in modern medicine. Despite physicians’ ethical and legal obligations to obtain informed consent, no standard curriculum exists to teach residents relevant knowledge and skills. This paper presents a qualitative study of residents at one academic medical center. The authors conducted focus groups with trainees in the Departments of Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine, and Ob/Gyn and analyzed their responses using rigorous qualitative methods. Four themes emerged: First, participants agreed that informed consent and decision-making capacity were relevant in many clinical situations. Second, participants varied widely in their understandings of consent. Third, current resident training was …

Hippocratic Values In An Era Of Nuclear Asymmetry: Should U.S. Public Health Prepare For Nuclear War With North Korea?, George A. Gellert

Journal of Health Ethics

Objectives: Advancements in North Korean nuclear weapons have heightened tensions and increased risk for nuclear war. U.S. public health agencies are investing resources in nuclear attack preparation. Analyses assess the impact and value of existing protective public health strategies for limited nuclear exchange.

Methods: Projections of fatality/injury from a North Korean nuclear strike within North Asia and explosive impact mapping are used to assess the potential impact of an attack on major U.S. urban centers.

Results: A nuclear strike on the 20 largest U.S. urban centers would place 38.1% of Americans at risk. With 1-3 missiles of 250 kiloton yield …