Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Influence Of Information Related To Child Physical Abuse On Professional Ratings Of Adjustment And Prognosis, Virginia M. Deroma, David J. Hansen, Amy C. Tishelman, Peter D'Amico

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The study investigates the influence of access to information of a history of physical maltreatment on the evaluative responding of social service and clinical psychology professionals. Written vignettes were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design to manipulate the: (a) presence/absence of abuse history; (b) presence/absence of behavior problems; and (c) gender of the child. Professionals rated children presented in 12 case vignettes along five treatment-related dimensions: (a) overall adjustment; (b) predicted 6 month temporal stability of behavior; (c) likelihood of treatment referral; (d) expected home intervention success; and (e) expected school intervention success. Four dimensions related …

The Family Situation Of Street Youth In Latin America: A Cross-National Review , Marcela Raffaelli

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

One of the greatest social welfare challenges confronting Latin American nations is the growing number of children and adolescents seeking their survival on city streets. The presence of these apparently abandoned youngsters is not new (see Felsman, 1989; Peralta, 1992), but the number of street youths has been increasing steadily in recent years (Connolly, 1994; Durning, 1992). Although the exact numbers are disputed, most experts agree that millions of children and adolescents work and sometimes live on city streets in the developing countries of Latin America (UNICEF, 1989). In the face of what at times appears to be an insurmountable …

Prp Genotypes And Experimental Scrapie In Orally Inoculated Suffolk Sheep In The United States, Katherine I. O'Rourke, G. R. Holyoak, W. W. Clark, J. R. Mickelson, S. Wang, R. P. Melco, T. E. Besser, W. C. Foote

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

One-hundred and three United States Suffolk sheep were inoculated orally with a scrapie agent preparation and monitored for clinical disease and histopathological lesions characteristic of scrapie. A retrospective study of the polymorphisms at codon 171 of the prion protein (PrP) gene was performed on these sheep. All 63 sheep that developed scrapie during the observation period were homozygous for the glutamine 171 (171-QQ) PrP allele. Twelve 171-QQ sheep failed to develop disease. All 5 sheep homozygous for arginine (171-RR) and all 23 heterozygous (171-QR) sheep remained free of scrapie.

Spongiform Encephalopathy In Free-Ranging Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus), White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) And Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) In Northcentral Colorado, T. R. Spraker, M. W. Miller, E. S. Williams, D. M. Getzy, W. J. Adrian, G. G. Schoonveid, R. A. Spowart, Katherine I. O'Rourke, J. M. Miller, P. A. Merz

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Between March 1981 and June 1995, a neurological disease characterized histologically by spongiform encephalopathy was diagnosed in 49 free-ranging cervids from northcentral Colorado (USA). Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were the primary species affected and accounted for 41(84%) of the 49 cases, but six Rocky Mountain elk (Cereus elaphus nelsoni) and two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were also affected. Clinical signs included emaciation, excessive salivation, behavioral changes, ataxia, and weakness. Emaciation with total loss of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue and serous atrophy of remaining fat depots were the only consistent gross findings. Spongiform encephalopathy …

Hydroxylation Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Ceramides Requires Sur2p And Scs7p, Dale Haak, Ken Gable, Troy Beeler, Teresa Dunn

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SCS7 and SUR2 genes are members of a gene family that encodes enzymes that desaturate or hydroxylate lipids. Sur2p is required for the hydroxylation of C-4 of the sphingoid moiety of ceramide, and Scs7p is required for the hydroxylation of the very long chain fatty acid. Neither SCS7 nor SUR2 are essential for growth, and lack of the Scs7p- or Sur2p- dependent hydroxylation does not prevent the synthesis of mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide, the mature sphingolipid found in yeast. Deletion of either gene suppresses the Ca²⁺-sensitive phenotype of csg2Δ mutants, which arises from overaccumulation of inositolphosphorylceramide due to …

Association Between Plasma Homocysteine, Vitamin Status, And Extracranial Carotid-Artery Stenosis In The Framingham Study Population, Jacob Selhub, Paul F. Jacques, Andrew G. Bostrom, Ralph B. D'Agostino, Peter W. F. Wilson, Albert J. Belanger, Daniel H. O'Leary, Philip A. Wolf, David Rush, Ernst J. Schaefer, Irwin H. Rosenberg

United States Public Health Resources

Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that elevated homocysteine concentrations in plasma represent a risk factor for vascular disease and stroke. In the present study, we analyzed plasma samples from the 20th biannual examination of the Framingham Heart Study cohort to determine distribution of plasma homocysteine concentrations, with emphasis on relationships to vitamins that are involved in homocysteine metabolism and prevalence of carotid artery stenosis. Results showed that homocysteine was positively correlated with age. After controlling for age and sex, homocysteine exhibited strong inverse correlation with plasma folate, and weaker correlations with plasma vitamin B₁₂ and pyridoxal- 5' -phosphate. Homocysteine was …

Cystathionine Β-Synthase Deficiency: Metabolic Aspects, S. Harvey Mudd

United States Public Health Resources

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency was first demonstrated in 1964 in an eight-year-old mentally retarded girl with bilaterally dislocated optic lenses who excreted abnormally elevated amounts of homocystine in her urine. Patients with similar metabolic abnormalities and clinical findings had first been discovered 2 years earlier by Carson and her colleagues during a survey of mentally backward children in Northern Ireland. CBS deficiency has proven to be the most frequently encountered of the human genetic diseases causing homocystinuria and severe hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. Worldwide, it is detected with a frequency of about 1: 344,000 by screening programs of the newborn, but this is …

Blood Homocysteine Levels In The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (Nhanes Iii) In The United States: Preliminary Findings By Age And Sex, Irwin H. Rosenberg, Jacob Selhub, Paul F. Jacques, Barbara A. Bowman, Elaine W. Gunter, Clifford L. Johnson, R. S. Murphy

United States Public Health Resources

Evidence from scores of observational studies from many parts of the world have demonstrated an association between elevated blood total homocysteine levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. These conditions are more prevalent in males than in females in virtually all populations studied, and their prevalence increases with advancing age. A much smaller body of data exists that describes an increasing tendency to higher homocysteine levels with increasing age.

There have been no previous reports of blood homocysteine levels measured in a cross-sectional sample throughout the age spectrum from childhood through the elderly. However, the …

The Etiology Of Neural Tube Defects, J. M. Scott, D. G. Weir, A. Molloy, J. Mcpartlin, Leslie Daly, P. Kirke, M. Conley, J. Lee, J. Mills

United States Public Health Resources

Evidence continues to confirm that periconceptional ingestion of folic acid can prevent neural tube defects, although the basis of this prevention has been unclear. To further elucidate the mechanism by which this occurs, blood samples were collected from more than 50,000 pregnant women and the samples analyzed for red cell folate, plasma folate, plasma vitamin B12, and plasma homocysteine levels. Based on the results, it appears that the beneficial effect of folic acid is in overcoming a metabolic block in a folatedependent enzyme or transport process. It is likely that methionine synthase may be directly or indirectly involved.

The neural …

Cancer Mortality In Workers Exposed To Phenoxy Herbicides, Chlorophenols, And Dioxins, Manolis Kogevinas, Heiko Becher, Trevor Benn, Pier Alberto Bertazzi, Paolo Boffetta, H. Bas Bueno-De-No-De-, David Coggon, Didier Colin, Dieter Flesch-Janys, Marilyn Fingerhut, Lois Green, Timo Kauppinen, Margareta Littorin, Elsebeth Lynge, John D. Mathews, Manfred Neuberger, Neil Pearce, Rodolfo Saracci

United States Public Health Resources

The authors examined cancer mortality in a historical cohort study of 21,863 male and female workers in 36 cohorts exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins in 12 countries. Subjects in this updated and expanded multinational study coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer were followed from 1939 to 1992. Exposure was reconstructed using job records, company exposure questionnaires, and serum and adipose tissue dbxin levels. Among workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) or higher chlorinated dioxins, mortality from soft-tissue sarcoma (6 deaths; standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-4.43) …

Sites Other Than Nucleotide 234 Determine Cardiovirulence In Natural Isolates Of Coxsackievirus B3, Nora M. Chapman, Jose R. Romero, Mark A. Pallansch, Steven Tracy

United States Public Health Resources

The genetic site(s) that naturally determine the cardiovirulence phenotype of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) have yet to be mapped. Using two closely related CVB3 strains that differed in terms of cardiovirulence phenotype in mice, we previously reported the difference in phenotype mapped to a single site, nucleotide 234 (nt234) in the 58 non-translated region (NTR) of the CVB3 genome. When nt234 was C, the virus was attenuated and when U, the virus was cardiovirulent. To determine whether this finding was applicable to other strains of CVB3, we examined 13 different naturally occurring CVB3 strains isolated in different years in the United …

Sites Other Than Nucleotide 234 Determine Cardiovirulence In Natural Isolates Of Coxsackievirus B3, Nora M. Chapman, Jose R. Romero, Mark A. Pallansch, Steven Tracy

United States Public Health Resources

The genetic site(s) that naturally determine the cardiovirulence phenotype of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) have yet to be mapped. Using two closely related CVB3 strains that differed in terms of cardiovirulence phenotype in mice, we previously reported the difference in phenotype mapped to a single site, nucleotide 234 (nt234) in the 5’ non-translated region (NTR) of the CVB3 genome. When nt234 was C, the virus was attenuated and when U, the virus was cardiovirulent. To determine whether this finding was applicable to other strains of CVB3, we examined 13 different naturally occurring CVB3 strains isolated in different years in the United …

Bovine Tuberculosis In Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer From Michigan, Stephen M. Schmitt, Scott D. Fitzgerald, Thomas M. Cooley, Colleen S. Bruning-Fann, Larry Sullivan, Dale Berry, Thomas Carlson, Richard B. Minnis, Janet B. Payeur, James Sikarskie

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

A 4.5 yr-old male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) killed by a hunter during the 1994 firearm hunting season in northeastern Michigan (USA) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis and was positive on culture for Mycobacterium bovis the causative agent for bovine tuberculosis. Subsequently, a survey of 354 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for tuberculosis was conducted in this area from 15 November 1995 through 5 January 1996. Heads and/or lungs from deer were examined grossly and microscopically for lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis. Gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in 15 deer. Tissues from 16 deer had acid-fast bacilli on …

Autobiographical Misremembering: John Dean Is Not Alone, Robert F. Belli, Howard Schuman, Benita Jackson

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Survey respondents were asked to provide knowledge responses to public events and names that occurred as long ago as the 1930s and as recently as the 1980s. Respondents made errors that reflect the use of semantic and lexical memory systems, and reconstructive processes based on a semantic theme. Errors, as well as correct responses, are affected by whether the events originally occurred during the transition phase (early teens to mid-twenties). Responses indicate that events that occur during the transition phase are remembered better than events that occur during other life phases (in contradiction to the differential sampling hypothesis), but that …

Selecting For Random Drug Testing At Union Pacific Railroad, Jennifer Meyer, Paul Savory

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Many industries have recently implemented programs to detect and deter the use of recreational drugs in the workplace. The transportation industry has received careful government attention, particularly where the safety of the public may be seriously affected by employees who use drugs. Following federal guidelines, Union Pacific Railroad first implemented a random drug-testing plan in 1990. Because the assigned jobs, shifts, and work locations of many railroad employees change frequently, defining the selection population was particularly challenging. In its continuing efforts to validate and improve this plan, Union Pacific Railroad sought an external evaluation to determine the fairness of its …

Influence Of A Mycorrhizal Fungus And/Or Rhizobium On Growth And Biomass Partitioning Of Subterranean Clover Exposed To Ozone, Joseph E. Miller, Steven R. Shafer, Michele M. Schoeneberger, Walter A. Pursley, Stephanie J. Horton, Charles B. Davy

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The influence of soilborne symbionts such as rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi on plant response to ozone (O₃) has not been well defined. Leguminous plants in the field are infected by both types of organisms, which influence plant nutrition and growth. We studied the effects of infection with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii and/or Gigaspora margarita on response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv Mt. Barker) to O₃. Exposures were conducted in greenhouse CSTR chambers using four O₃ concentrations [charcoal-filtered (CF), 50, 100, or 150 ppb; 6 h day^-1, 5 day wk^{-1 …}

Phosphorylation Within The Amino-Terminal Acidic Domain I Of The Phosphoprotein Of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Is Required For Transcription But Not For Replication, Asit K. Pattnaik, Leroy Hwang, Tong Le, Nathan Englund, Manjula Mathur, Tapas Das, Amiya Banerjee

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Phosphorylation by casein kinase II at three specific residues (S-60, T-62, and S-64) within the acidic domain I of the P protein of Indiana serotype vesicular stomatitis virus has been shown to be critical for in vitro transcription activity of the viral RNA polymerase (P-L) complex. To examine the role of phosphorylation of P protein in transcription as well as replication in vivo, we used a panel of mutant P proteins in which the phosphate acceptor sites in domain I were substituted with alanines or other amino acids. Analyses of the alanine-substituted mutant P proteins for the ability to support …

Parasite Biodiversity And Emerging Pathogens: A Role For Systematics In Limiting Impacts On Genetic Resources, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Emergence of pathogenic organisms continues as a threat to overall biodiversity and genetic resources. Macroparasites including helminths constitute a potential threat to economically important resources in agriculture and conservation biology. Limitation of this threat can be achieved through survey and inventory for biodiversity and the application of systematics to understand the host range , biogeography and history of faunas. Systematics constitutes the foundation for recognition of endemic and introduced elements of faunas and the basis for predicting the behavior of pathogens introduced to new ecological settings or host groups. The basis for emergence of pathogens has both a deep historical …

The P System: A Scheme For Organizing Pavlovian Procedures, Jose E. Burgos, Rick A. Bevins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The present paper introduces the P system as a scheme for organizing Pavlovian procedures in an orderly and comprehensive manner. The system is defined by three temporal variables and three restrictions on their possible values. It can be used to define all standard temporal variables—namely, stimulus duration, interstimulus interval, trace interval, and intertrial interval—as well as variables C and T of scalar expectancy theory. The system also permits the definition of new independent variables through combinations of the basic temporal parameters. We exemplify this possibility by defining two ratios of temporal intervals. These ratios lead to a space where traditional …

Prediction Of Stress Appraisals From Mastery, Extraversion, Neuroticism, And General Appraisal Tendencies, S. H. Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Several personality dimensions (mastery, extraversion, and neuroticism) and a new General Appraisal Measure were used to predict stress appraisals made by college students in specific situations. Using multiple-regression techniques, mastery and general appraisal tendencies predicted appraisals for an intellectual task. Path analysis supported a structural model with general appraisal tendencies as a mediator between mastery and specific appraisal. In the second study mastery, extraversion, neuroticism, and general appraisal tendencies predicted appraisals for an academic stressor. Path analysis again supported the mediational nature of general appraisal tendencies from personality variables to specific appraisal. We discuss a potential causal mechanism between personality …

Use Of Folk Healing Practices By Hiv-Infected Hispanics Living In The United States, Mariana Suarez, Marcela Raffaelli, Ann O'Leary

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In the absence of a medical cure for AIDS, HIV-infected individuals may seek alternative treatments that are consistent with cultural and social beliefs. This paper examines beliefs about, and use of, folk healing practices by HIV-infected Hispanics receiving care at an HIV/AIDS clinic in inner-city New Jersey. Anonymous individual interviews were conducted with 58 male and 18 female HIV-infected Hispanics aged 23-55, primarily of Puerto Rican origin (61%) or descent (29%). The majority of respondents believed in good and evil spirits (73.7%); among the 56 believers, 48% stated that the spirits had a causal role in their infection, either alone …

The Right To A Family Environment For Children With Disabilities, Victoria Weisz

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

To access services for children with disabilities, the children often have been required to leave their families of origin. However, social science evidence indicates that there are substantial psychological benefits for children to remain with their families whenever possible. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN General Assembly, 1989) supports policies and programs that enable children with disabilities to receive services without leaving their family environment. This article briefly reviews the social science literature and the UN. Convention, and it documents trends in US. law consistent with the implications of the scientific evidence and international consensus. The …

The Effects Of An Appraisal Manipulation: Affect, Intrusive Cognitions, And Performance For Two Cognitive Tasks, Scott H. Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We examined the relationship between trait measures of general appraisal and test anxiety, state measures of stress appraisals, affect, and intrusive cognition, andperformance measures on two cognitive tests (mental math and Raven matrices). Participants were randomly assigned to threat, challenge, or control conditions that were created by manipulating both primary and secondary appraisals. We predicted that the threat condition would lead to more negative affect, stress appraisals, intrusive cognitions, and more errors. While our manipulated conditions led to inconsistent effects, path analyses tended to confirm predictions that negative task appraisals and trait test anxiety lead to negative affect and to …

The Relations Of Children’S Dispositional Prosocial Behavior To Emotionality, Regulation, And Social Functioning, Nancy Eisenberg, Richard A. Fabes, Mariss Karbon, Bridget C. Murphy, Marek Wosinski, Lorena Polazzi, Gustavo Carlo, Candy Juhnke

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of a measure of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior (i.e., peer nominations) to individual differences in children’s negative emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Children with prosocial reputations tended to be high in constructive social skills (i.e., socially appropriate behavior and constructive coping) and attentional regulation, and low in negative emotionality. The relations of children’s negative emotionality to prosocial reputation were moderated by level of dispositional attentional regulation. In addition, the relations of prosocial reputation to constructive social skills and parent-reported negative emotionality (for girls) increased with age. Vagal tone, a marker …

Current Issues In Rabies Prevention In The United States: Health Dilemmas, Public Coffers, Private Interests, Charles E. Rupprecht, Jean S. Smith, John Krebs, Michael Niezgoda, James E. Childs

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Over the last 100 years, rabies in the United States has changed dramati~ally. More than 90% of all animal rabies cases reported annually to the CDC now occur in wildlife, whereas before 1960 the majority were in domestic animals. The principal rabies hosts today are wild carnivores and bats infected with several viral variants. Annual human deaths have fallen from more than a hundred at the turn of the century to one to two per year despite major outbreaks of animal rabies in several geographic areas. Modem day prophylaxis has proven nearly 100% successful; most human fatalities now occur in …

Intestinal Lesions Caused By Two Swine Chlamydial Isolates In Gnotobiotic Pigs, Douglas G. Rogers, Arthur A. Andersen

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to determine whether 2 distinct chlamydial isolates recovered from the intestines and feces of diarrheic nursery pigs could cause intestinal lesions in gnotobiotic pigs. Both isolates share biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial isolates R27 and R19 were propagated in Vero cells or embryonated eggs, respectively, and suspended in sucrose-phosphate-glutamine buffer with 10% fetal bovine serum for inoculation. Sham inocula were prepared from uninfected cell culture lysates and from uninfected eggs. Each piglet was fed 1 ml of inoculum or sham inoculum at 3-4 days of age. Ten piglets were each fed 10 …

Lung And Nasal Lesions Caused By A Swine Chlamydial Isolate In Gnotobiotic Pigs, Douglas G. Rogers, Arthur A. Andersen, Breck D. Hunsaker

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to determine whether a chlamydial isolate recovered from nasal swabs from swine with pneumonia could cause pneumonia and rhinitis in gnotobiotic pigs. The identity of the isolate currently is unknown, but it shares characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. After propagation in Vero cells and preparation of the inoculum (2.5 x 1010 inclusion-forming units/ml), Chlamydiae were instilled into nostrils (1.0 ml/nostril) and lungs (2.0 ml intralaryngeally) of 15 anesthetized 3-day-old gnotobiotic piglets. Five age-matched gnotobiotic piglets were anesthetized and sham infected with uninfected cell culture lysates. Two treated piglets were moribund and 2 were severely …

Communicating Violence Risk Assessments, Thomas Grisso, Alan Tomkins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Recent developments in the law have made the assessment of risk of violence a required professional ability for every clinical psychologist. About 30 years ago, laws controlling involuntary civil commitment evolved to require more than merely a finding of mental illness. They also required evidence that patients, if not committed, would be dangerous to themselves or to others. During that era, states also developed laws that made it mandatory for clinicians to report evidence if their child clients, the children of their adult clients, and disabled or older adults were in danger of abuse by their caretakers.

Clinicians’ obligations to …

The Course Of Aggression In First-Grade Children With And Without Comorbid Anxious Symptoms, Nick Ialongo, Gail Edelsohn, Lisa Werthamer-Larsson, Lisa J. Crockett, Sheppard Kellam

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We studied the course of aggressive behavior in an epidemiologically defined sample of first graders with and without comorbid anxious symptoms. Our primary purpose in doing so was to understand whether the stability of aggression in young children was attenuated or strengthened in the presence of comorbid anxiety. Previous studies of older children and adolescents had produced equivocal findings in this regard. Data on anxious symptoms were obtained through an interview of the children, whereas aggressive behavior was assessed through the use of a teacher interview and peer nominations. Assessments were performed in the fall and spring of first grade. …

Second-Order Conditioning Detects Unexpressed Morphine-Induced Salt Aversion, Rick A. Bevins, Timothy A. Delzer, Michael T. Bardo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Morphine failed to condition a salt taste aversion at a dose (15 mg/kg) sufficient to produce a robust aversion to a saccharin taste. Indeed, three different concentrations of salt (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) paired with the same morphine dose yielded no direct evidence for conditioned aversion. Yet, when a novel saccharin taste was paired in compound with the previously conditioned salt conditioned stimulus, we found evidence for a conditioning to the saccharin cue alone in three separate experiments. Control groups eliminated alternative accounts such as neophobia and differential exposure to morphine. Combined, these findings indicate that morphine conditioned a salt …