Toxicology Commons^™

Biologically-Guided Isolation Of Natural Lead Antithyroid Drug From Medicago Sativa L. Sprouts And Its Toxic Profile In Comparison With Propylthiouracil, Reham S. Ibrahim, Nesrine S. El-Mezayen, Asmaa Khairy, Hala H. Zaatout, Hala M. Hammoda, Aly M. Metwally

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality. Although antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are approved as first line option for many hyperthyroidism cases, including pregnancy and childhood, they exert significant toxic profile. Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) also called “The father of all food” was among the diet consumed by mares that gave birth to foals with congenital hypothyroidism. Since, greenfeed was accused for the development of such condition, alfalfa may possess constituents with promising antithyroid potential that could be a valuable substitute for the conventional ATDs. The current work was designed to identify the …

Establishment Of Indirect Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay For The Detection Of Platycodin D In Radix Platycodonis, Shuai Luo, Yanfei He, Hongxiang Sun

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Platycodin D (PD) has been used as the quality control marker of Radix Platycodonis for its high content and various pharmacological properties. In this study, a specific polyclonal antibody against PD (PD–pAb) was developed, and PD–pAb-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for the detection of PD in Radix Platycodonis. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of PD was 2.70 μg/mL and the linearity range for PD was from 0.064 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. No cross reactivity with PD–pAb was found in five PD analogs except for PD2 (0.93%). The average recovery of PD by icELISA was …

Quantification Of Adenosine Mono-, Di- And Triphosphate From Royal Jelly Using Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Wan-Rou Liao, Jen-Pang Huang, Sung-Fang Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Nucleotides are composed of nitrogen bases, ribose units and phosphate groups. Adenine (Ade), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) all play important roles in physiological metabolism. Royal jelly, a secretion produced by worker bees, contains a variety of natural ingredients and several studies have shown that royal jelly can serve as a source of nutrition for humans. In this study, a rapid and effective LC/MS method coupled with pre-processing methods was developed and validated for the accurate quantification of Ade, AMP, ADP and ATP in royal jelly. To achieve the best extraction efficiency, two pretreatment methods, …

Lipophilized Epigallocatechin (Egc) And Its Derivatives: Inhibition Of Oxidation Of Β-Carotene–Linoleate Oil-In-Water Emulsion And Dna Strand Scission, Priyatharini Ambigaipalan, Won Young Oh, Fereidoon Shahidi

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Tea epigallocatechin (EGC) was acylated with selected fatty acids, namely propionic acid [C3:0], caprylic acid [C8:0], lauric acid [C12:0], stearic acid [C18:0] and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Antioxidant activity of EGC and its lipophilized derivatives were examined in various food (β-carotene–linoleate oil-in-water emulsion and bulk oil) and biological (supercoiled DNA and LDL) systems in vitro in order to evaluate the effect of increased lipophilicity on their antioxidant capacity. Lipophilized EGC derivatives were more effective in β-carotene–linoleate oil-in-water emulsion and bulk oil than their parent EGC molecule. Meanwhile, EGC and its derivatives showed more than 60 …

Comparative Developmental Toxicity Of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (Pfos) And Its Alternative Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (Pfbs), Hanna King

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Methylmercury Cytotoxicity On Developing Neuronal Lineages And Differences In Susceptibility Based On Media Type, Madeline Henley

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Discoveries In Aerosol Science: Characterization Of Nanoparticles Emitted From Metallic Coils In Electronic Cigarettes, Kaushal Prasad

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

Electronic (e-) cigarettes, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems, are battery-operated devices that are growing in popularity worldwide. Although e-cigarettes are known to be safer than traditional cigarettes, their potential health risks have not been extensively reviewed yet. In this study, aerosol nanoparticles generated from e-cigarette heaters were characterized. Kanthal A1 (iron + chromium + aluminum) coils, without nicotine solution or a wick, were installed in an e-cigarette atomizer. The operating conditions were varied coil resistances (0.1–1.0 Ω), a set applied power (10 W), and a stable duty cycle (50%: 5 s on, 5 s off ). The size …

The Effects Of Radical Containing Combustion Derived Particulate Matter In Adult Mouse Respiratory System, Jeffrey Harding

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Epidemiological data associates high levels of combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) with deleterious respiratory outcomes, but the mechanism underlying those outcomes remains elusive. It has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization that PM exposure contributes to more than 4.2 million all-cause mortalities worldwide each year. Current literature demonstrates that PM exacerbates respiratory diseases, impairs lung function, results in chronic respiratory illnesses, and is associated with increased mortality. The proposed mechanisms revolve around oxidative stress and inflammation promoting pulmonary physiological remodeling. Our data demonstrate that environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) stabilized on the surface of PM are capable of inducing oxidative …

N-Acetyltranserase 2 (Nat2) Genotype Polymorphism In Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes And Chinese Hamster Ovary (Cho) Cells., Mariam Refaat Zaky Habil

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases, NAT1 and NAT2, catalyze the detoxification and/or activation of drugs and aromatic amine carcinogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs result in different human NAT2 genotypes thus dividing the population into rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylators. We hypothesize allelic variants of NAT2 genotype will decrease levels of N-acetylation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, and mutagenesis compared to the reference allele NAT2*4. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes expressing different NAT2 genotypes and NER-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CYP1A2 and human NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B have been used to investigate N-acetylation of different xenobiotics. In …

Introduction To Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski, P. Fu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

[No abstract available]

Codonopsis Javanica Root Extracts Attenuate Hyperinsulinemia And Lipid Peroxidation In Fructose-Fed Insulin Resistant Rats, K.-N. Chen, W.-H. Peng, C.-W. Hou, C.-Y. Chen, H.-H. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, M. Korivi

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

From ancient times, Dǎngshēn (Codonopsis javanica) has been used in Chinese traditional medicine. In this study we investigated the anti-hyperinsulinemia and antioxidant properties of C. javanica root extracts in a rat model of insulin resistance (IR), induced by chronic fructose feeding. Twenty-four Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into control, fructose-treated (10%, w/v), and fructose then C. javanica (Fru + Cod)-treated groups. After 8 weeks fructose feeding, increased fasting serum insulin levels (2.6 ± 0.45 μg/L) and insulin area under the curve confirmed the IR (p < 0.001). However, C. javanica treatment to fructose-fed rats significantly attenuated the hyperinsulinemia with correspondingly improved glucose tolerance. Weight gain in Fru + Cod group was comparably (p < 0.01) lower than in the fructose-fed group. Furthermore, IR-induced increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated by elevated malondialdehyde levels, were significantly (p < 0.001) alleviated by C. javanica treatment. These findings reveal that chronic fructose intake may facilitate IR and oxidative damage, which could be eradicated by improved antioxidant status. Accordingly, we found that C. javanica treatment significantly improved the antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver. These findings that fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and associated oxidative stress could be attenuated by C. javanica root extracts. © 2013

The Impact Of Temporal Resolution On Clinical Decision-Making For Individuals With Dysphagia, Shauna Corinne Murray

Speech and Hearing Sciences ETDs

INTRODUCTION: Dysphagia, or a disordered swallow, affects up to 1 in 25 individuals in the United States. The gold standard for assessing dysphagia is the videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing (VFES). This allows the clinician to observe the swallow anatomy in motion via an X-ray movie, which historically was recorded at 30 frames per second. In recent years VFES have been performed at less frames per second due to radiation concern. This project investigates the effect of using lower temporal resolutions on assessment of video-fluoroscopic swallow studies.

METHODS: In this investigation, 30 swallow studies, all acquired at 30 frames per second, …

Effect Of Botulinum Toxin Injection On Asymmetric Lower Face And Chin Deviation, Dongwook Kim, Ju-Hyun Park, Vittorio Favero, James Mah, Young-Soo Jung, Seong Taek Kim

Dental Medicine Faculty Research

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in masseter muscle reduction depending on the amount of chin deviation. Exploring distinctive effects of BoNT relative to the characteristics of facial asymmetry will aid in planning and predicting treatment outcomes. Sixteen adult volunteers were classified into two groups according to the degree of menton deviation observed in posteroanterior cephalograms. Eight had a menton deviation of 3 mm or more and the other eight had less than 3 mm. A total of 25 Units of BoNT was injected into the unilateral masseter muscle of the prominent …

Evaluating The Urate-Lowering Effects Of Different Microbial Fermented Extracts In Hyperuricemic Models Accompanied With A Safety Study, R.-J. Chen, M.-H. Chen, Y.-L. Chen, C.-M. Hsiao, H.-M. Chen, S.-J. Chen, M.-D. Wu, Y.-J. Yech, G.-F. Yuan, Y.-J. Wang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Uric acid (UA) is an end product of purine metabolism by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XOD). Hyperuricemia is characterized by the accumulation of serum UA and is an important risk factor for gout and many chronic disorders. XOD inhibitors or uricase (catalyzes UA to the more soluble end product) can prevent these chronic diseases. However, currently available hypouricemic agents induce severe side effects. Therefore, we developed new microbial fermented extracts (MFEs) with substantial XOD inhibition activity from Lactobacillus (MFE-21) and Acetobacter (MFE-25), and MFE-120 with high uricase activity from Aspergillus. The urate-lowering effects and safety of these MFEs were evaluated. …

Lactobacillus Pentosus Gmnl-77 Inhibits Skin Lesions In Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Mice, Y.-H. Chen, C.-S. Wu, Y.-H. Chao, C.-C. Lin, H.-Y. Tsai, Y.-R. Li, Y.-Z. Chen, W.-H. Tsai, Y.-K. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Psoriasis, which is regarded as a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease, is characterized by hyperproliferation and poor differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. In this study, we aimed to determine the in vivo effect of a potentially probiotic strain, Lactobacillus pentosus GMNL-77, in imiquimod-induced epidermal hyperplasia and psoriasis-like skin inflammation in BALB/c mice. Oral administration of L. pentosus GMNL-77 significantly decreased erythematous scaling lesions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that treatment with L. pentosus GMNL-77 significantly decreased the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and the IL-23/IL-17A axis-associated cytokines (IL-23, IL-17A/F, and IL-22) in the skin of …

Long-Term Feeding Of Red Algae (Gelidium Amansii) Ameliorates Glucose And Lipid Metabolism In A High Fructose Diet-Impaired Glucose Tolerance Rat Model, H.-C. Liu, C.-J. Chang, T.-H. Yang, M.-T. Chiang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Gelidium amansii (GA) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rats with high fructose (HF) diet (57.1% w/w). Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a HF diet to induce glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. The experiment was divided into three groups: (1) control diet group (Con); (2) HF diet group (HF); and (3) HF with GA diet group (HF + 5% GA). The rats were fed the experimental diets and drinking water ad libitum for 23 weeks. The results showed that GA significantly decreased retroperitoneal fat mass weight of HF diet-fed rats. Supplementation …

Determination Of Urea In Milk Based On N-Bromosuccinimide–Dichlorofluorescein Postchemiluminescence Method, F. Nie, N. Wang, P. Xu, J. Zheng

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A new postchemiluminescence (PCL) reaction was observed when urea was injected into the reaction mixture after the CL reaction of N-bromosuccinimide and dichlorofluorescein. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the studies of the CL kinetic characteristics, CL spectra, fluorescence spectra, and other experiments. A new flow injection CL method for the determination of urea was established based on the PCL reaction. The relative standard deviation for the determination of urea was 1.3% (n = 11, c = 5.0 × 10−8 g/mL). The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of urea in the range 2.0 × 10−9–1.0 × …

Regulatory Aspects Of Living Biological Material, S.-C. Jong, J.M. Birmingham

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Any living biological material is, in effect, a biotechnology factory complete with sophisticated process designs and its own source of venture capital. Biotechnology is the application of living material and its process system to obtain useful products or services. It is not limited to the recent developments in recombinant DNA techniques, monoclonal antibodies, and related processes and products, aspects with which it is most often identified, but includes the manufacture of nonrecombinant biological material, such as microorganisms and plants and animals from traditional breeding methods; biologically active compounds; and a variety of foods and drugs. Due to complex economic, social, …

Preparation And Intestinal Absorption Of L-Dopa-D-Phenylglycine, H.-P. Wang, Y.-B. Fan, H.-H. Lu, W.-L. Hsu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

L-Dopa-D-phenylglycine was synthesized in this laboratory as L-dopa derivative for improving its intestinal absorption. As designed for transport through the intestine via oligopeptide transporter (PepT1), the competition of this dipeptide with known substrates for PepT1 in brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) was investigated. At the presence of L-Glycinyl-L-proline (L-Gly-L-Pro), L-Glycinyl-L-phenylalanine (L-Gly-L-Phe) or cephradine, the uptake of L-dopa-D-phenylglycine in BBMV was reduced to 54.1 ± 4.5%, 57.6 ± 5.2% or 62.9 ± 10.2%, respectively. The inhibition by these dipeptides and the tripeptide mimetic amino-β-lactam was significantly higher than by amino acids L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) or L-dopa. The results suggested that the intestinal H …

Effect Of Processing On Sequence Of Cytochrome B Gene And Its Restriction Site In The Meat Of Puffer Takifugu Rubripes, C.-A. Cheng, Y.-W. Hsieh, T. Noguchi, O. Arakawa, D.-F. Hwang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequence analysis were used to determine the amount of genetic variation in a 376-nucleotide region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in fresh, frozen and steam sterilized meats of puffer Takifugu rubripes, a diversity of sequence between fresh, frozen and steam sterilized meats was not found. The puffer specimens collected from either culture ponds in Taiwan or wild seawaters and culture waters in Japan had the same sequence of 376-nucleotide region. Restriction enzyme BstZI was found to cut the amplified region of cytochrome b gene in fresh, frozen and steam sterilized meats of …

Solid-Phase Extraction And High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis Of Prednisone Adulterated In A Foreign Herbal Medicine, Y.-R. Ku, Y.-C. Liu, J.-H. Lin

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Prednisone was detected in a herbal medicine from Southeast Asia using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). After treating with solid-phase extraction (SPE), the sample was further assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample solution was achieved with a silica gel cartridge conditioned with methanol and chloroform in sequence, and then eluted with dichloromethane-isopropanol (6:A, v/v). Separation was conducted with an Inertsil ODS-80A reversed-phase column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and water (3:7, v/v) as mobile phase. Fludrocortisone acetate was used as an internal standard and detection wavelength was at 240 nm. Calibration curve of standard prednisone …

Effect Of Microwave And Roast Treatment On The Degradation Of Sulfamethazine Residue In Tilapia Meat, C.-C. Lan, B.-S. Hwang, M.-F. Tu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) was force-fed sulfamethazine (SMA) and residue of this antibiotic remained in the meat. We measured the change of residual SMA after microwave and roast treatment on Tilapia by different levels. The content of SMA in Tilapia increased slowly 6 hrs after feeding, had a sharp climb in 6-12 hrs and decreased gradually in 12-24 hrs. Taking the Tilapia after feeding in 1, 6, 12 and 24 hrs, we measured SMA amount in fish meat is 0.3, 0,45, 1.60 and 1.2 ppm respectively. Microwaving the fish meat after feeding in 6, 12, 24 hrs, we found SMA levels …

Elisa, Western Blotting, Immunocytolocalization And Immunoaffinity Column For Naturally Occuring Bioactive Compounds Using Monoclonal Antibodies, S.-J. Shan, W. Putalun, N. Fukuda, O. Morinaga, H. Tanaka, Y. Shoyama

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Anti-sennoside A (SA) and anti-glycyrrhizin (GC) MAbs were used for screening and cloning. And they were also used for ELISA. New western blotting method of determination for GC and ginsenoside was established that compounds separated by silica gel TLC were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membrane was treated with NaIO4 solution followed by BSA, resulting in a ginsenoside-BSA conjugate on the PVDF membrane which was stained by the general western blotting. Immunocytolocalization of GC in the fresh root of Glycyrrhiza species was conducted using anti-GC MAb after blotting to PVDF membrane. Immunoaffinity column chromatography using anti-ginsenoside Rb1 …

Some Transpacific Thoughts On The Regulatory Need For Standardization Of Herbal Medical Products, L.A. Mitscher, S. Pillai, D.M. Shankel

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The history and present status of herbal products/neutraceuticals in The United States is briefly reviewed. A case is presented for further, more comprehensive, regulatory oversight than is presently the circumstance under the DSHEA act.

Determination Of Unbound Hesperetin In Rat Blood And Brain By Microdialysis Coupled To Microbore Liquid Chromatography, T.-H. Tsai, Y.-F. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A rapid and sensitive microbore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to microdialysis technique for simultaneous determination of unbound hesperetin in rat blood and brain has been developed. The HPLC assay was carried out using a microbore reversed-phase C-18 column (100 × 1 mm I.D., 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase used was acetonitrile-methanol-20 mM monosodium phosphate (pH 5.3) (40:10:50, v/v/v) for hesperetin at a flow-rate of 0.05 mL/min. The assay was performed by monitoring the wavelength of maximum UV absorbance at 288 nm. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the jugular vein/right atrium and brain striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. …

A Gas Chromatographic Method For Determination Of Nicotinamide, Paraben Esters And Caffeine In Commercial Health Drinks, Tonic Drinks And Cold Formulas, H.-J. Lin, M.-L. Wang, C.-W. Chen, B.-S. Hwang, M.-H. Lee, Y.-M. Choong

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A simple and rapid method was developed to simultaneously determine the nicotinamide, paraben as well as caffeine by using megapore immediate-polar column (CP-Sil 24CB, 30 m x 0.53 mm, 1.5 μm) with direct injection gas chromatography. Direct quantitative analysis of nicotinamide, paraben esters and caffeine in health drinks, tonic drinks, and cold formulas was carried out without any sample pretreatment procedure. The water soluble compound 1,9-nonanediol was used as an internal standard. The detection limit for nicotinamide, paraben esters and caffeine was 2 μg/mL. Recovery studies were performed using 1 mL of vitamin B drink, tonic drink and cold solution, …

Characteristics And Mutagenicity Of Fumes Obtained From Commercial Edible Oils, S.-C. Wu, G.-C. Yen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Seven commercial edible oils including soybean oil, corn germ oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, blend peanut oil, calola oil and lard were investigated for their physical and chemical properties as well as for the mutagenicity of oil fumes by applying the Ames test. The smoking points of those oils were 118, 119, 95, 98, 107, 138 and 137°C, respectively. Lard had the best oxidative stability among those seven oils as determined by the Rancimat method. Peanut oil produced the largest amount of fumes while corn germ oil and sunflower oil produced the least amounts. The oil fumes (0-10 μg/plate) of …

Analysis, Formation And Inhibition Of Cholesterol Oxidation Products In Foods: An Overview (Part Ii), C.-Y. Tai, Y.C. Chen, B.H. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

[No abstract available]

Studies On The Identification Of Chinese Drug Material In Yams (Dioscorea Spp.), H.-L. Lay, S.-M. Denq, S.-Y. Liu, B.-W. Sheu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The botanical origins of the Chinese drug material in yams were clarified by anatomical studies of the plant materials, twelve cultivarities/species of Dioscorea. These plant materials were TNG1(Dioscorea alata L.), TNG2(D. alata L.), 70W34(D. alata L.), 70W35(D. alata L.), 70W47(D. alata L.), 80W02(D. alata L.), 70R16(D. alata L. var. purpurea (Roxb) M. Pouch), 70W41(D. batatas L.), 70W59(D. batatas L.), 70W43(D. japonica Thumb.var. pseudojaponica (Hay.) Yamamoto), 70W37(D. bulbifera L.). There were some differences found in the cork layer, cortex, scleroid, mucilage cell, raphide, resin canal, starch grain characters and powder color of the underground stems. Therefore, these twelve cultivarities/species can be …

Determination Of Melatonin In Rat Plasma By High Performance Liquid Chromatography With Electrochemical Detection, S.-T. Chou, T.-F. Perng

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Melatonin ( 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine ) plays a role in a number of distinct physiological functions. We have developed a convenient high performance liquid chromatography assay with electrochemical detection ( HPLC / ECD ) for the accurate determination of melatonin in biological samples. This assay involves direct addition of rat plasma to acetonitrile for simultaneous protein precipitation and melatonin extraction. The assay was validated by addition of melatonin to rat plasma with a recovery rate between 92 and 99 %. The correlation coefficient of calibration curve was 1.000. The relative standard deviations for intraday and interday analyses were 1.5-2.2 % and 3.5-5.0 …