Toxicology Commons^™

Central Nervous System Toxicity Of Alpha-Chaconine In Rats, Charles Newell Aldous Iii

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Effects of alpha-chaconine were examined in the central nervous system on the basis of electrophysiological tests and by assaying for changes in the levels of several known neurotransmitters of the brain. The possibility that brain acetylcholine levels might increase corresponding to acetylcholinesterase inhibition in treated rats was investigated where an increase would suggest that the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of alpha-chaconine was physiologically significant.

Various doses of alpha-chaconine were given to rats prepared for physiological tests. Some symptoms were observed at relatively low doses (8 to 10 milligrams per kilogram). These included constriction of abdominal muscles, respiratory impairment, and sedation. At the …

The Covalent Interaction Of Hepatic Metabolites Of The Insecticide Chlordane With Cellular Macromolecules In The Rat And Mouse In Vitro, Alan A. Brimfield

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This investigation addressed several aspects of the covalent interaction of metabolites of the insecticide chlordane with cellular macromolecules in vitro. Microsomal preparations from the liver of mice and rats were used and covalent binding to microsomal protein and RNA or to added calf thymus DNA was studied. Pure ¹⁴C-labelled cis- and trans-chlordane isomers as well as an isomeric mixture (¹⁴C-cis-chlordane plus ¹⁴C-trans-chlordane 3:1, w:w) were used as substrates for the in vitro system. Biochemical parameters investigated included inhibition of microsomal mixed-function oxidase and epoxide hydratase plus the induction of these enzymes by pretreatment with chlordane …

The Toxicity, Metabolism And Distribution Of Carbaryl In Three Species Of Labops With And Without Piperonyl Butoxide Treatment (Hemiptera:Miridae), Deifalla H. Osman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Carbaryl toxicity, metabolism, and distribution in adults of three species of grass bugs from the genus Labops were studied in relation to species, sex, and treatment with piperonyl butoxide. LC₅₀ values for 8 hour exposure periods ranged from 0.02-0.14, 0.03-0.3, and 0.2-0.7 μg carbaryl/vial for L. utahensis, L. hirtus, and L. hesperius respectively. The males were more susceptible to carbaryl than females. Males of L. utahensis were more susceptible than L. hirtus and L. hesperius respectively.

The synergist difference values (LC₅₀ of carbaryl alone - LC₅₀ values of carbaryl after piperonyl butoxide treatment) were measured. …

Toxicological And Biochemical Investigations Of Alpha-Chaconine In Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L. ) Tubers: Physiologic Disposition And Tissue Binding, And Inhibition Of Tissue Cholinesterases And Isoenzymes, Sydney Obodoechina Alozie

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The distribution, absorption, metabolism and tissue binding of radioactivity were studied in hamsters after oral and intraperitoneal administration of alpha-chaconine- (³H). The material was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and nearly 22 percent of the label was excreted via urine and feces in 7 days. The excretion was higher in urine (21 percent) than in feces ( < 1 percent). Tissue concentrations of radioactivity peaked at 12 hours following oral administration, with the highest concentrations found in lungs, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas, with heart and brain containing moderate amounts. Concentrations of radioactivity in tissues following intraperitoneal administration were significantly higher than those observed after oral treatment. Excretion of chloroform-soluble products in the feces was 10 times higher than that of the chloroform-insoluble metabolites after both oral and intraperitoneal administration. In the urine, the activity was predominantly in the chloroform-insoluble form and the chloroform-soluble metabolites were relatively minor in amounts (0.27, 0.85, and 2.45 percent versus 0.005, 0.14 and 0.19 percent of dose for 12, 24 and 72 hours, respectively). After 7 days, the chloroform-soluble metabolites in urine increased to 20 percent of the excreted radioactivity, while the amount of chloroform-insoluble metabolites was less than 1 percent. Subcellular distribution of the labeled compound indicated the highest concentration of radioactivity in the nuclear and microsomal fractions of brain, liver and heart tissues. A small amount of radioactivity, shown by a minor peak, was also observed in the fractions between the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions on a sucrose gradient. Binding of radioactivity was observed in brain, testes, kidney, lung, liver and heart. All of the label in the brain appeared to be in the bound form. The results indicated that alpha-chaconine is slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, and persists in various tissues, much of it in bound (non-extractable) form (in nuclear and microsomal fractions).

Excretion of alpha-chaconine- (3H) and its metabolites was investigated after oral and intraperitoneal administration in hamsters. The separation of the glycoalkaloid and its metabolites in feces and urine was accomplished by thin-layer chromatography. An increase in the concentration of excreted …

Mercury, Dieldrin, Ddt, Dde, And Pcb Levels In Tissues From Fish And Wildlife In Utah, Fred A. Smith

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fish and wildlife were randomly sampled in Utah from pre-selected x areas and analyzed for levels of total mercury, dieldrin, DDT, and DDE. Levels were well within consumptive tolerance or guideline limits except for mercury levels of fish in Willard Bay Reservoir. PCB's were also identified in a large proportion of samples.

None of the chukars, 6 percent of the pheasants, 4 percent of the waterfowl, and none of the fish sampled, excluding Willard Bay Reservoir, were above the 0.5 ppm guideline level for mercury established by the Food and Drug Administration. Seventy-seven percent of the fish sampled from Willard …

Absorption, Translocation And Metabolism Of 1,3-Dichloropropene In Selected Plants, David L. Berry

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The absorption, translocation and metabolism of 1,3-dichloropropene (a soil fumigant) in bush beans, tomato and carrot was studied under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions using solution culture, vermiculite and sand. Absorption was monitored using gas chromatographic analysis and isotope techniques. Plants were shown to absorb a maximum amount of dichloropropene by 24 to 48 hr from solution culture and vermiculite. The plant absorbed and translocated 1,3-dichlorpropene-¹⁴C-U readily to aerial parts of the plant.

Bush beans, tomatoes and carrots absorbed and translocated 3-chlorallyl alcohol-¹⁴C-U from solution culture and vermiculite. Levels of 3-chloroallyl alcohol reached maximum at 24 …

The Interaction Of Promazine With Selected Macromolecules And A Membrane Utilizing Absorption And Emission Spectroscopy, Jess D. Keeler

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The association of promazine-HCl with bovine serum albumin, ammonium detergent micelles, and hemoglobin-free-rabbit-erythrocyte membranes were measured using the changes in the absorption and the emission of the interactants plus the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate. The binding of a promazine to serum protein and membrane did not alter the emission of the drug. However, the binding did produce a measurable quenching of the membrane and protein fluorescence. The quenching reaction was pH sensitive for both the protein and the membrane. Promazine binding to serum protein produced a hyperchromic change in the drugs absorption spectrum which paralleled the quenching reaction. The binding …

Effects Of Controlled Atmosphere Storage On Specific Biochemical Changes In Apricot And Peach Fruits, Bartley Norman Wankier

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effects of controlled atmosphere storage vs conventional refrigerated storage on the metabolism of Moorpark and Large Early Montgamet apricot and Elberta peach fruits were studied. The controlled atmospheres studied were 0.0 percent CO₂-5.0 percent O₂; 2.5 percent CO₂-5.0 percent O₂; 5.0 percent CO₂-2.5 percent O₂; 7.5 percent CO₂-5.0 percent O₂; as compared to conventional refrigerated storage. Nitrogen percent was assumed to be the difference between the total CO₂ and O₂ content minus 100.

Fruits were periodically removed from the storage and …

Brisket Disease: Influence Of Hypoxia And An Induced Calcium-Potassium Imbalance On The Mineral Composition Of Blood, Heart, Liver, Kidney, And Bone, David Eugene Bailey

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Brisket disease, an affliction of cattle, is important because of: (1) economic losses, (2) similarities to chronic mountain sickness in humans, and (3) the provision of experimental animals for cardiac research. In afflicted cattle, right cardiac ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation occur and are manifestations of attempted compensation for reduced alveolar oxygen by increasing pulmonary circulation.

Geographic variations in occurrence of brisket disease in Utah indicate that hypoxia is not the sole causative factor. From the findings that afflicted cattle exhibit hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia, and the disease occurs most commonly in wet meadowland environments where potassium is high and calcium low …

Brisket Disease: Elemental And Oxalate Contents Of Cattle Forages On Two Utah Cattle Allotments, Raga Hafez I. Abaza

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

It was hypothesized that the hypocalcemia, hyperphosphoremia, hyperkalemia and the mild hypochromic microcytic anemia which existed in cattle afflicted with brisket disease could be due, at least in part, to nutritional disturbances. A chemical composition study was made of seven monocotyledonous plant species that comprise a major part of the diet and nine dicotyledonous plant species consumed by cattle and known or suspected of being poisonous. The plants analyzed were collected from two cattle grazing allotments, 7-mile and UM, in the Fishlake District, Fishlake National Forest, Utah, where brisket disease incidence is high. In each species the percentages on dry …