Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effect Of Air Knife Geometry On Coated Board Properties, Michael L. Iveson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the effect of air knife angle and the distance between the air knife blades and backing-roll on coated board properties. Results of the experiment indicated that increasing the angle resulted in more uniform and smaller coated pore size. Increasing the distance resulted in more uniform pores with no effect on size. The optimum angle of operation was found to be between 17 and 20 degrees (approximate impingement angle) and optimum distance was determined to be between 80 and 90 mils. Further work that can be completed as a result of this thesis …

Characterization Of A High Solids Tio2 – Dispersant System At High Rates Of Shear, Stephen R. Holmes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this research was to study rheograms of high solids titanium dioxide dispersions at different dispersant levels. Viscometric measurements were collected with a Hercules High-Shear Viscometer. Viscosity was calculated using the initial slope of the increasing shear rate flow curve from the rheogram. This technique was incorporated to calculate viscosity in the laminar reagion up to the critical shear rate, where flow instability was expected to develop according to Taylor vortical flow calculations. The dispersant levels (dispex) were varied based on grams of titanium dioxide at varying percent solids levels. The results were evaluated according to a two-phase …

An Investigation Into The Parameters Affecting Vehicle Migration During The Redistribution Of Aqueous Coatings, Mark K. Phiscator

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine what effect shear has upon the vehicle migration in aqueous coatings. The roll inclined-plane apparatus was utilized to generate various ranges of shear rate. An immobilization factor was then calculated for these different rates of shear indicating the degree of vehicle penetration. The particle size of the binder and the particle size of the pigment were varied to determine their effect on the penetration into the base substrate.

It was concluded that high shear rates pack the particles, either binder or pigment, into the pores of the base substrate. This phenomenon prevents …

The Effects Of Different Carboxymethylcellulose Molecular Weight Grades With Polyamide Epichlorohydrin Resin On Wet And Dry Paper Strength, Edward J. Schodowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Four different molecular weight grades of carboxymethylcellulose were used in combination with polyamide epicholrohydrin resin to study wet strength development. Noble and Wood handsheets were made with deionized water, using a white water recirculation system. Resin was added to thick stock followed by CMC, in dilute conditions. Wet and dry tensile strength were tested. Increasing CMC molecular weight increased dry strength. Increased CMC molecular weight had no effect on wet strength. CMC addition with resin increases wet strength.

CMC increases wet strength by a carboxyl group reaction with resin which results in increased resin retention. It was concluded that increased …

Design, Construction And Operation Of A Four Stage Sidehill Screen Deinking System, Scott Sleeman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis project was to design, construct and place into operation a four stage sidehill screen deinking system.

The Effects Of Drying Rate On Properties Of Pigment Coated Papers, Francis G. Osorno

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drying rate on the characteristics of coated paper. A laboratory dryer was assembled consisting of an IR dryer and a steel backing can to dry the coated paper. Two differently sized papers and three drying rates were used. The final sheet properties increased as the rate of drying was increased from 0.27 to 0.49 lbs/hr.-ft.². Further increase in the drying rate had little effect on sheet properties. The surface of the coated paper was found to be more open after drying at the middle drying rate, thus …

The Effect Of Improved Brownstock Washing On Bleach Plant Effluent Quality, Paul S. Wiegand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to quantitatively determine the effects of reduced brownstock washer carryover on bleach plant effluent quality with respect to BOD and Color. More specifically; if efforts are made to reduce brownstock washer carryover by "X" pounds of BOD and Color, how many pounds of BOD and Color will be removed from the bleach plant sewer?

Very little work has been done in this area. The laboratory procedure involved extensive washing of hardwood pulp and subsequent re-introduction of weak black liquor to simulate carryover. Black liquor was added as pounds Salt Cake loss per ton pulp. …

The Effects Of Air Entrainment In Centrifugal Cleaners On The Removal Of “Neutral” Density Contaminants, Karrie L. Kane

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study, two centrifugal cleaners -- the C-E Bauer Water-Master and the Beloit Uniflow -- were evaluated to determine the effects of entrained air in the stock on cleaning efficiency. A "neutral" density hot melt contaminant (specific gravity = 0.99) was added to dry lap pulp to simulate a recycled furnish. Various levels of a nonionic surfactant were used to induce foam in the stock; this foam was measured as percent air by volume. The cleaners were operated at a series of air levels and pressure drops, in order to generate characteristic curves. The results of the project indicate …

The Effect Of Shear On Asa Sized Paper, Phillip G. Purpura

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkaline papermaking systems have many advantages over the conventional acid systems; however, they have disadvantages in that they do not produce a highly sized sheet of paper consistently. This study investigation how shear, at the point of addition of an Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride/starch emulsion to a cellulose system, effects the sizing properties of a sheet. It was found that at no agitation, the sizing was low and very non-uniform. This was probably due to a lack of mixing, and thus a lack of contact between the emulsion and the fiber. The sizing increased as the mixing and contact between the …

The Use Of Old Corrugated Board In The Manufacture Of High Quality White Papers, Rene H. Kapik

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Clean corrugated board waste was fractionated into its softwood/hardwood fiber components, repulped using a kraft pulping process, and bleached using a CEHD bleaching sequence in an effort to produce high brightness fiber suitable for use in medium to high quality white paper.

The papers produced has almost equivalent mechanical strengths and opacity, but possessed unsatisfactory brightness and cleanliness when compared to commercially manufactured bleached kraft pulps of identical softwood/hardwood contents.

Based on this experimental data, the use of recycled fiber from corrugated board as a fiber substitute in the manufacture of high quality printing and writing papers is not recommended …

Effects Of Ultrasonic Vibration On A Coating Slurry As It Dries On The Sheet, Craig N. Husted

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involves a study of the reaction of coating pigment slurries to ultrasonic vibrations during drying on a sheet of paper. The coating was done with a Meyer Rod and immediately transferred to the surface of a loudspeaker apparatus until dry. Several different coating formulations were used and evaluated with and without ultrasonic agitation. These coatings include combinations of #2 clay, delaminated clay, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, and polystyrene plastic pigment. Frequencies of 25,000 Hz and 42,000 Hz were used as well as the control group which was not treated. The amplitude was the highest attainable with the frequency …

Cleaning And Upgrading Of Post Consumer Corrugated Containers As A Secondary Fiber Source, Daniel L. May

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The use of secondary fiber as a source of raw material in the paper industry is now an important reality ingrained into papermaking. The reasons for using secondary fiber are many and diversified but most point to economy as the primary factor. With wood and virgin pulp becoming more expensive, secondary fiber will undoubtedly maintain its place in the industry and may increase in the future. Total paper production is approaching 88,000,000 tons. Of this total only 23,000,000 is recycled. With nearly 64% of total paper production going to waste either through landfill, incineration or other disposal methods it …

An Investigation Of The Feasibility Of The Replacement Of Starch By Synthetic Cationic Polymers For The Emulsification Of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride, Lisa L. Schultz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of replacing cationic starch with a synthetic cationic polymer in the emulsification of alkenyl succinic anhydride for use in alkaline sizing.

Three methods of determining the validity of the hypothesis were investigated. The mechanisms encompassed with respect to polymer performance were emulsion stability, retention of ASA, and ASA hydrolysis.

Study Of Bagasse Pulps To Obtain Corrugated Medium, Maria A. Carbonari

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Bagasse was used as raw material to pulp various NSSC, Soda and Kraft liquors and evaluated as corrugating medium. A new pulping procedure with the M & K Digester was developed in order to reach maximum temperature at the shortest practical time.

It was found that a 10% Active Alkali at 5% Sulfidity and an NSSC liquor at pH 10 with 15% SO₂ on pulp gave suitable strength properties. The NSSC cook gave a higher yield but a pulp with more shives.

Keywords: Bagasse, Kraft, Soda, neutral sulfite semichemical, corrugating medium

Effect Of Hot Supercalendering On Sheets With High Filler Loadings And Polypropylene Fibers Added, Michael R. Whitescarver

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study investigates the effects of hot supercalendering on sheets with high filler loadings and polypropylene pulp added. An uncoated sheet that had sheet and optical characteristics similar to a coated number three sheet. was desired. Research was conducted in two stages, handsheet analysis and a machine trial on Western Michigan University's Fourdrinier Pilot Plant. The hot supercalendering of these sheets with 15% Pulpex resulted in a 111% increase in Scott Bond. Unconsolidated Pulpex has no synergestic effects with clay fillers for gloss, brightness, and opacity. Pulpex that has been consolidated does have a synergistic effect with clay for gloss.

Press Section White Water Reuse, James Michael Tacey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In today's economy, more and more papermills are becoming increasingly concerned with white water reuse. White water is most frequently used for fan pump dilution, and consistency regulation. This white water usually comes strictly from the tray boxes of the paper machine. It was suggested that the white water from the press section could be reused. It was suggested to me by Dan Kaiser, of Ronningen-Petter, that this could be accomplished by using their Cyclospray filter. The testing run showed that the unit is very effective in removing the fibrous contaminants from the press section water. I found the unit …

The Separation Of Cotton And Polyester In Rags, Susan M. Gardineer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to discover if there was a way to remove or destroy the polyester from rags and leave the cotton in a form which is beneficial to the paper industry. An attempt was made to break up the rags, remove the polyester and evaluate the remaining cotton. The tests were attempted on a fibrous combination of cotton and polyester.

The general trend found that the chemical treatments to the rags from the textile mills gave additional problems and should be investigated.

The Effect Of Increasing Calcium Ion Concentration On Alkyl Ketene Dimer Sizing Efficiency, Lance M. Merrell

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is a study of the relationship between calcium ions and the effectiveness of an alkaline sizing agent. Relationships between the increasing calcium ion concentration of a pure system and the sheet sizing based on the Hercule Size Tester are developed. It was determined that low addition levels of calcium ions increased the level of sizing developed and excessive calcium contents caused sizing response to deteriorate. Proposed mechanisms for this determination involve the compression or the fiber's electrical double layer at low concentrations of calcium, and an adsorption competition between the size and calcium where high concentrations of calcium …

The Effects Of Electron Beam Radiation On Cellulose, Thomas L. Clements

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment was designed to show the effects of time and storage conditions on electron beam irradiated paper. The thirty four pound James River Waterleaf samples were irradiated at levels of 0/2/5/ and 10 Megarads. The samples were kept in a conditioned room, an evacuated, desiccated jar, and Nitrogen purged jar. The samples were tested for viscosity, as well as wet and dry zero span tensile over a period of time. Burst and tensile were also run at one point in time.

Time following irradiation and storage conditions showed no significant effect on either zero span tensile or viscosity tests. …

Permeability Of Silicone Release Coatings, Jeffrey G. Carlsen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The permeability of silicone release coatings is a function of the silicone polymer, catalyst, coat weight, and film former. Experimental results showed that increasing the amount of silicone and the coat weight of the release coating will decrease the coatings permeability. No difference in permeability was noted by changing silicone polymer or catalyst amount. Using a low molecular weight CMC (as a film former) has no effect on the permeability of the release coating. A high molecular weight CMC reduced the permeability probably due to interference of diffusion dye molecules through the film conses by the high molecular weight CMC …

The Use Of Ultrasonic Frequencies As A Mechanism For Refining, Martin E. Munce

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to explore the use of ultrasonic frequencies as a mechanism for refining. Through cooperation with the Intex Corporation, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, that was easily adaptable to.use as a refiner, was borrowed. The experimental procedure indicated that ultrasonic refining coupled with mechanical ·refining produced a sheet with improved tear, tensil, fold and opacity characteristics. The burst, however, was slightly lower. An interesting phenomenon that occurred was the plateauing effect that is observed, most distinctly on the graphs of burst and tensil vs. freeness. this plateau seems to be a phenomenon where the maximum value …

Impact Of Aluminum Chemistry And Order Of Addition On Anionic Polyacrylamide Dry Strength Resins, Sally A. Mckeel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Greater improvements in dry strength values can be obtained by maintaining the system's pH at the pH of precipitation formation, pHp. By using the pHp as the system's pH, more aluminum can be adsorbed onto the fibers. With more aluminum adsorbed onto the fibers, there are more possible interaction sites for the polyacrylamide to be fixed between the fibers; and thereby give a higher dry strength response.

An optimum level of polyacrylamide, .5% based on dry fiber,· was used in achieving maximum dry strength effectiveness. When the order of addition of the rosin, aluminum species, and polyacrylamide system was varied, …

The Effectiveness Of Potassium Permanganate In Oxidizing Hydrogen Sulfide And In Aiding Mechanical Dewatering Of Pulp And Paper Industry Sludges, Russell Rathfon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Odorous compounds have long been a significant problem faced by mills treating their own wastewater. This problem can be compounded when mechanical dewatering equipment is used to process primary and secondary sludges.

Plainwell Paper Company, a competitive producer of fine printing and technical specialty papers, is no exception to this rule. Along with the start-up of their new waste water treatment facility, which includes an Arus-Andritz sludge dewatering machine, came an irritating and potentially harmful odor problem. It was determined that the major cause of the odor was hydrogen sulfide.

Separation Of Southern Pine Pulp Into Its Springwood And Summerwood Components By Centrifugal Means: Savings In Refining And Other Possible Economic Justifications, Bernard J. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of Southern Pine pulp separation into its springwood and summerwood fiber components was undertaken. Separation was accomplished through the use of two Bird Triclean centrifugal cleaner devices. Separation occurred mainly because of different apparent pulp densities in the two fiber fractions. Springwood collapsed during pulping, creating a flattened fiber, forty-five to sixty-five microns in length and ten to twelve microns in width. The thicker walled summerwood fibers, on the other hand, maintained their twenty-five to thirty-five micron diameter tubular shape. The greater surface area present in springwood fibers allowed a greater hydraulic force to be exerted to this …

The Effect Of Substrate Porosity And Method Of Drying On Coating Gloss, Gary P. Fugitt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involved the study of the effects on gloss, smoothness, sizing, and ink holdout of average pore size and drying method for styrene butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylic bound pigmented coatings. Average pore size was varied by using four different substrates. A mylar film with 0 micron average size and Millipore filter papers with .22, .45, and .80 micron average pore size were used. The three drying methods used were back drying on a hot plate, air drying, and blow drying with hot air.

It was found that the styrene butadiene coating gave the best gloss development, the smoothest …

The Effects Of Low Temperature Cooking On The Deinking Of Groundwood, George De Vries

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An experiment was designed to lower the temperature of the cooking stage in the deinking of groundwood. The cook chemicals consisted of sodium meta-silicate, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide and surfactants. The pulp was cooked over a temperature of 50°F-130°F. The pulp was washed on a laboratory sidehill screen and brightness pads were made. The object of the experiment was to reduce the cook temperature and use additional surfactant to maintain the brightness. Maximum brightness values were found a 0.1% surfactant and 110°F, and 0.3% surfactant and 90°F. A cost analysis revealed that a system can operate at slightly elevated temperatures …

Disco Users Manual, Thomas B. Pettinghill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis was to prepare an introductory user's manual for the use of DYSCO on WMU's DEC-10 computer. DYSCO is a process simulation program obtained from the Institute of Paper Chemistry. A variety of imaginary process systems were simulated with the DYSCO program so difficulties and problems could be found and dealt with. The manual gives examples and explanations so the program may be used with little difficulty.

This paper, however, provides only an introduction for the use of DYSCO, some of the more complicated routines such as RECIPE, CONTROL, and VALUE should be studied at greater …

The Variability Of Extinction Coefficient With Respect To Wood Species, James F. Siller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The variability of extinction coefficient with respect to wood species is an important aspect to ultra-violet determination of lignin both in cooking liquor and in the wood itself. The precision with which the abundance of a solution can be measured, and therefore the lignin concentration is dependent upon the extinction coefficient.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze various woods for variability and possibly determine overall extinction coefficient averages for woods or groups of woods (hardwood/softwood) that will be more representative than currently used extinction coefficients.

The results contained within indicate that the extinction coefficients for lignin samples in …

The Influence Of The Water Retention Value (Wrv) On Percent Moisture Through The Press Section, Michael J. Stoltz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A pilot plant paper machine trial was ran using 100% softwood stocks refined in a Jordan and double-disk refiner and then blended to give a gradual change in stock quality at a set freeness. Two freeness levels were used. WRV's and press section moistures were taken for each stock ran and evaluated. It was concluded that the WRV of a stock does vary with different refining techniques at a set freeness and in certain cases the WRV related to percent solids out of the press section. However, the sensitivity of the test to varying stock qualities varied widely. Problems arose …

Belt Filter Press Optimization With The Use Of Drainage Measurement, Jeffrey E. Farnsworth

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this project is to determine if paper machine freeness meters can be applied to belt filter presses, so as to control the dosage rate of the polymer addition. Currently polymer dosage rates are set for the high demand loads and therefore, more polymer is used than is needed at the low demand loads. With the cost and use of chemical polymers increasing, the application of a control means to regulate polymer dose as required, should provide substantial savings in conditioning costs.

This study wants to show that a specific resistance tester is sensitive enough to pick up …