Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

A Pilot Plant Evaluation Of Selected Hardwood Pulps For Supercalendered Grade B Paper, Devendra Kumar Srivastava

Masters Theses

The proliferation of wood free printing and writing papers suggests the evaluation of hardwood kraft and chemithermomechanical pulps for the manufacture of uncoated rotogravure paper. In this study 100% aspen kraft, 100% eucalyptus kraft, and 50% aspen chemithermomechanical with 50% kraft pulps were used to produce rotogravure paper on as 32" trim Fourdriner paper machine under alkaline papermaking condition.

The machine runnability was smooth using 100% hardwood furnish for the production of rotogravure paper. The paper produced was found suitable for supercalender grade B applications, such as Sunday magazines, inserts, and flyers. The tensile index and tear index values were …

A Study Of Alkaline Sodium Sulfite Pretreatment Of Spruce During Thermomechanical Pulping, Nagaraju Dendukuri

Masters Theses

A review of literature relating sodium sulfite pretreatment during thermomechanical pulping to pulp physical properties revealed many contradictions. Thermomechanical pulping variables were studied for their effect on pulp physical properties. An improvement in pulp physical properties was observed above 1% sodium sulfite treatment. Regression analysis and analysis of variance showed that there was a significant effect of sodium sulfite on the reduction of shive content, pulp brightness, and tear index. Fiber length, tensile, burst, and density were not found to be significantly affected by the amount of sodium sulfite. Sodium sulfite treatment during thermomechanical pulping showed a negative relationship with …

The Effects Of Furnish And Supercalendering On Rotogravure Printability Of Uncoated Papers, David M. Diekelman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A comparison was made of the surface and printing properties of eucalyptus and loblolly handsheets which were subjected to different supercalendering conditions. Supercalendering nip pressure was kept constant (2000 pli). The different supercalendering conditions investigated were the effects of the steel and filled rolls on the paper quality produced. The differences between the two pulps were large and this was attributed to the compressible nature of the two different fiber network structures. The more compressible eucalyptus sheet obtained better surface and printing properties at a given nip pressure. The eucalyptus sheet also showed no significant change in properties obtained under …

Design Of A Secondary Headbox For The Wmu Pilot Plant Fourdrinier Paper Machine, James Robert Spranger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A secondary headbox has been designed for the WMU pilot plant fourdrinier papermachine to facilitate research into the formation and final sheet properties of two-ply webs. A thorough literature search was undertaken to determine the design criteria of a headbox and the means used to meet those goals. The result was a hydraulic secondary headbox. The stock for the second ply enters the headbox, passes over one baffle and under another, then flows through a closed channel with eight bends in it. The stock then flows through a short straight section, makes a 90° turn, and then flows to the …

The Effect Of Anthraquinone In The Kraft Pulping Process, Carl W. Stoll

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Due to current attitudes arid regulations concerning the odorous emission of mercaptans from the Kraft pulping process, new technology must be developed to enable the process to be run at lower sulfide levels. The use of cyclic-keto compounds, as pulping catalyst, could be a major step in the reduction of sulfide levels in Kraft pulping, while acting to increase the pulping yield through a mechanism that stabilizes the carbohydrates during the process and catalyzes delignification.

The objective of this research project is to evaluate the performance of one cyclic keto compound that has recently received the attention of many researchers …

The Effect Of Film Forming Agents In A Size Solution On Silicone Holdout, Michael D. Stang

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the production c>f base papers for silicone coating, one of the most important variables is the holdout capability of the ' base sheet. The holdout is primarily affected by the surface characteristics of the sheet relating to the smoothness and surface structure.

An experiment was designed to look at the effects of several different commercial film forming agents in a standard size solution on the holdout properties of the sheet. A laboratory size press coater was assembled and used for application of the size solutions. After supercalendering, the sheets were silicone coated with an aqueous silicone solution and …

The Application Of Chitosan To Composite Boxboard For Plybond Development, Tracy O. Drier

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The area of study during this research was the effect of the marine polymer chitosan addition rate on strength properties, and retention characteristics. Two machine trials were run on the WMU twin ply former using old corrugated container (O.C.C.).

Machine run # 1 consisted of running a 1% chitosan solution at 0, 6, 16, 18#/ton. Run # 2 also used a 1% chitosan solution but lower addition rates of 0, 2, 5#/ton. The chitosan was added to the thick stock prior to the fan pump for both runs. No comparisons between the runs were made.

Conclusions from both runs include: …

The Effects Of Molecular Weight And Degree Of Substitution Of Cationic Starch On The Sizing Efficiency Of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride, George T. Nebel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) is a cellulose reactive size used in neutral to alkaline papermaking. Since ASA exists as an oil at room temperature, it must be emulsified in cationic starch to make it compatible with the aqueous wet and environment.

The advantages of using a cationic starch in an ASA sizing system include improved retention of fines, filler, and size; improved sizing efficiency; and improved strength. Mill and laboratory experience has shown, however, that cationic potato starch is superior to corn starch. Their are two main differences between potato starch and corn starch: (1) potato starch typically has a …

The Determination Of An Optimum Brownstock Washwater By Laboratory Analysis, Bradley D. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The optimum displacement of black liquor in a Kraft pulp by a washwater can mean greater chemical recovery, reduced environmental impact, and less evaporator steam consumption. A laboratory apparatus was developed and used to test various washwaters to determine if any were more efficient at displacing the black liquor in a pad of Kraft pulp. These washwaters included tapwater, tapwater with varying amounts of a polyacrylamide polymer, and washwaters collected from various areas of a paper mill. The data generated in this project were used to calculate substance yield, dilution factor, and mobility ratio. There appeared to be no significant …

Sticky Control During Pulping Of Secondary Fibers, Gary Lancour

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The thesis:: experiment attempted to show the effect talc and bentonite had on reducing the reagglomeration of sticky particles, and to discover which of the 2 fillers was more effective.

Trials were made using the mechanical action of the blender and heat to break up and disperse the hot-melt adhesive. Talc or bentonite was then added and tested to determine their effectiveness on the subsequent reagglomeration of sticky particles during mixing.

It was shown that as addition of either talc or bentonite gave a significant reduction in the reagglomeration of the hot-melt adhesive particles.

Results showed that bentonite gave better …

A Study Of The Staining Techniques Of Secondary Fibers For The Qualitative Analysis Of Contaminants, Susan M. Soltis

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Identification of the contaminants present in secondary fibers would aid in the reduction of the stickies problem common to the secondary fiber Industry. Presently, Identification and quantitative analysis of stickies is difficult. The staining characteristics of the hotmelts and latexes were studied and used to complete a flow chart analysis of a sample to determine the type and quantity of contaminants. Dupont '4 and Superlitefast Brilliant Blue dyes were shown to stain the hotmelts. Analysis of a sample through the flow chart developed for this thesis would determine the type and quantity of contaminants present. These results may be used …

The Effects Of Alum At Different Ph Levels On Asa Sizing, James A. Farrand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) is a cellulose reactive size used in neutral to alkaline sizing. ASA is emulsified in cationic starch to help retain the ASA on the fiber and to protect the ASA from hydrolysis. The stability of the ASA emulsion is largely dependent upon temperature, pH, and shear.

While one of the advantages of alkaline papermaking is the elimination of aluminium from the process water, the addition of small amounts of alum has proven beneficial to some mills running ASA size. The advantages claimed by using alum are: improved sizing, improved retention, and improved runnability.

The aluminum species …

Microencapsulation As An Alternative To Emulsification For Preparing As A For Use In Papermaking, William J. Corriveau

Masters Theses

The sizing chemical ASA is emulsified to make i t compatible with the papermaking process. Unfortunately, emulsified ASA is chemically reactive with water at the elevated temperatures found in papermaking systems. As an alternative, encapsulated ASA was made and investigated for its stability towards water at elevated temperatures.

A handsheet procedure was developed to analyze emulsified and encapsulated ASA. It was concluded that the procedure gave statistically reproducible results. Investigations with the procedure revealed important variables concerning the laboratory and m ill application of ASA. Evidence indicated that retention of ASA was critical to sizing development.

Encapsulated ASA made for …

Entrained Air In A Beloit Uniflow Cleaner And Its Effect On Removing Neutral Density Contaminants, Mark E. Powell

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study, the Beloit Uniflow Cleaner is evaluated to determine the effects that entrained air has on the removal of neutral density contaminants. Various levels of air are injected at the inlet header. The results of this project are that, at 0% air entrainment, the removal of efficiency is at its maximum. Introducing air causes the removal efficiency to fluctuate between 0% and 0.5%. Results, though, are inconclusive,. Recommendations for further research include exploring particle size and shape, vary stock temperature and consistency, and determine the maximum particle size before cleaning and efficiency is adversely affected.

The Effect Of Varying Degrees Of Carboxylation On Picking Resistance - A Study Of Carboxylated Latexes, Jackie K. Cody

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A carboxylated latex is formed by substituting carboxylic acid groups onto styrene/butadiene latex particles, thus displacing the emulsifying agent to a certain degree. This will lead to a more stable system with increased binding power for use in coating systems. The purpose of this study was to determine how variations in the degree of carboxylation affect the IGT picking resistance of a coated sheet.

The experiment consisted of making nine different coating formulations with both latex addition level and degree of carboxylation being varied. These formulations were applied to a paper substrate by the use of the Keagan coater. Testing …

The Effects Of Temperature And Ph In Flotation Deinking Of Ultraviolet-Cured Inks, Jeffrey A. Downing

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Since 1974, the use of ultraviolet-cured inks and coatings has become popular with the printing industry. Unfortunately for the deinking industry, removal of these inks is difficult using conventional methods in the U.S. Theory and laboratory work suggests these special inks may be removed using the flotation process.

It was discovered that the optimum flotation cell temperature for UV-cured inks is not significantly different than the optimum temperature for normal emulsifiable inks. However, optimum cell pH was found to be different between the two inks, and most effective at low pH for UV-cured ink.

Sulphonation Of Tmp Fibers, Alfonso Bello

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Paper made from TMP fibers offers good opacity and stiffness, but its use is limited because of its low strength. Chemical post-treatment of TMP offers possibilities of improving strength. Sulphonation of lignin appears to be the most economically feasible treatment. This thesis was oriented toward finding out if sulphonation of TMP fibers would improve the strength properties of TMP handsheets. Southern pine TMP fibers were treated with sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃). The chemical concentration to be used was between 3-27% in alkali solution between pH 7-9. The temperature was between 90°-150°C. Pulp was consistency was 10%. Handsheets …

Integrated Deinking System, Gregory A. Murray

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project concentrated on the development and subsequent results of an integrated deinking system. Although the chemistry and basic principles are quite different, a few European companies are successfully combining the two·systems by taking advantage of the differences.

Advantages of an integrated system over the conventional type included higher brightness, lower ash content and decreased sensitivity to particle size.

The experiment consisted of two different two-stage deinking systems. Each system was run twice; once with a sodium-precipitate chemistry and once with a calcium precipitate chemistry.

The system with first stage flotation, second stage washing and sodium chemistry was determined to …

The Effect Of Temperature On The Emulsification Of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride, Steven S. Riegsecker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study is to look at the effect of starch temperature on the emulsification of ASA. Historical information was limited, but it was discovered that an emulsion particle size range of 1-2 microns would give optimum size results.

A continuous emulsification apparatus was constructed using a glass venturi and power syringe to emulsify the starch and ASA. The basic conclusions drawn from the experiment were that the starch temperature did have an effect on the final sizing characteristics of the sheets. It was also possible to correlate a visual inspection of the emulsions with the final test …

Refiner Peroxide Bleaching, Sharon E. Perkins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Refiner peroxide bleaching trials were carried out at the Abitibi-Price Research pilot plant using a Sunds-Defibrator CD300 pilot-scale refiner. Results show that, at the pilot scale, blowline addition of bleach liquor gives better brightness gains than addition in the refining zone. Using this technique, brightness gains equivalent to tower bleaching can be obtained when the bleaching parameters are properly controlled. The most important factors were post-refiner retention time and temperature, and the alkali charge in the bleach liquor. These three factors were shown to be highly interdependent. Refining pressure (temperature) was shown to have little effect on brightness gain in …

An Analysis Of Binder Migration During Drying At Different Rates, Tokunbo S. Onadipe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this laboratory study is to quantitatively analyze the distribution of adhesive during drying at different rates. The effect of binder migration on physical paper coating properties was also studied. This report reviews past laboratory studies on binder migration, and the factors that affect binder migration. The coating application was done on a laboratory keegan coater. Dried coating was physically removed using a surface grinder, and the grind offs were analyzed for latex concentration, to determine the degree of binder migration. A gravimetric method of analysis was used to separate the latex and clay. Results showed that the …

Effects Of The Degree And Type Of Sizing On The Dyeing Of Paper, J. Pease

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was made comparing papers dyed in a rosin/alum sized system to papers dyed in two alkaline sized systems. The alkaline sizes chosen were alkyl ketene dimer and alkenyl succinic anhydride. The dye types studied were acid, basic, anionic direct, and cationic direct. The degree of sizing was varied for each sizing type to see if the amount of sizing would effect dye retention. The papers dyed with anionic and cationic direct dyes and the basic dye were not significantly effected by sizing type of sizing degree. The direct dyes did give a lighter shade when the rosin size …

Plybond Strength Development Of Secondary Fiber Using The Marine Polymer Chitosan, Christopher G. Sinkovitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate plybond strength development of secondary fiber by the addition of the marine polymer chitosan.

The chitosan was applied to refined, lightly refined and unrefined pulp suspensions. Two-ply handsheets were produced with addition levels of .5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 percent chitosan based on fiber weight.

Results indicate that addition of chitosan to two-ply handsheets significantly increased plybond strength from 30 to 120 percent depending on furnish and degree of refining. It was also determined that maximum strength values of selected tests occurred at approximately the two percent addition level of chitosan. …

The Comparison Of Linear Nip Pressing Vs. Extended Nip Pressing On The Bulk And Strength Of Unbleached Kraft Linerboard, Eric J. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is of increasing importance to find improved methods of dewatering in the wet press section. New technology has allowed us to improve dewatering and final sheet properties with the press section. Presently, we are faced with a choice between two pressing configurations; the conventional roll press and the extended nip press. Both press configurations are discussed. The fundamental characteristics of paper which affect it's properties are density, fiber dimensions, fiber strength, fiber orientation, and fiber bonding. This thesis investigates the effect of the pressure pulse on the final sheet properties of bulk and strength of a kraft linerboard. Strength …

Eliminating Drainage At The Forming Board And Its Effects On Formation And Retention, Michael F. Scholly

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The pilot paper machine at Western Michigan University was modified to eliminate drainage at the forming board. This was achieved by inserting a thin plate under the wire, from the breast roll beyond the point of jet impingement. Two different plates were used - one five inches and one ten inches. Data was collected to determine the effects the modifications had on the table's performance and web formation and retention. The following can be concluded from this study: the modifications increased the web's consistency leaving the couch, yielded poorer formation, and had insignificant affects on solids retention. Problems occurred when …

The Effect Of Shear And Alum Addition On Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride Retention, Patricia L. Houle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl succinic anhydride is an effective sizing agent involved in alkaline papermaking. There are many factors in the alkaline papermaking system which effect the retention of the sizing agent. This study reviews factors which influence sizing and the effects of shear and alum addition on the retention of ASA. The Dynamic Drainage Jar was employed to subject four levels of shear on the system and Hercules size determinations were conducted as a measure of retention. Alum is necessary in the system to provide proper retention of the ASA. Retention of ASA with alum present was found to increase with increasing …

The Pressability Of Once Dried Pulps Vs Never Dried Pulps, Martha Welburn Wells

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was made on the dynamic press simulator to determine the pressability differences of once dried pulps and ·never dried pulps. As water is removed in the drying process, nearly all of the water-to-cellulose bonds are replaced by cellulose-to-cellulose bonds. Rewetting the dry pulp reestablishes only part of the water-to-cellulose bonds. Therefore, at the same moisture content the once dried pulp holds its water 'looser' than the never dried pulp. The results prove that previously dried pulps reach higher consistencies in the press section than pulps that have never been dried. The results also indicate that the dynamic press …

The Effect Of Drying Conditions On Asa Sized Paper, Melanie K. Blanchard

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study is to determine the roles of the drying variable and solids content of the sheet in the ASA sizing mechanism. Handsheets were produced according to the Western Michigan University Standard Hardsheet Procedure for Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) sized sheets. A control value of 346 seconds was set drying sheets in a forced draft oven at 221^◦F (105^◦C) for 60 minutes. Additional handsheets were then dried on a hot plate at one of the following temperatures: 100-120^◦F, 200-210^◦F, 317^◦F or 475^◦F, and they experienced …

The Effects Of Wet-Pressing And Degree Of Refining Upon The Strength Properties Of Paper, Mary Beth Ciofu

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The dynamic press simulator has great potential to become a reliable tool in the study of wet pressing. This instrumental allows the researcher to duplicate wet press nip conditions in the laboratory.

I was unable to complete my planned study concerning the relationship between refining and wet pressing as they effect the development of fiber bonding because of equipment failure. The press loadings and drop heights used in my experiment caused the development of stresses which exceeded the press simulators design limitations.

If the dynamic press simulator is to be used to study the wide range of pressing conditions found …

The Effect Of Press Drying On Groundwood, Corrugated Material, And Various Mixes Of Groundwood And Corrugated Material, Thomas A. Derusha

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Research was conducted to determine the effect of press drying on the physical properties of handsheets made from groundwood, corrugated material, and various mixes of groundwood and corrugated material. During this study, press dried handsheets were compared to conventionally dried handsheets.

There was a difference in handsheet properties as the blend ratio of corrugated-to-groundwood stock changed. Strength related properties were positively affected by the amount of corrugated material present for both press dried and conventionally dried handsheets. The press dried sheets had higher burst factor and tear factor as corrugated content increased. Burst factor, elongation, and tear factor increased with …