Forest Sciences Commons^™

A Survey Of The Effect Of Mineral Salts On Direct Dyeings, Lawrence R. Bortolotti

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of the effect of various minerals salts on dyeings made with direct dyes. Dyes were chosen for their frequency of usage in the paper industry; the salts were chosen for several reasons, the prime one being that they form a floc at approximately the same pH as that of the stock run over the paper machine, also for its cost and availability. Sheets were made with the various dyes and salts in severals percentages of each dried, out up into test sheets for fading and bleeding. The test sheets were examined visually for evidence of fading and bleeding …

Impartial Evaluations Of The Printing Quality Of Paper, Warren R. Engel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several methods for the evaluation of paper have been investigated for their desirability as means of an impartial evaluation of the printing quality of paper. The halftone plate method showed the most desired results as an impartial evaluation of both coated and uncoated papers. The printing gage was not found to be a satisfactory method of evaluation. The drawdown method is especially significant in evaluating properties which influence the printing quality but lacks a suitable numerical evaluation.

Some Factors Which Influence The Rigidity And Durability Of Waxed Paperboard Cartons For Packaging Liquid Food Products, R. Nitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

A. Paperboard

There are many types of heavy papers and paperboards manufactured today from various pulps. The paperboard which has grown the fastest in consumption in the past ten years is that intended for packaging foods. ⁽¹⁾ The most common food board is that manufactured on either a cylinder or fourdrinier machine, is nearly all consumed by manufacturers of varied milk cartons, and fruit juice cartons. These cartons are fabricated from the afore mentioned paperboard for many reasons.

Determination Of Percentage Of Polyethylene In Paper, James Alan Lawson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this this thesis was the development of a quantitative test for polyethylene in paper. A review of the literature discloses that no published method exists; however valuable information was obtained, which directed the planning of the experimental work. A method was developed for the determination of polyethylene in paper. This method involves the extraction of paper in a Soxhlet extractor with CCl_4. The extract is evaporated to near dryness. The residue, containing polyethylene and waxes, is than extracted with diethyl ether to remove the waxes. The results of this method show that it is accurate on …

Separation Of Carbon From Deinking Waste By Means Of Flotation, Lester R. Beeman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The technique of froth flotation, as practiced in the separation of mineral ores, has been applied to the separation of carbon black from the deinking waste of the paper industry.

On the theory that carbon black (from ink) has a positive charge in water, and clay and cellulose fibers have negative charges in water, experiments were of two types. First, it was attempted to float the carbon from the clay and cellulose fibers. Second, it was attempted to float the clay and cellulose fibers from the carbon.

Several possible formulas were found for separating carbon black from deinking waste. Favorable …

Measurement Of The Degree Of Cellulose Degradation Caused By Fungi, Ronald C. Morgan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis is to obtain a method for determining the degree of cellulose degradation, caused by fungal attack, using testing methods commen to the paper industry rather than complex biochemical testing procedures.

Supercalender Variables (Iii) The Effects Of Static Pressure And Rolling Pressure On Paper, Donald V. Martin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is the third in a series of fundamental investigations of the variables of supercalendering. The variables studied in this thesis are the internal effects derived from rolling pressure and of static pressure on paper. These variables were investigated by testing four grades of paper after being subjected to supercalendering and comparing them with similar grades pressed by a hydraulic press. The experimental results show that a definite comparative trend in the internal effects of paper were established between the rolling pressure caused by supercalendering and static pressure given by a hydraulic press. The physical properties tested were Mullen, …

The Bonding Of Felted Glass Fibers By The Use Of Ordinary Papermakers' Wet-Strength Resins, Kenneth C. Rasmussen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Papermakers' wet-strength resins have been added to felted glass fibers as to increase the strength of the fibers.

On the basis that a stronger sheet of paper made from glass fibers could be put to many uses, experiments were of two types. First, an excess of wet-strength resins were added to the fibers. Second, handsheets made of one hundred per-cent glass fibers were dipped into a two per-cent resin tub-sizing solution.

Favorable results were obtained in both cases.

The Effect Of Various Deinking Solutions And Concentrations Upon The Strength Of Fiber, Leonard J. Timmer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Preliminary investigation produced limited information on the effect of various deinking solutions and concentrations upon the strength of fiber. Experimentation indicated that deinking does have a destructive effect upon the strength of fiber. This effect correlates to the temperature and the amount of chemical used. Also indicated is the fact that a mixture of Sodium hydroxide and Sodium carbonate has less of a destructive effect than either of these alone.

Optimization Of A Kraft Pulp Dioxirane Bleaching Stage, Eric A. Thompson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This research characterized and optimized the bleaching potential of dimethyldioxirane (DMD) on an -oxygen-delignified hardwood kraft pulp. The DMD wash produced in-situ using a caroate (2KHSO₅^.KHSO₄^.K₂ SO₄) acetone under controlled conditions. The studied variables included chemical concentration, consistency, temperature, reaction time, and chelation. Statistically designed experiments with response surface, methodology were used - to help locate the optimum conditions with respect to pulp brightness and strength. These conditions were located at 2.8% AO (activated-oxygen charge), 5.5% consistency, and 55^° C.

It was found that over 95% of the total brightness …

The Influence Of Varying Hydrogen Ion And Alumina Concentrations On The Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets Made In The Presence Of Locust Bean Gum, Ronald L. Hamilton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Mannogalactans and particularly locust bean gum are used for a wide variety of applications. They serve as thickening agents and emulsifiers for foodstuffs, in sizing as well as finishing yarns and in creaming rubber latex. The papermaking industry is the largest user of mannogalactans. Here they are used in kraft grades, sulphite, book papers, coating raw stock, offset and printing grades, bonds, ledgers, and other fine papers and also in newsprint and other groundwood sheets.

Locust bean gum and methylcellulose are effective as deflocculating agents and are said to surpass the performance of deacetylated karaya gum. Both hydration film and …

The Influence Of Pith Cells On The Papermaking Characteristics Of Pulp From Bagasse, Miguel A. Cabrera

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

Introduction

The fact that the need for paper products is increasing in an unparallel manner with the wood resources available at the United States market, has open the field for research studies in the development of new raw materials.

Bagasse has been a waste product submitted to intense laboratory investigation due to the fact that is a world available and relatively cheap fiber. Its use as a papermaking material has been investigated over a 100 years. Its development has been attacked by the different and contradictory opinions obtained from pilot plant runs and lack of knowledge techniques in …

Fiber Length As A Variable Influencing Wet Strength, Charles Elliott

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It was desired to discover the influence of fiber length on wet strength obtained by the addition of a resin. The wet strength tests chosen were the tear and tensile, the retention of the resin was also measured. The resin used was melamine formaldehyde acid colliod.

The wet tensile showed no significant drop with decreasing fiber length until the fibers were cut very short. The wet tear was shown to be very sensitive to any change in fiber length. The retention of the resin was relatively unaffected by the fiber length.

The Performance Of Sodium Hypochlorite And Sodium Hypobromite As Bleaching Agents At Varying Levels Of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Ted Jewson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Limited information was found in literature survey on the bleaching of wood pulp by means of hypobromites. Experimentation showed that the addition of sodium bromide to sodium hypochlorite results in accelerated bleaching. The optimum pH range for bleaching was found to be higher in presence of hypbromites than in straight hypochlorite bleaching. The maximum brightness values obtained in bleaching with either straight sodium hypobromite or with mixtures of hypochlorite and hypobromites were lower than those obtained with sodium hypochlorite.

Possible Use Of Chlorine Dioxide For Bleaching Deinked Paper Stock, Donald E. Thorton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature survey shows that chlorine dioxide can be used to bleach virgin pulp to a high brightness. The purpose of chlorine dioxide is to preserve the strength of the pulp.

The purpose of this thesis was to find out if chlorine dioxide could be used to preserve the strength of deinked paper stock.

Paper stock was found to lose strength when bleached with calcium hypochlorite and mixed with virgin pulp the loss of strength carried over in the mixture.

When the paper stock was bleached with chlorine dioxide, there was no loss of strength in the paper stock.

Supercalender Variables (Ii) The Effect Of Supercalender Pressure And Temperature On The Physical Properties Of Paper, Robert C. Walker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is the second in a series of fundamental investigations of the variables of supercalendering. The variables studied in this thesis are roll temperature and nip pressure. These variables were investigated by testing three types of paper that were supercalendered at various controlled roll pressures and temperatures. Different values of these variables during supercalendering were found to cause noticeable differences in the physical properties of supercalendered paper. It was observed, after studying the physical tests made on each of the three types of paper, that the type of paper being supercalendered, influences, to a varying degree, the effect of …

The Influence Of Locust Bean Gum On The Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets Under Varying Ph Conditions. A Study Of The Effect Of Alum Or Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Robert J. Witters

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey concerning the addition of locust bean gum to beaten pulp and the resulting strength characteristics imparted to handsheets through the addition of the gum has been undertaken. Although much literature can be found, hardly any detailed information can be extracted on the effect of alum or hydrogen ion concentration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to draw some conclusion, through laboratory work, as to any possible change, due to pH or alum, in the strength characteristics of handsheets containing locust bean gum.

The first part of this thesis will be a brief review of work that …

The Loss Of Some Strength Characteristics Of Coated Magazine Paper As A Result Of Exposure To Elevated Temperatures, Hugh D. Burnie

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect that varying degrees of temperature have on the strength properties of coated magazine stock. Paper of this type encounters high temperature conditions primarily in the ink drying operations following the printing of the web. The strength with which the paper meets the cutting, folding and binding methods which follow the drying operation are of paramount importance to the printer. Throughout the work, attempts were made to assimilate conditions encountered in present day commercial practice.

A New Experimental Pulp Digester Installation With Separate Steam Supply, Andre L. Breton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Part I

Literature Survey

Up to now, few articles have been written on the subject of Experimental Pulp Digester Installations. In our searches we have been able to find information concerning only The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada in Montreal, P.Q., Canada, The Chemical Pulp Experimental Department of the Central Laboratory in Finland, and a sulfite digester for research and instruction at the University of Washington at Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.

Acid Treatment Of Pulp At Different Temperatures And The Resultant Change In Pulp Characteristics, Kent Dickerman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the acid treatment of pulp at different temperatures. In the experimental work, enough sulfuric acid is used to neutralize the mixture of pulp and water and thereafter reach in the pH range of one and eight tenths to two at atmospheric pressure. Temperatures during experimentation range from room temperature to 100° Centigrade.

The Effect Of Some Variables On The Numerical Evaluation Of Printing Quality, James G. Dunlap Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The desire for specific information concerning those qualities of paper, which tend toward satisfactory results in printing, has become of great interest to papermakers and paper consumers. To the paper mill, this information is important in preventing the production of unsatisfactory printing paper. To the printer, such information enables him to determine unsatisfactory paper before it reaches the presses, and also permits him to tell the papermaker in advance the characteristics that are desired in the paper.

Influence Of Additives Upon The Viscosity Of Concentrated Deinking Waste, Richard J. Drexel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature survey reveals little information relating directly to deinking waste. This waste is composed mostly of coating and filling pigments such as clays and calcium carbonate therefore a study was made along these lines. Hauser (8), and other colloidal chemist, generally agree that clay and other pigment suspensions can be dispersed with certain chemical additives. This is said to be attributed to the active forces of repulsion between the particles which in turn produce a marked effect upon the flow properties. Further studies reveal that the Hercules Hi-Shear viscometer has been useful in analyzing high solids pigment suspensions which …

Polyvinyl Acetate Lattices As Adhesives For Pigment-Coated Paper, Robert L. Harney

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recent years, the possibility of using synthetic latices as adhesives in the paper coating industry has caused much interest. The manufacturers of latices uncovered a new market by fostering developmental research in the field of pigment coating binders. Polyvinyl acetate latices were one of the group of products studied in this manner.

In the past, experts in the field of coating believed that synthetic latices could contribute substantial improvements to some optical properties of coated papers over and above that of conventional adhesives. It was also felt that synthetic latices could exhibit higher pigment binding power than conventional adhesives. …

Supercalender Variables (I) The Effect Of Supercalender Pressure On The Physical Characteristics Of Paper, Kenneth L. Maves

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This work is concerned with the effect of supercalender pressures on the physical properties of paper.

The literature survey shows that very little work has been published concerning the effect of the variables of supercalendering on paper. In this investigation, a study is made of the effect of varied supercalendering pressures on 50 percent rag ledger and coated folder paper. The experimental results show that definite trends were established on physical strength and optical properties when supercalender pressure w as increased.

A Comparison Of The Color Stability Of Certain Rosin Sizing Agents As Influenced By Light And Iron, Raymond L. Janes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey is presented concerning the yellowing of paper with age and the relationships of rosin, light, and iron as factors in inducing this discoloration. The recent chemical modifications of rosin which are applicable for use in the sizing of paper are investigated with the intent of discerning whether or not they exhibit sufficient improvement in color-brightness stability over that of natural rosin to warrant their use in certain high quality papers.

The experimental results indicated only one rosin modification, "Foral", a fully-hydrogenated rosin, having a marked advantage over natural rosin with regard to brightness stability as affected by …

Size Tests Applicable To Writing Surface Versus Aqueous Inks, Md. Mozammel Haque

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Some paper, because of their use requirements are required to be porous and absorbent to liquids, particularly water. Examples of these papers are paper towels, blotters and filter paper. Most papers, however, are required to be resistant to the passage of acquous liquids or vapor. Writing papers, moisture resistant bags, waxed paper and many other classes of paper too numerous to mention fall into the latter groups of papers.

The required degree of resistance to the penetration of aqueous liquids or vapors is brought about through the process of sizing. Sizing may be defined as the addition of materials …

A More Rapid Routine Control Method For The Estimation Of Titanium Dioxide In Paper, Allen E. Uhl

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A procedure is given for estimation of titanium dioxide in paper, whereby ashing the sample is omitted thru simultaneous destruction of the paper and solution of the titanium. This method is compared with the standard methods of analysis in regard to time required and precision.

Printing With Moisture Setting Inks. The Influence Of Varying Degrees Of Sizing And Varying Amounts Of Hardwood Fibers On The Printability Of Bleached Sulphate Sheets, Frank L. Yankoviak

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The work on this thesis has been conducted for the purpose of investigating the effect of two variables on the printability of a bleached softwood sulphate sheet; using a moisture setting ink. The two variables are: (1) rosin sizing, (2) furnish, namely, varying amounts of bleached hardwood sulphate fibers.

Handsheets were made in the laboratory with four levels of rosin sizing. and increasing amounts of hardwood fibers. The amounts of hardwood fibers ranged from zero to 100 percent with two intermediate percentages.

The calendered handsheets were then printed and visually inspected for quality of printing obtained. Other tests. carried out …

Strength Characteristics Of Multi-Ply And Single-Ply Handsheets, Yale Brandt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In a multi-ply handsheet there are three fundamental strengths. These fundamental strengths are the bonding between plies, bonding between fibers and the strength of the fibers. The strengths are interrlated and controlled by the preparation and mechanical handling of the stock.

The beating of the fibers, the consistency at which the sheet is formed, the couching pressure, and the final pressing all produce certain marked effects on the strength characteristics in a multi-ply handsheet.

In general it may be said that the strength characteristics of a given weight sheet may be increased by forming a multi-ply sheet.

The Influence Of Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution On Some Strength Characteristics Of A Commercial Pulp, David Kraske

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this thesis, four groups of fibers with varying average fiber lengths have been separated from a coniferous bleached kraft pulp which had been beaten to different levels of freeness. The fractionation of the pulp was accomplished with a Bauer-McNett fiber classifier. The groups of fibers were analyzed for average fiber length, fiber length distribution and for their strength characteristics.

The results of this survey show interesting and significant trends, particularly with regard to the apparent density, tensile strength and the tearing resistance of the various fractions. The contributions of the various fractions to the strength characteristics of the whole …