Forest Sciences Commons^™

Separate Refining Versus Mixed Refining Of An “Easy” And “Hard” Refining Pulp, Richard M. Dennany

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of the strength development (mullen and tear) of mixtures of "easy" and "hard" refining pulp, in which the pulps were refined as a mixture with that in which they were separately refined, and then mixed, reveals that separate refining develops mullen to the same extent as does mixed refining, but that a higher tearing resistance at the same freeness and mullen can be obtained with separate refining.

Utilization Of Deinking Waste, Richard H. Jones

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

In research aimed at utilization of sludge obtained from primary sedimentation of deinking mill wastes a literature study was made to determine what has been done toward meeting these ends and what new lines of thought needed investigation.

Our first thought in a literature survey was to find out the nature of the deinking sludge. It was found that the composition of deinking solid varies greatly from mill to mill and is determined by the waste paper used. A commercial laboratory analysis showed that the sludge is principally clay and fiberous materials (Table I) (1).

A early as 1931 …

A Study Of Reuse And Possible Disposal Of Clarified Cooking Liquors From Deinking Systems, Uldis I. Ievans

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Recovery or partial reuse of spent cooking liquors, originating in the manufacture of chemical and semi-chemical wood pulps, has been explored very thoroughly. The recovery or reuse of these spent cooking liquors has been of great economical significance to the paper industry.

Limited information has been available on the reuse of spent cooking liquors from deinking systems.

Fibrous Papermaking Materials Developed Since 1950, Thomas C. Elias

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis describes in its literature survey the general nature of synthetic fibers and the problems involved in their use in papermaking. Several types of organic and inorganic fibers and the benefits obtainable from their use are discussed.

Experimental blends of aluminum and wood pulp were prepared and evaluated as to their physical properties. Procedures for making sheets containing 100 percent Acrilan and blends with sulphite pulp are described. The results of three methods of drying these handsheets are reported.

Comparison Of Beater Additives With Gelatinized Sulphite On Strength Of Kraft Handsheets, Ronald T. Gielczyk

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey shows that a great deal of work has been done on beater additives. It also showed that there is little or no agreement among workers in this field.

Laboratory work was carried out comparing blends of pulp made up of a sulphite pulp beaten to a "gelatinized" mass and a kraft pulp beaten to two different freeness levels with the same kraft pulps to which guar gum and oxidized potato starch had been added. Results show that guar gum is the best strength developer when both millen and tear are considered.

Low Shrinkage Bleaching Of Unbleached Neutral Sulphite Semichemical Pulp, Jobe B. Morrison

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The main objective of this research project was the investigation of the most feasible method for the bleaching of a soft-cooked unbleached neutral sulphite semichemical aspen pulp cooked to a 70 percent yield. Furthermore, treatment of unbleached, laboratory bleached and commercially bleached neutral sulphite semichemical pulp with a new chemical, sodium borohydride, was also carried out.

The results of our experimental work showed that, the best bleaching procedure was when 15 percent chlorine as hypochlorite was used in the first stage, followed by a hydrochloric acid soaking stage with a final treatment of 2.6 percent hydrogen peroxide. With the above …

Determination Of Chemical Composition Of Wood Pulp Hydrolyzates By Paper Chromatography, Earl W. Malcolm

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The available literature on paper chromatography was surveyed. Special attention was given to those techniques dealing with the analysis of wood pulp hydrolyzates. Five hardwood pulp hydrolyzates were analyzed by paper chromatographic means. All hardwood pulp hydrolyzates analyzed tended to fall in a relatively narrow range of chemical composition. Glucose and xylose were found to be the main constituents with traces of mannose and galactose present in some pulp hydrolyzates.

Study Of Some Factors Which Influence Froth Flotation Of Deinked Stock, Peter C. Longjohn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Mineral and fiber were concurrently reclaimed from coated waste stock with the froth flotation process. Percentages of ash and fiber reclaimed are included along with the brightness of the deinked stock.

A suitable cooking formula and two flotation systems were discovered which respond favorably to froth flotation and yield a relatively high brightness before bleaching.

Printing Quality As Determined By The I.G.T. Tester, William A. Pritchett Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Investigation of this method for the determination of printability indicates that it can be used to predict the printability of paper. However, since it lacks numerical rating, the visual evaluation depends finally upon the personal judgment of the investigator.

Some Aspects Of Printing Quality, Robert B. Badger Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this experiment was to find the effect of various pressures upon the ink coverage and the visual appearance of the half-tone print. A specially designed plate with four evenly spaced elevations was used with a Vandercook proof press. Various grades of paper were used. Results showed: a variation in the range of ink coverage due to the grade of paper and the number of lines of the half-tone; within the area of good printing a small change in pressure caused a large change in ink coverage; the change in ink coverage varied from elevation to elevation; an …

Brush Finishing Of Coated Paperboard, Arlon F. King

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

It would seem apparent that a brief explanation of the term "brush finishing of paper" is in order before dealing extensively with our literature survey. Although brush finishing is not a new term, it has never been dealt with in its true sense as a means of finishing paper in the paper industry.

Brush-enamel papers were developed and used extensively in the second half of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. The new development came from Germany and as the art of paper coating had been developed there to a high degree, the brush-polishing process …

The Influence Of Soap On Starch-Pigment Coated Paper, Paul W. Keck

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey is presented concerning the effects of soap on the rheological properties of coatings, and upon the physical properties of the coated paper. The influence of sodium, ammonium, and calcium stearates is investigated, and it is found that soaps produce desirable effects upon both the flow properties of coating colors and the physical properties of the coated paper.

The experimental results indicate that sodium stearate is superior to either ammonium or calcium stearate, in that all of the properties tested for are either enhanced or remain about the same when sodium soap is added to the coating, whereas …

The Effect Of The Cold Soda Pulping Process On The Various Constituents Of Aspen Wood, William A. Foster

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

The commercial Gold Soda Process for wood is relatively new pulping process developed at the United States Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, for high-yield pulping for hardwoods.

The development of this process has been due to the increasing shortage of softwood fibers has made necessary the need for a suitable process for pulping hardwoods. The Gold Soda process is thought to meet some of the economic and strength requirements of this need.

Most of the research done on this subject has been done in the 65 to 95 yield range at the Forest Products Laboratory. This naturally …

A Comparison Of Coated Paper Surfaces By Photomicrography, Everett L. Potts Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Five different types of coated papers were photomicrographed, namely cast coated, roll coated, trailing blade coated, air brush coated, and brush coated grades.

All cast coated papers were found to be extremely smooth and essentially free of pattern.

Roll coated papers displayed a microscopic pattern which resembled the magnified surface of an orange peel.

Trailing blade coated papers displayed sharp-edged pits and, in some cases, scuffed surfaces.

Air brush coated papers had a microscopic pattern which resembled the non-magnified surface of a pie crust.

Brush coated papers closely resembled air brush coated papers microscopically, however, they also carried a macroscopic …

Bleaching Of High Yield Mutual Sulphite Semichemical Pulp, Teodoro E. Reinhardt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this research project was to investigate the effect of various bleaching agents and procedures on brightness, degree of yellowness and retention of the original high yield of the unbleached neutral sulphite semichemical pulp.

In order to avoid excessive losses in bleaching of the high yield pulp, it was decided to limit the selection of bleaching chemicals to hypochlorites, peroxides and hydrosulphites. Furthermore, caustic extraction was to be employed only under relatively mild conditions as to temperature and concentration.

Based on the experimental conditions and results described in this report and on the use of an unbleached pulp …

The Performance Of A Laboratory Type Inclined Screen Washer, Philip R. Carey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is a study of pulp washing methods and factors influencing their operation. The literature survey is a discussion of diffusers, deckers, vacuum washers, screw presses, and inclined screen or side hill washers and methods of evaluation of washing systems.

Experimental work consisted of the analysis of the efficiency of a laboratory model inclined screen washer from the standpoint of suspended and dissolved solids removed and rate of flow. The experiments were run with deinked waste paper stock at four angles.

The results obtained indicated that an improved design of the inclined screen washer is necessary and suggestions along …

A Survey Of Management Opinions Of Noise In The Pulp And Paper Industry, Carola Trittin

Masters Theses

Introduction

The pulp and paper industry is the fifth largest in the United States, dollar-wise, and is also the third fastest growing industry in the United States (1). There are between 375,000 and 400,000 people employed directly in the pulp and paper mills in the United States and Canada. A nation-wide survey on the importance of noise in this industry is needed to help clarify the effects, if any, that noise has upon its employees.

By definition, noise is non-harmonious sound. When the subject of noise is mentioned, many suggestions are given on places where such a study should be …

The Influence Of Clay Flocculation And Dispersion On The Covering Power Of Clay Coating Colors, Donald G. Pryor

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Historical Survey

Introduction

A survey of the literature showed that considerable information has been published on the effects of dispersing agents on the viscosity of coating colors and clay slurries. There seemed to be little work done on the effect of the dispersing agent on any other of the properties of the coating.

The Evaluation Of The Printability Of Papers By The I.G.T. Method, Robert W. Shaw

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The purpose of this investigation was to determine to what extent the I.G.T. Tester could be used to determine the printability of paper. The investigation was carried out along two related paths. First to determine if the I.G.T. Tester could be used to give indications of actual press printability and secondly to determine if the results of the I.G.T. Tester were reproducible.

Some Effects In Chlorine Dioxide Purification Of Kraft Softwood Cellulose, Maynard C. Nieboer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Up until the middle thirties, chlorine dioxide had been considered an expensive bleaching agent and also had been too explosive to ship as a gas, so it had remained a laboratory curiosity since its discovery in the 19th century. In the middle thirties, Mathieson Chemical Corporation found that solid sodium chlorite was a cheap and effective carrier of chlorine dioxide. This discovery opened the door for extensive use of chlorine dioxide and since then it has come into its own as a bleaching agent. This investigation is concerned with the three methods of generation of chlorine dioxide from sodium …

The Influence Of Hexamethylenetetramine And Formaldehyde On The Rheological Behavior Of Casein Base Coating Colors, Chester W. Faram

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The experimental work presented in this thesis shows the effects of formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine on the flow characteristics of coating colors formulated with casein as an adhesive. All experiments were performed at room temperature.

In general, the pH has marked effect upon viscosity of the coating colors: the higher the pH value, the more viscous the coating color. Furthermore, formaldehyde reacted faster with proteinaceous coating colors than hexamine.

Specifically, coating colors containing four per cent hexamine showed little change in viscosity and flow behavior while coating colors at the neutral pH value of seven containing eight per cent hexamine showed …

Synthetic Polymers In Coating Colors: The Adhesive Values Of Lattices And Their Effects On Properties Of Laboratory Coated Papers, Shwang Hsia

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Five synthetic latices have been evaluated as to their adhesive values and influence on optical properties of the coated papers.

The five synthetic polymers were acrylates, acrylonitrile-buta-diene, polyethylene, polystyrene-butadiene, and vinyl acetate.

The latices were used to substitute, on a pound per pound basis, 25, 50 and 75 percent of the casein used as binder in a standard coating color consisting of 100 parts of coating clay and 16 parts of casein.

Higher adhesive values than that of straight casein were established by acrylates and two butadiene copolymers. Vinyl acetate and polyethylene possessed lower adhesive values than straight casein color. …

The Comparison Of High And Low Shear Viscometers For Determining Rheological Characteristics In Pigmented Coatings, Philip J. Meyer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there was any relationship between the rheograms of the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer when applied to paper pigmented coatings.

Pigmented Coating On Unbleached Paper, Robert I-Ching Yin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Much work has been done generally on the coating of paper, but very little literature is available on the coating of unbleached paper or unbleached book stock. Therefore, the covering power of the coating in this study is of the chief interest.

Bleaching Of Kraft Pulp By Means Of Hydrogen Peroxide. The Effect Of Acid Treatment And Calcium Chloride Treatment Before The Last Stage, William J. Haselow

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

From the results of the experimental work conducted, it appears that hydrochloric acid pretreatment of chlorinated and caustic extracted, and, also, chlorinated, caustic extracted, and calcium hypochlorite bleached kraft pulp before last stage hydrogen peroxide bleaching was not beneficial to final brightness.

Calcium chloride pretreatment, on the other hand, was definitely of value to final brightness in three stage bleaching. However, calcium chloride pretreatment of chlorinated, caustic extracted, and calcium hypochlorite bleached kraft pulp did not increase pulp brightness to a significant extent.

It seems, therefore, that there was an optimum concentration of calcium salts which was of maximum benefit …

The Effect Of Galacto-Mannans On Handsheets Made From Softwood, Hardwood Or Rag Pulps, Thomas R. Murwin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Some published information reports that galacto-mannans, when used as strength producing beater additives, do not effect significant strength increases in hardwood pulps. In order to investigate this problem further, six pulps covering a wide range of pulping processes and chemical compositions, were evaluated before and after the addition of locust bean gum, a galacto-mannan, to the pulp.

The results obtained indicate that galacto-mannans do favorably affect the strength properties of hardwood pulps. Substantial increases in bursting strength, tensile strength and folding endurance were noted for all the hardwood pulps employed, as well as for a rag pulp. These strength increases …

An Investigation Of Nylon Fiber As A Papermaking Material, Robert J. Thiessen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Investigations were made to determine whether or not a practical method of bonding nylon-wood blend paper could be devised in which advantage is obtained from the strength qualities of the nylon fibers in the finished sheet. Two unsatisfactory methods were tried before a satisfactory method was found. By this method 25-to 50-per cent nylon content sheets were dipped in a five to ten-per cent solids water emulsion of a polyamide resin. The sheets were then dried, free of surface support, and then heat pressed to complete the bonding. Paper of high strength and durability was thus produced.

The Reclamation Of Fibers From Blueprint Stock, Joseph A. Boyle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Object

A method of reclaiming the fibers from blueprint paper after it has been used in the photocopying precess and the subsequent bleaching of these fibers is sought.

A Comparison Of Sheffield Instruments For Smoothness And Porosity With Others Now Used, John B. Yonker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This report shows that there is a correlation between Bekk and Sheffield smoothness and between Gurley and Sheffield porosity. The correlation is not as good in the upper Bekk smoothness range or in the upper Gurley range.

A Photographic Study Of The Effects Of Beating On Fiber Structure, Gene D. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Because beating is the most fundamental, but highly important, process in the paper industry, some of the changes in fiber structure that occur during beating have been investigated. A literature survey is also presented concerning a number of related investigations of fiber structure.

The experimental results indicate that fibrillation begins very shortly after the beating process is started. As beating progresses, the primary cell wall is removed, and the specific area of the fiber increases greatly when the watery medium encounters the secondary lamella area of the fiber. Continued beating shows that the action is a mechanical one, in that …