Food Science Commons^™

A Comparison Of Soil Tests To Predict The Growth And Nodulation Of Subterranean Clover In Aluminium-Toxic Topsoils, M. G. Whitten, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Total Al concentration or pH in 1∶5 10 mM CaCl₂ extracts and exchangeable Al in 100 mM BaCl₂ extracts cannot always distinguish between Al-toxic and Al-nontoxic topsoils. Our objectives were to compare the abilities of different measures of Al and pH in various extracts to predict the effects of acidity on growth and nodulation of subterranean clover. In a glasshouse experiment, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt Barker was grown in acidic soils from 3 sites in the Western Australian wheatbelt with different histories of phosphate fertilizer application. The pH was adjusted to give a range of …

A Soil Test For Aluminium Toxicity In Acidic Subsoils Of Yellow Earths In Western Australia, S. J. Carr, G. S.P. Ritchie, W. M. Porter

Food Science and Nutrition

Many of the yellow earths in the Western Australian wheatbelt have naturally acidic subsoils which can reduce the yield of wheat grown on them. Current methods of assessing soil acidity cannot identify which soils have subsoil acidity severe enough to restrict wheat yields.

We conducted 53 field experiments at 34 sites in 5 regions over 3 years to determine the relationship between yield of wheat and several different indices for identifying subsoils with toxic concentrations of aluminium, Al. Initially, we identified that the concentration of aluminium, [Al], in the soil solution and in 1 : 5 0.005 M KCl extracts …

Prediction Of Zinc Deficiency In Navy Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) By Soil And Plant Analyses, J. D. Armour, A. D. Robson, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Gallaroy) were grown with 7 rates of zinc (Zn) in a Zn-deficient gravelly sandy loam in a glasshouse experiment. The plant shoots were harvested 31 days after sowing and the Zn concentration in each of 4 plant parts (YL, young leaf; YOL, young open leaf; YFEL, youngest fully expanded leaf; and whole shoots) was related to the fresh weight of the shoots. The critical Zn concentrations (mgtkg) in the plant parts determined by the 2 intersecting straight lines model were 21.1 for YL (r² = 0.66), 17.1 for YOL (r² = 0.83), …

Extractable Zinc In Particle Size Fractions Of Soils From Western Australia And Queensland, J. D. Armour, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

The zinc (Zn) content of particle size fractions of 12 mainly Zn deficient soils was measured by extraction with three contrasting extractants. The soils, which ranged from sands to a black earth, were from Western Australia and Queensland and particle size fractions (clay, silt, fine sand, coarse sand) were obtained by sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonification of soil suspended in deionized water. The extractants were concentrated HNO₃/H₂SO₄/HClO₄ (acid extractable or AE-Zn), DTPA and 0.002 M CaCl₂. For each extractant, Zn contents of the fractions and whole soils were correlated with organic …

Zinc Adsorption By A Lateritic Soil In The Presence Of Organic Ligands, P. Chairidchai, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Zinc adsorption by a lateritic podzolic soil was measured in the presence of 0 to 3 mmol/litre of acetate, oxalate, citrate, tricarballylate, salicylate, or catechol, or 0 to 3 mmol_c/litre of humate. Zinc remaining in solution was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry after shaking the soil for 17 h at a soil/liquid ratio of 1:5 in a 0.003 mol/litre KCl solution containing 0 to 500 μmol/litre Zn and the ligands. In the absence of organic ligands, more than 95% of the zinc was adsorbed. The amount of adsorption was linearly correlated with pH and the concentration of ZnOH …

Chemical Evaluation And Biological Vitamin A Activity Of The Major Carotenoids In The Hybrid Carrot Beta Iii, Cynthia M. Schweitzer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Genetically enhanced high-carotene Beta III hybrid carrot was compared to a commercial carrot cultivar, Nantes Coreless, for carotene content and macronutrient composition. Beta III contained more than twice the total carotene content of Nantes Coreless, with α-carotene/β-carotene ratios higher in Beta III. Total solids from protein, lipids, and carbohydrate were greater in Beta III than in Nantes Coreless. Beta III contained about five times the amount of sucrose and one-fifth the amount of glucose and fructose than Nantes Coreless or reported literature values.

Comparison of the bioavailability of carotenes in Beta III and Nantes Coreless to purified β-carotene and retinyl …

A Quantitative Assessment Of Minerals Of Toxicological Importance In Utah Fast Foods, Lisa R. Williams

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

X-ray flourescence (XRF) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) measurements for manganese, iron, copper, and zinc were compared for 96 samples of 21 foods from different sources. Correlation coefficients were 0.94 for manganese, 0.99 for iron, 0.93 for copper, and 0.91 for zinc for XRF vs. AAS determinations.

Similiar comparisons were performed on 228 samples of fast foods purchased in Utah retail outlets. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 for copper to 0.97 for iron and zinc. Comparisons of values generated by XRF for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic, and aluminum to values certified by the National Bureau of Standards indicated …

Storage Of Dry Milk, Charlotte P. Brennand

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives instructions on how to properly store dry milk.

Brussels Sprouts Fact Sheet, Alvin R. Hamson

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives information on the proper growing, harvesting, cooking, and eating brussels sprouts.

Broccoli Fact Sheet, Alvin R. Hamson

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication provides information about broccoli, including broccoli varieties, the best soil for growing broccoli, and ways to store and cook it.

Safe Kitchen Rules, Georgia C. Lauritzen Ph. D.

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives tips and instructions on how to be safe in the kitchen.

Elderberries, Georgia C. Lauritzen Phd, Carl M. Johnson

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives identification characteristics of elderberries and how to make syrup, jelly, and pie using elderberries.

Changes With Time In The Availability Of Soil Applied Zinc To Navy Beans And In The Chemical Extraction Of Zinc From Soils, J. D. Armour, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

The effect of the incubation of zinc (Zn) applied to the soil on Zn uptake and the Zn concentrations in chemical extractants was studied. In a glasshouse experiment using a Zn-deficient gravelly sandy loam, the effect of recently applied Zn was compared with that of Zn incubated with the soil for 15 days at 40°C on growth and Zn uptake by navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Gallaroy). At the second harvest (33 days after sowing), the dry weight of shoots of recently applied Zn was consistently higher than that of incubated Zn, except at the highest rate of 1 …

Cauliflower Fact Sheet, Alvin R. Hamson

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives information on cauliflower, including how to grow it, how to store it, and how to cook it.

Asparagus, Alvin R. Hamson

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication discusses varieties of asparagus and how to best grow it.

Utah Peaches, Georgia C. Lauritzen Ph. D.

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives information on selecting, freezing, canning, drying, and consuming peaches.

The Fibers, Georgia C. Lauritzen Ph. D.

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives information on the different types of fiber and how the body uses each of them. It also lists common foods that provide fiber for the body.

The Estimation Of Free Aluminium And The Competition Between Fluoride And Humate Anions For Aluminium, G. S.P. Ritchie, M. P. Nelson, M. G. Whitten

Food Science and Nutrition

Three equations for estimating the concentration of free aluminium, [Al³⁺], from the activity of free fluoride, (F^-), were compared to assess their suitability for estimating [Al³⁺] in acid soil solutions and in competition studies. We then studied the ability of humic acids to compete with F for Al by comparing the behaviour of the humic acids in the presence of F and Al with that of several carboxylic acids under the same conditions. All three methods of estimating [Al ] were limited in their applicability to acid soil solutions but were uitable for estimating …

The Bioavailability Of Iron From Meat, Spinach, Soy Protein Isolate, Meat:Spinach And Meat:Spi Mixtures Fed To Anemic And Healthy Rats, Dejia Zhang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Two Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of iron status and iron source on iron bioavailability using the rat model. Beef was proportionally mixed with spinach (Experiment I) or soy protein isolate (Experiment II) to test if meat enhances the absorption of iron from spinach or SPI. Five diets with the iron from meat:spinach (or SPI) ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 were prepared and fed to rats. FeS04 was used as a reference. Two trials of rats were used in Experiment I. In trial I, half of the rats were made severely iron deficient (Hb 6.3 …

A Preliminary Evaluation Of Resin Extractable Molybdenum As A Soil Test, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Resin extractable Mo explained 72% of the variation in yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown on ten acid soils as measured by the relative yield of the tops or by the uptake of Mo by the youngest emerged blade.

Eat A Healthful Diet- An Absolute Cure, Georgia C. Lauritzen Ph.D

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives tips and suggestions for eating a healthful diet.

Phosphorus Leaching In Sandy Soils. Ii. Laboratory Studies Of The Long-Term Effects Of The Phosphorus Source, D. M. Weaver, G. S.P. Ritchie, G. C. Anderson

Food Science and Nutrition

Long-term phosphorus (P) losses and gains in sandy soils continuously fertilized with either ordinary superphosphate or coastal superphosphate (a granulated mixture of superphosphate, rock phosphate and elemental sulfur) or previously fertilized with superphosphate were investigated under leaching conditions in columns in the laboratory. The soils were subjected to 10 consecutive cycles designed to simulate the mediterranean weather conditions in the Harvey region of the Coastal Plain of Western Australia. Each cycle consisted of a wet phase during which the equivalent of 850 mm of rainfall was leached through the soil and a drier phase during which the soil was incubated …

Phosphorus Leaching In Sandy Soils. I. Short-Term Effects Of Fertilizer Applications And Environmental Conditions, D. M. Weaver, G. S.P. Ritchie, G. C. Anderson, D. M. Deeley

Food Science and Nutrition

The consequences of previous as well as current environmental conditions and management practices on the potential for phosphorus (P) to be lost by drainage from sandy soils in the short term (< 1 year) were studied in the laboratory and the field. The potential for P losses by drainage was estimated by measuring soil solution P levels and rapidly released P. Rapidly released P was measured by determining the concentration of dissolved inorganic P contained in filtered (µm) soil solutions after incubating soil at saturation for 15 min at ambient temperature. In the laboratory, sandy soils were incubated with ordinary superphosphate, coastal superphosphate (a granulated mixture of equal parts of superphospate, rock phosphate and elemental sulfur) or lime-superphosphate (a lime-reverted superphosphate with 18% kiln dust) and sequentially desorbed with deionized water. The effects of the extent of leaching, fertilizer type, application rate and the time of contact with the soil on soil solution P levels were investigated. The influence of annual pasture death and summer rainfall on rapidly released P in soils that had been pre-treated by leaching were also investigated.

Phosphorus concentrations decreased logarithmically in the successive supernatants of the sequentially desorbed soils. More P was desorbed from soils incubated with superphosphate and lime-superphosphate than soil incubated with coastal superphosphate. At each level of pre-leaching, the P concentrations in the soil solution increased with increasing time. The level, to which the P concentration in the soil solution increased at each time, decreased with increased extent of pre-leaching. The …

Fluoride Content In Home-Canned Fruits In Utah, Sydney Ann Mcdonald

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not canning fruit using fluoridated water made a difference in the fluoride contents of the juice and the pulp. Four cities in Utah were chosen. Two cities were fluoridated (Brigham City and Helper) and two cities were not fluoridated (North Ogden and Price). Three homes were chosen within each city, and three jars of canned fruit (one jar each of apricots, cherries, and peaches) were selected from each home. The fruit samples were freeze-dried, and then the fluoride was measured with a fluoride ion electrode. A difference was found in …

The Effectiveness Of Lime-Based Amendments And Bauxite Residues At Removing Phosphorus From Piggery Effluent, D. M. Weaver, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Piggery effluent may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways, if it is not treated before disposal, because of high levels of phosphorus. Limes and red muds (a residue from bauxite refining) were used to remove phosphorus from piggery effluent (41 mg litre^-1 total P). Lime-based amendments were more effective than the red muds at removing phosphorus when compared at the same liquid: solid ratios. Based on laboratory data, the cost of treating effluent increased rapidly as the final required phosphorus concentration decreased to less than 4 mg litre^-1. Kiln dust was the cheapest amendment tested down to …

Effect Of Oxidation-Reduction Potential On Hemochrome Formation And Resultant Pink Color Defect Of Cooked Turkey Rolls, Farzaneh Vahabzadeh

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A pink color defect is commonly observed in freshly cut surfaces of cooked turkey rolls and fades rapidly upon exposure to air. The non uniform pink color makes the product appear undercooked, and the product must be discounted. The oxidation-reduction potential of the meat is important in development of pink defect. A pink color similar to that of commercial product was observed when the cooked meat was treated with either sodium nitrite or sodium dithionite. The pink color in nitrite treated meat was due to nitroso pigment formation, but in samples treated with dithionite the pink color was due to …

Pantothenic Acid Status Of Adolescents, Brenda Ringer Eissenstat

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Information on human needs for pantothenic acid is limited and no recommended daily allowance has been established; although a safe and adequate level of 4-7 mg/day has been suggested for adults and adolescents. The adolescent population is often at risk for nutritional problems because of unusual eating patterns and major physiological changes which occur at this time. Pantothenic acid levels in urine, whole-blood and erythrocytes were determined in a healthy adolescent population using radioimmunoassay techniques. Dietary intakes were calculated from 4 day diet records and evaluated using a computer data base developed at Utah State University in conjunction with USDA. …

Relative Toxicities Of Inorganic Aluminum Complexes To Barley, R. S. Cameron, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

The inorganic forms of Al in the soil solution that decrease plant growth in acid soils have not been clearly identified. Therefore, we examined the effects of Al and its complexes with F^- and SO₄^2- on the root elongation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in nutrient solutions containing 3333 μmol Ca L^-1 and 6 μmol B L^-1 at pH 4.5. The anions were chosen because of their presence in the soil solution at levels sufficient to complex Al. The toxicity of 0 to 100 μmol Al L^-1 was studied in the presence of …

Ua35/11 Student Honors Research Bulletin, Wku Honors Program

WKU Administration Documents

The WKU Student Honors Research Bulletin is dedicated to scholarly involvement and student research. These papers are representative of work done by students from throughout the university.

• Padilla, Anne. First and Second Language Acquisition: A Comparison
• Scott, Angela. Salted and Unsalted Snacks: Taste Preferences of Second Grade Students in a Rural Area School
• Fuqua, Nancy. Acceptance by High School Students of Muffins Containing Supplemental Soy Polysaccharides
• Mans, Glee. Preference Levels of High School Freshmen for Four Cheese Food Products
• Denney, Pam. Consumer Acceptance of UHT Choclate Lowfat Milk
• Harris, Carla. Jacques-Louis David: Raphael of the Sansculottes
• Vaughn, James. Corporate Reorganization …

Effects Of Bulk Starter Media And Proteolytic Lactic Streptococci On Protein Loss In Cheddar Curd Manufacture, Steven A. Winkel

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effects of whey-based and milk-based starter media, and low concentrations (0.02% each) of citrate, phosphate and calcium upon various milk coagulation properties were measured. Samples inoculated with milk-based starter medium had shorter coagulation times, faster rate of curd formation, and greater final curd firmness than those inoculated with externally neutralized whey-based starter. Starter medium treatment was statistically interacted with calcium for coagulation time and rate of curd formation. Citrate addition caused longer coagulation times, slower rates of curd formation, and weaker final coagula. Citrate interacted with calcium and phosphate for several of the parameters measured. Addition of phosphate did …