Food Science Commons^™

Role Of Dissolution And Precipitation Of Minerals In Controlling Soluble Aluminum In Acidic Soils, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

No abstract provided.

Nutrient Uptake And Organic Acid Anion Metabolism In Lupins And Peas Supplied With Nitrate, S. P. Loss, A. D. Robson, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Unlike many plants reported in the literature, lupins do not excrete OH− in amounts equivalent to the net excess of inorganic anion uptake over inorganic cation uptake. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of charge balance, nutrient uptake and organic anion accumulation of lupins and peas supplied with a range of NO3− concentrations, were compared. Lupins absorbed less NO3− than peas on a dry weight basis, which largely ACCOUNTED for the smaller excess of anion uptake over cation uptake in lupins than in peas at the same NO3− supply. When anion uptake exceeded cation uptake, peas excreted an …

Changes In The Forms Of Cadmium With Time In Some Western Australian Soils, S. S. Mann, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Changes in the forms of Cd with time could affect its uptake by plants and hence potential toxicity to animals and humans. The effect of time on the forms of native and added Cd was studied in four West Australian soils which differed in their clay, hydrous oxide and organic matter content. Sequential extraction of soluble (KCl), exchangeable (BaCl₂), bound to organic matter (NaOCl), bound to oxides/clays (ammonium oxalate) and residual (concentrated acids) forms of Cd was carried out at different time intervals after the addition of Cd.
The Cd that was added to the soils transformed with …

Phosphorus Leaching In Soils Amended With Piggery Effluent Or Lime Residues From Effluent Treatment, D. M. Weaver, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Phosphorus (P) in wastes from piggeries may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways if not disposed of appropriately. Phosphorus leaching, from three soils with different P sorption characteristics (two with low P retention and one with moderate P retention) when treated with piggery effluent (with or without struvite), was investigated using batch and leaching experiments. The leaching of P retained in soil from the application of struvite effluent was determined. In addition, P leaching from lime residues (resulting from the treatment of piggery effluent with lime to remove P) was determined in comparison to superphosphate when applied to the same …

Phosphorus Removal From Piggery Effluents Of Varying Quality Using Lime And Physico-Chemical Treatment Methods., D. M. Weaver, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The choice of management practices for the treatment of piggery effluent prior to its disposal to waterways or land is governed by the desire to simultaneously minimise the cost of treatment whilst minimising pollution of the environment. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the removal of total and total filterable phosphorus (P) (μm) from ortho-phosphate solutions or piggery effluent by hydrated lime or lime kiln dust alone, or from recycled piggery effluent by lime and physico-chemical treatment methods. In addition, the ability of lime to remove P from recycled piggery effluent at an intensive piggery was assessed.

Most P …

Amelioration Of Subsurface Acidity In Sandy Soils In Low Rainfall Regions. Ii. Changes To Soil Solution Composition Following The Surface Application Of Gypsum And Lime, C. D. A. Mclay, G. S.P. Ritchie, W. M. Porter, A. Cruse

Food Science and Nutrition

Two field trials were sampled to investigate the changes to soil solution chemical properties of a yellow sand plain soil with an acidic subsoil following the application of gypsum and lime to the soil surface in 1989. The soils were sandy textured and located in a region of low annual rainfall (300-350 mm). Soil was sampled annually to a depth of 1 m and changes in soil solution composition were estimated by extraction of the soil with 0.005 M KCl.
Gypsum leaching caused calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO₄) and the ionic strength to increase substantially in both topsoil and …

Formation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons On The Surfaces Of Ultra-High Temperature Treated Meat, Michelle T. Foote

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of ultra-high temperature (UHT) on production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the surface of beef steaks was determined. Beef steaks were treated with five treatments, raw, UHT, UHT/grill marks, UHT/grill marks/microwave, and charcoal grilled. Four PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene, were quantified. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) were used to purify and analyze the PAH extracts, respectively. Levels of PAH found on charcoal-grilled steaks were higher than those observed in the literature. A balanced incomplete block design was used to analyze the data. There were no significant differences among the treatments in …

Temporal Variation In Potassium Chloride Extractable Aluminum, Sodium, And Soil Ph, And The Effects On Interpretation Of Subsoil Aluminum Toxicity In Yellow Earths, S. J. Carr, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Temporal variation in two soil tests ([Al] and the ratio [Al]:[Na] in 1:5 0.005M KCl extract) and pH were evaluated on six occasions during a twelve month study of eleven yellow earths in the Merredin region (31°5, 118°E) of Western Australia. The [Al] and ratio [Al]:[Na] in 1:5 0.005M KCl extracts are useful soil tests capable of distinguishing between productive and non-productive (Al toxic) yellow earths in Western Australia. The aim of the study was to determine the most appropriate time to sample yellow earths, in order to predict accurately which soils contained concentrations of Al in the 15-25 cm …

Zinc Adsorption By Sterilized And Non-Sterilized Soil In The Presence Of Citrate And Catechol, P. Chairidchai, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The effect of organic ligands on zinc (Zn) adsorption in the rhizosphere may be influenced by microbial activity depleting the concentration of the ligand over time. Zinc adsorption by sterile and non-sterile lateritic soil was measured by shaking the soils with Zn solutions at a soil-liquid ratio of 1: 5 for five periods of time ranging from 17-480 h. The concentrations of Zn and the ligands were determined after the selected times. The speciation of Zn was then estimated. Changes in Zn adsorption with time in the presence of organic ligands were due to changes in pH and Zn complexation …

Effect Of Lupins And Pasture On Soil Acidification And Fertility In Western Australia, S. P. Loss, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

An 'across the fence' comparison of farmer paddocks with nearby virgin bush sites was made at 3 locations, to measure the effects of lupins and subterranean clover based pastures on the chemical properties of the soil. Estimated rates of acidification in the 0-60 cm depth were 0.29-0.55 kmol H+/ha.year for wheat-lupin paddocks and 0.16-0.2 1 kmol H+/ha .year for pasture paddocks. A significant proportion of this acidification occurred below 20 cm, particularly in the lupin paddocks (up to 70% of the total). Severe water repellency had developed at 1 location that had produced 30 lupin crops with the occasional wheat …

The Effect Of Citrate And Ph On Zinc Uptake By Wheat, P. Chairidchai, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Zinc uptake by plants may be influenced by its reaction with organic ligands in the rhizosphere. Therefore, four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of an organic ligand (citrate) and pH on the uptake of Zn by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell). Plants were grown for 21 to 28 d in a nutrient solution (containing 0-0.05 µmol L^-1 Zn) in a temperature controlled tank, either in the absence or presence of citrate and at constant or variable pH (3.7-7.1). Dry matter weights of plant parts and Zn content in the shoots were determined. The activities of Zn …

Effect Of Gypsum And Lime On Wheat Growth In Pots Containing An Acidic Subsoil, C. D.A. Mclay, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

A pot experiment was conducted to establish whether gypsum or lime could increase wheat growth in an acid subsoil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum c. v. Gutha) was grown in 3 kg of soil which had been mixed with basal nutrients and different rates of gypsum and lime. Wheat in the treatment which received no gypsum or lime showed the most severe nutrient deficiency symptoms and had the lowest shoot and root dry weights. Lime treatments increased shoot and root growth 2 to 3 fold and decreased the concentration of total Al and the calculated activities of all Al species. Gypsum increased …

The Influence Of Ph On The Forms Of Cadmium In Four West Australian Soils, S. S. Mann, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The forms of cadmium in soils affect its uptake by plants and hence its potential toxicity to animals and humans. We studied the effect of pH on the forms of native and added Cd in four West Australian soils which differed in their clay, hydrous oxide and organic matter content. The forms of Cd were extracted sequentially by KCl, BaCl₂, NaOCl, ammonium oxalate and concentrated acids.
The majority of Cd applied to a sandy soil was found in the soluble (KCl) and the exchangeable (BaCl₂) forms at all pH values. In the siliceous sand, the proportion …

Phosphorus Retention And Release From Sandy Soils Of The Peel-Harvey Catchment, G. S.P. Ritchie, D. M. Weaver

Food Science and Nutrition

In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution …

Al Toxicity Of Wheat Grown In Acidic Subsoils In Relation To Soil Solution Properties And Exchangeable Cations, S. J. Carr, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Toxic concentrations of soluble A1 in the subsoil decrease the yield of wheat grown on many yellow earths in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. In our previous research (Carr et al. 1991), we observed variable plant response to high concentrations of soluble Al in subsoils of yellow earths in different regions of the wheatbelt. Environmental conditions (e.g. water supply) and/or an unidentified soil mitigating factor may have contributed to the variable plant response to soluble Al in some of the regions studied.
We collected ten soils from four regions of the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. In a glasshouse …

The Long-Term Fate Of Copper Fertilizer Applied To A Lateritic Sandy Soil In Western Australia, R. G. Mclaren, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

A soil copper fractionation was carried out on soils sampled from plots in a long-term copper fertilizer trial on a lateritic sandy soil in Western Australia. At copper application rates up to 8.25 kg copper sulphate ha^-1, a high proportion of the applied copper was initially associated with the soil organic matter. During the course of the trial (20 years), a substantial proportion of this copper became redistributed to a residual soil fraction, i.e. the residue remaining after extractions to remove organic matter and iron oxides. However, significant redistribution of copper with time was not detected in plots …

H+/Oh- Excretion And Nutrient Uptake In Upper And Lower Parts Of Lupin (Lupinus Angustifolius L.) Root Systems, S. P. Loss, A. D. Robson, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The cultivation of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) increase rates of subsoil acidification, and this is thought to be partly related to their pattern of nutrient uptake and H⁺/OH^- excretion. The main hypothesis of this study was that H⁺ and OH^- excretion is not distributed evenly over the entire length of the root system but is limited to zones where excess cation or anion uptake occur. Seedlings of nodulated lupins were grown in solution culture using vertically split pots that allowed the upper and lower zones of the root system to be supplied with …

Changes Over Time In Sensory Thresholds Of Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus And The Relationship To Food Preference, Marnie Ricks Spencer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of time on taste threshold was examined in 30 diabetics and 30 control subjects (ages 22-30) who had participated in a sensory study 14 years previously. Detection and recognition taste thresholds for sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride), sour (citric acid), and bitter (quinine sulfate) were assessed using triangle testing. Food preferences related to concentration of the stimuli in model food systems were tested using a nine-point hedonic scale. Mashed potatoes were used as the carrier for different levels of salt. A beverage composed of water, sucrose, and citric acid was varied to measure preferences for sweet and sour …

The Role Of Lactose In The Age Gelation Of Ultra-High-Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk, Venkatachalam Narayanaswamy

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to relate lactose reactivity and age gelation of UHT processed concentrated milk. Skim milk was pasteurized, diafiltered batchwise to reduce lactose concentration to less than 0.05%, and UF concentrated to 3X (one-third volume reduction). Lactose and sucrose were then each added at 3% or 6% w/v to part of the concentrate. The five samples, control (

All samples stored at 4°C and 20°C gelled after 21 weeks of storage. The viscosity changed slightly during the first 19 weeks of storage but increased suddenly (> 100 cPs) just before gelation. Samples stored at 35°C did …

Effects Of Stabilizers And Ph Adjustments On Milk Proteins In Uht-Treated Citrus Juice/Skim Milk Blend Drink, Sandra M. Newman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A UHT-processed skim milk (85%)/orange juice (15%) drink was developed. Product integrity and stability were maintained by two methods. Proper homogenization of the blend before UHT processing stabilized a drink formulation containing .25% carboxymethyl cellulose and .025% carrageenan. Adjusting the pH of the blend (pH 6.3 and 6.5) resulted in a different stabilization. After 28 days at room temperature, settling of milk solids was 5.2% of volume height in the prehomogenized sample and 86.9% of volume height in the same blend that had not been homogenized prior to UHT processing. After storage, the two treatments were analyzed to verify that …

A New Method For Measuring Macroparticulate Systems Applied To Measuring Syneresis Of Renneted Milk Gels, Jonathan R. Maynes

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Syneresis is an integral part of cheese manufacture. The rate and extent of syneresis affect the properties of cheese. There are many factors that affect syneresis, but measured results vary because of inaccuracies in measuring techniques. To better control syneresis, an accurate mathematical description must be developed. Current mathematical models describing syneresis are limited because of inherent error in measuring techniques used to develop them. Developing an accurate model requires an accurate way to measure syneresis.

The curd becomes a particle in a whey suspension when the coagulum is cut. The most effective technique to measure particle size, without interference, …

Zeta-Potential Of Casein Micelles As A Factor In Age Gelation Of Ultra-High Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk, Douglas W. Olson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of ultra-high temperature processing by direct steam injection and room temperature storage of pH-adjusted and unadjusted 3X (volume reduction) skim milk retentate and the effect of storage at various temperatures of 3X skim milk retentate without pH adjustment on their ζ-potential, viscosity, and pH were determined. Pasteurized skim milk was concentrated to 3X by ultrafiltration. In the pH study portions of skim milk retentate were adjusted to pH 6.38 ± .02 with HCl and 6.85 ± .01 and 7.32 ± .02 with NaOH between ultrafiltration and ultra-high temperature processing. In the storage temperature study, storage temperatures used for …

Phosphorus Sorption By Gravels In Lateritic Soils, D. M. Weaver, G. S.P. Ritchie, R. J. Gilkes

Food Science and Nutrition

The effect of sesquioxidic gravels (>2 mm size fraction) on phosphorus sorption by two gravelly lateritic soils was investigated by phosphorus sorption experiments, X-ray diffraction, autoradiography and electron microscopy.In one soil the abundance and size of gravels decreased downslope. As the gravel content of both soils increased (13-61%), the proportion of large (>8 mm) gravels increased (0-70%). Phosphorus sorption increased in the order: (>2 mm fraction) < (whole soils) < (2 mm) decreased with increasing gravel size and increased with increasing time. Phosphorus sorption by whole soils decreased with increasing gravel content. Phosphorus sorption by the >2 mm fraction was principally by the external surfaces of the gravels. The estimation of phosphorus application rates for lateritic soils depended on the amount of phosphorus required by the plant …

How To Turn Your Kitchen Into A Lab!, Charlotte P. Brennand Ph. D.

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication goes over the steps to a proper experiment and teaches how to do experiments in your own kitchen.

Drug Residues And Food Safety, Clell V. Bagley Dvm

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication discusses drug residues in food animal products and food safety concerning drug residues.

Meat Effects On Nonheme Iron Absorption, Yunji Kim

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Studies were undertaken to investigate if gastric acidity and iron chelation to a meat component enhance nonheme iron absorption. Cereal meals, with and without added proteins, were gavaged into iron-deficient rats. The role of iron chelation was investigated by adding sodium phytate, an iron chelator implicated with decreased iron absorption, to the meals. The role of gastric acidity was investigated by treating the rats with cimetidine, which inhibits gastric acid production. In rats with normal acid production, beef, pork and chicken enhanced iron absorption when phytate had been added to the meals, suggesting a role for chelation in meat enhancement …

Factors Affecting Moisture Distribution In 290-Kilogram Stirred-Curd Cheddar Cheese Blocks, Robert S. Reinbold

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this dissertation was to study factors affecting moisture distribution in 290-kilogram stirred-curd Cheddar cheese blocks cooled in stainless steel hoops. Uneven moisture distribution within blocks may create cheese with variable texture and flavor, which can be extremely costly to the producer. The effects of temperature, pH, and vacuum treatment on moisture distribution were investigated. Temperature, pH, moisture, and pressure profiles were presented. Also, comparisons were made between temperature profiles of 290- kilogram stirred-curd Cheddar cheese blocks cooled in stainless steel and in plywood hoops, as well as between temperature profiles of 66-kilogram Swiss cheese blocks cooled in …

Effects Of Heat Treatment Of Ultrafiltered Milk On Its Rennet Coagulation Time And On Whey Protein Denaturation, Bashir H. Yousif

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of heating (including heating to ultra-high temperatures) homogenized ultrafiltered whole and skim milks on whey protein denaturation and milk's subsequent rennet coagulation properties: coagulation time, curd firmness, and microstructure.

Whole and skim milk samples were ultrafiltered using a spiral wound ultrafiltration membrane system. Samples were preheated to 72°C for 58 s, held for 8 s then heated to 72, 89, 106, 123, or 140°C for more than 97 sand held for 4 s. The milk was then cooled to 60°C and homogenized, further cooled to 30°C, packaged into 120 ml …

Soil Tests For Aluminum Toxicity In The Presence Of Organic Matter: Laboratory Development And Assessment, M. G. Whitten, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Al toxicity in plants is related to the activity of Al³⁺ and Al-hydroxy monomers in the soil solution, whereas Al complexed with ligands such as fluoride (F), sulphate (SO₄^2-), and oxalate is not toxic. Estimation of toxic Al relies on measurement of “labile”; Al after short contact times with colorimetric reagents or cation-exchange resins. However, shifts in equilibrium may result in non-toxic forms of Al reacting with the complexing agent or resin.

A series of laboratory experiments tested the degree to which labile Al is related to Al³⁺ in simplified media and compared methods of …

Calcium Chloride Extractable Cadmium As An Estimate Of Cadmium Uptake By Subterranean Clover, M. G. Whitten, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Cadmium (Cd) may accumulate in soils which have been regularly fertilized with phosphate fertilizers which contain Cd originating in rock phosphate. Soil was taken from three sites in the wheatbelt of Western Australia which were estimated to have received different amounts of phosphate fertilizer over the past decade. The pH was adjusted with dilute HCl or CaCO₃. No Cd was added experimentally. The concentration of Cd in the whole tops of Trifolium subterraneum cv Mt Barker grown in a glasshouse pot experiment increased from 0.2-0.8 µg g^-1 dry wt at pH 6.6-6.9 (1:5 0.01 M CaCl …