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2020

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Articles 211 - 240 of 1996

Full-Text Articles in Biology

Saucer Scallop Resource Of Shark Bay Harvest Strategy : 2020-2025 : Version 1.0, Department Of Fisheries Nov 2020

Saucer Scallop Resource Of Shark Bay Harvest Strategy : 2020-2025 : Version 1.0, Department Of Fisheries

Fisheries Management Papers

No abstract provided.

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Novel Small Rnas Expressed By Bartonella Bacilliformis Under Multiple Conditions Reveal Potential Mechanisms For Persistence In The Sand Fly Vector And Human Host, Shaun Wachter, Linda D. Hicks, Rahul Raghavan, Michael F. Minnick Nov 2020

Novel Small Rnas Expressed By Bartonella Bacilliformis Under Multiple Conditions Reveal Potential Mechanisms For Persistence In The Sand Fly Vector And Human Host, Shaun Wachter, Linda D. Hicks, Rahul Raghavan, Michael F. Minnick

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Bartonella bacilliformis, the etiological agent of Carrión's disease, is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular alphaproteobacterium. Carrión's disease is an emerging but neglected tropical illness endemic to Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. B. bacilliformis is spread between humans through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. As a result, the pathogen encounters significant and repeated environmental shifts during its life cycle, including changes in pH and temperature. In most bacteria, small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) serve as effectors that may post-transcriptionally regulate the stress response to such changes. However, sRNAs have not been characterized in B. bacilliformis, to date. We therefore performed total RNA-sequencing …

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Npc1 Deficiency Impairs Cerebellar Postnatal Development Of Microglia And Climbing Fiber Refinement In A Mouse Model Of Niemann–Pick Disease Type C, B. R. Boyle, S. E. Melli, R. S. Altreche, Z. M. Padron, F. A. K. Yousufzai, S. Kim, M. D. Vasquez, Dawn M. Carone, B. R. Carone, I. Soto Nov 2020

Npc1 Deficiency Impairs Cerebellar Postnatal Development Of Microglia And Climbing Fiber Refinement In A Mouse Model Of Niemann–Pick Disease Type C, B. R. Boyle, S. E. Melli, R. S. Altreche, Z. M. Padron, F. A. K. Yousufzai, S. Kim, M. D. Vasquez, Dawn M. Carone, B. R. Carone, I. Soto

Biology Faculty Works

Little is known about the effects of NPC1 deficiency in brain development and whether these effects contribute to neurodegeneration in Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC). Degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells occurs at an earlier stage and to a greater extent in NPC; therefore, we analyzed the effect of NPC1 deficiency on microglia and on climbing fiber synaptic refinement during cerebellar postnatal development using the Npc1ⁿᵐᶠ¹⁶⁴ mouse. Our analysis revealed that NPC1 deficiency leads to early phenotypic changes in microglia that are not associated with an innate immune response. However, the lack of NPC1 in Npc1ⁿᵐᶠ¹⁶⁴ mice significantly affected the early …

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The Influence Of Social-Grouping On Territorial Defense Behavior In The Black-Crested Titmouse (Baeolophus Atricristatus), Mirjam J. Borger, Lauren E. Johnson, Nathaly O. Salazar, Cameron L. Dreghorn, J. Komdeur, Troy G. Murphy Nov 2020

The Influence Of Social-Grouping On Territorial Defense Behavior In The Black-Crested Titmouse (Baeolophus Atricristatus), Mirjam J. Borger, Lauren E. Johnson, Nathaly O. Salazar, Cameron L. Dreghorn, J. Komdeur, Troy G. Murphy

Biology Faculty Research

Abstract: Status signals have evolved for individuals to avoid energetic and physical costs of resource defense. These signals reflect an individual’s competitive ability and therefore influence competitors’ decisions on how to invest in a fight. We hypothesized that the response of receivers to status signals will depend on the social context. During territorial defense, group members may provide support to a territory owner by participating in defense. We investigated whether the presence of juveniles—who group together with territorial males—alters the territorial male’s attack decisions and level of aggression in the black-crested titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus). Crest-length in this species …

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Microbiological, Physicochemical, And Immunological Analysis Of A Commercial Cashew Nut-Based Yogurt, Christopher P. Mattison, Kayanush Aryana, Kristen Clermont, Eric Prestenburg, Steven W. Lloyd, Casey .. Grimm, Richard L. Wasserman Nov 2020

Microbiological, Physicochemical, And Immunological Analysis Of A Commercial Cashew Nut-Based Yogurt, Christopher P. Mattison, Kayanush Aryana, Kristen Clermont, Eric Prestenburg, Steven W. Lloyd, Casey .. Grimm, Richard L. Wasserman

Faculty Publications

Nut-based milks and yogurts are gaining popularity, but may not offer the same benefits as dairy yogurts to consumers. Cashew nuts often cause severe allergic reactions, and cashew nut allergens are stable to several types of processing. To compare its characteristics to dairy yogurt and characterize the effects of fermentation on the Ana o 1-3 cashew nut allergens, a commercial yogurt made from cashew nuts (Cashewgurt) was evaluated for microbiological, physiochemical, and immunological properties. Average counts for lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus were greater than 10 million colony forming units per milliliter, indicating the capacity to provide a health benefit. Cashewgurt …

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Speciation-By-Depth On Coral Reefs: Sympatric Divergence With Gene Flow Or Cryptic Transient Isolation?, Carlos Prada, Michael E. Hellberg Nov 2020

Speciation-By-Depth On Coral Reefs: Sympatric Divergence With Gene Flow Or Cryptic Transient Isolation?, Carlos Prada, Michael E. Hellberg

Faculty Publications

The distributions of many sister species in the sea overlap geographically but are partitioned along depth gradients. The genetic changes leading to depth segregation may evolve in geographic isolation as a prerequisite to coexistence or may emerge during primary divergence leading to new species. These alternatives can now be distinguished via the power endowed by the thousands of scorable loci provided by second-generation sequence data. Here, we revisit the case of two depth-segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the nominal Caribbean candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa. Previous analyses based on a handful of markers could not distinguish between models of genetic exchange …

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Exploring The Role Of Ccp1 And Ccp2 In The Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanism, Lillian Laplace Nov 2020

Exploring The Role Of Ccp1 And Ccp2 In The Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanism, Lillian Laplace

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Ribosomal Rna Synthesis After Induced Nucleolar Stress In Drosophila Melanogaster, Kyle Maher Nov 2020

Ribosomal Rna Synthesis After Induced Nucleolar Stress In Drosophila Melanogaster, Kyle Maher

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Characterizing Drosophila Melanogaster Sleep Models Using An Optogenetic Engineered Caspase And Channelrhodopsins, Corey Cooper Nov 2020

Characterizing Drosophila Melanogaster Sleep Models Using An Optogenetic Engineered Caspase And Channelrhodopsins, Corey Cooper

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Inconclusive Evidence Of Sexual Reproduction Of Invasive Halophila Stipulacea: A New Field Guide To Encourage Investigation Of Flower And Fruit Production Throughout Its Invasive Range, Fee O.H. Smulders, Kelcie L. Chiquillo, Demian A. Willette, Paul H. Barber, Marjolijn J.A. Christianen Nov 2020

Inconclusive Evidence Of Sexual Reproduction Of Invasive Halophila Stipulacea: A New Field Guide To Encourage Investigation Of Flower And Fruit Production Throughout Its Invasive Range, Fee O.H. Smulders, Kelcie L. Chiquillo, Demian A. Willette, Paul H. Barber, Marjolijn J.A. Christianen

Biology Faculty Works

The dioecious seagrass species Halophila stipulacea reproduces mainly through fast clonal growth, underlying its invasive behavior. Here, we provide morphological evidence to show that the first findings of fruits in the Caribbean were misidentified. Consequently, H. stipulacea reproduction is likely still only asexual in the Caribbean. Therefore, we introduce an identification key of H. stipulacea reproductive structures to encourage careful identification and quantification throughout its invasive range. Until large-scale seed production in invaded habitats is reported, the apparent low rate of sexual reproduction needs to be considered in current studies investigating the invasion capacity of this species.

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Exploring A Novel Substrate-Borne Vibratory Signal In The Wolf Spider Schizocosa Floridana, Malcolm F. Rosenthal, Eileen Hebets, Rowan H. Mcginley, Cody Raiza, James Starrett, Lin Yan, Damian O. Elias Nov 2020

Exploring A Novel Substrate-Borne Vibratory Signal In The Wolf Spider Schizocosa Floridana, Malcolm F. Rosenthal, Eileen Hebets, Rowan H. Mcginley, Cody Raiza, James Starrett, Lin Yan, Damian O. Elias

Eileen Hebets Publications

Animals communicate using a diversity of signals produced by a wide array of physical structures. Determining how a signal is produced provides key insights into signal evolution. Here, we examine a complex vibratory mating display produced by male Schizocosa floridana wolf spiders. This display contains three discrete substrate-borne acoustic components (known as “thumps”, “taps”, and “chirps”), each of which is anecdotally associated with the movement of a different body part (the pedipalps, legs, and abdomen respectively). In order to determine the method of production, we employ a combination of high-speed video/audio recordings and SEM imaging of possible sound-producing structures. Previous …

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Testing The Hypothesized Antipredator Defence Function Of Stridulation In The Spiny Orb-Weaving Spider, Micrathena Gracilis, Tyler B. Corey, Eileen A. Hebets Nov 2020

Testing The Hypothesized Antipredator Defence Function Of Stridulation In The Spiny Orb-Weaving Spider, Micrathena Gracilis, Tyler B. Corey, Eileen A. Hebets

Eileen Hebets Publications

The observable diversity of antipredator defenses across organisms demonstrates predation’s impact on trait evolution. The functions of many traits that are presumed to have an antipredator function have never been directly tested. The spiny orb-weaving spider, Micrathena gracilis, for example, stridulates when grasped. While stridulation was first hypothesized to be an antipredator defense nearly 50 years ago, no data exist to support this hypothesis. To explore the form and function of M. gracilis stridulation, we first quantified the behavioral and acoustical properties of sound production. Next, using laboratory assays, we directly tested the effect of stridulation on survival with …

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Adaptive Divergence, Neutral Panmixia, And Algal Symbiont Population Structure In The Temperate Coral Astrangia Poculata Along The Mid-Atlantic United States, Hannah E. Aichelman, Daniel J. Barshis Nov 2020

Adaptive Divergence, Neutral Panmixia, And Algal Symbiont Population Structure In The Temperate Coral Astrangia Poculata Along The Mid-Atlantic United States, Hannah E. Aichelman, Daniel J. Barshis

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Astrangia poculata is a temperate scleractinian coral that exists in facultative symbiosis with the dinoflagellate alga Breviolum psygmophilum across a range spanning the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Our previous work on metabolic thermal performance of Virginia (VA) and Rhode Island (RI) populations of A. poculata revealed physiological signatures of cold (RI) and warm (VA) adaptation of these populations to their respective local thermal environments. Here, we used whole-transcriptome sequencing (mRNA-Seq) to evaluate genetic differences and identify potential loci involved in the adaptive signature of VA and RI populations. Sequencing data from 40 A. poculata individuals, including 10 …

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Wnt Signaling Determines Body Axis Polarity In Regenerating Hydra Tissue Fragments, R. Wang, R. E. Steele, Eva-Maria S. Collins Nov 2020

Wnt Signaling Determines Body Axis Polarity In Regenerating Hydra Tissue Fragments, R. Wang, R. E. Steele, Eva-Maria S. Collins

Biology Faculty Works

How an animal establishes its body axis is a fundamental question in developmental biology. The freshwater cnidarian Hydra is an attractive model for studying axis formation because it is radially symmetric, with a single oral-aboral axis. It was recently proposed that the orientation of the new body axis in a regenerating Hydra polyp is determined by the oral-aboral orientation of the actin-myosin contractile processes (myonemes) in the animal’s outer epithelial layer. However, it remained unclear how the oral-aboral polarity of the body axis would be defined. As Wnt signaling is known to control axis polarity in Hydra and bilaterians, we …

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Alfred Russel Wallace Notes 12: How Good Was Wallace's Memory?, Charles H. Smith Nov 2020

Alfred Russel Wallace Notes 12: How Good Was Wallace's Memory?, Charles H. Smith

Faculty/Staff Personal Papers

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823−1913) continues to be criticized for inconsistencies in his recollections of the earlier events in his life. This criticism, while not entirely unjust, has nevertheless been overplayed. Critics have not attended to the general understanding that self-biography is under the influence of two aspects of memory: that pertaining to remembrance of the qualities of past situations, and a secondary ability to assign absolutes of name or date to such memories. All evidence suggests that Wallace’s memory in the first sense was excellent throughout his life, but that he was prone to lapses of the second type.

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Temporal Variability In Production Is Not Consistently Affected By Global Change Drivers Across Herbaceous-Dominated Ecosystems, Meghan L. Avolio, Kevin R. Wilcox, Kimberly J. Komatsu, Nathan P. Lemoine, William D. Bowman, Scott L. Collins, Alan K. Knapp, Sally E. Koerner, Melinda D. Smith, Sara G. Baer, Katherine Gross, Forest Isbell, Jennie R. Mclaren, Peter B. Reich, Katherine Suding, K. Blake Suttle, David Tilman, Zhuwen Xu, Qiang Yu Nov 2020

Temporal Variability In Production Is Not Consistently Affected By Global Change Drivers Across Herbaceous-Dominated Ecosystems, Meghan L. Avolio, Kevin R. Wilcox, Kimberly J. Komatsu, Nathan P. Lemoine, William D. Bowman, Scott L. Collins, Alan K. Knapp, Sally E. Koerner, Melinda D. Smith, Sara G. Baer, Katherine Gross, Forest Isbell, Jennie R. Mclaren, Peter B. Reich, Katherine Suding, K. Blake Suttle, David Tilman, Zhuwen Xu, Qiang Yu

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Understanding how global change drivers (GCDs) affect aboveground net primary production (ANPP) through time is essential to predicting the reliability and maintenance of ecosystem function and services in the future. While GCDs, such as drought, warming and elevated nutrients, are known to affect mean ANPP, less is known about how they affect inter-annual variability in ANPP. We examined 27 global change experiments located in 11 different herbaceous ecosystems that varied in both abiotic and biotic conditions, to investigate changes in the mean and temporal variability of ANPP (measured as the coefficient of variation) in response to different GCD manipulations, including …

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Lrrc8 Family Proteins Within Lysosomes Regulate Cellular Osmoregulation And Enhance Cell Survival To Multiple Physiological Stresses, Ping Li, Meiqin Hu, Ce Wang, Xinghua Feng, Zhuangzhuang Zhao, Ying Yang, Nirakar Sahoo, Mingxue Gu, Yexin Yang, Shiyu Xiao Nov 2020

Lrrc8 Family Proteins Within Lysosomes Regulate Cellular Osmoregulation And Enhance Cell Survival To Multiple Physiological Stresses, Ping Li, Meiqin Hu, Ce Wang, Xinghua Feng, Zhuangzhuang Zhao, Ying Yang, Nirakar Sahoo, Mingxue Gu, Yexin Yang, Shiyu Xiao

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

LRRC8 family proteins on the plasma membrane play a critical role in cellular osmoregulation by forming volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) necessary to prevent necrotic cell death.We demonstrate that intracellular LRRC8 proteins acting within lysosomes also play an essential role in cellular osmoregulation. LRRC8 proteins on lysosome membranes generate large lysosomal volume-regulated anion channel (Lyso-VRAC) currents in response to low cytoplasmic ionic strength conditions. When a double-leucine L706L707 motif at the C terminus of LRRC8A was mutated to alanines, normal plasma membrane VRAC currents were still observed, but Lyso-VRAC currents were absent. We used this targeting mutant, as well as pharmacological …

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Direct Binding Of Tfeα Opens Dna Binding Cleft Of Rna Polymeras, Sung-Hoon Jun, Jaekyung Hyun, Hoyoung Kim, Michael S. Bartlett, Hyun-Soo Cho, Katsuhiko S. Murakami Nov 2020

Direct Binding Of Tfeα Opens Dna Binding Cleft Of Rna Polymeras, Sung-Hoon Jun, Jaekyung Hyun, Hoyoung Kim, Michael S. Bartlett, Hyun-Soo Cho, Katsuhiko S. Murakami

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Opening of the DNA binding cleft of cellular RNA polymerase (RNAP) is necessary for transcription initiation but the underlying molecular mechanism is not known. Here, we report on the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the RNAP, RNAP-TFEα binary, and RNAPTFEα-promoter DNA ternary complexes from archaea, Thermococcus kodakarensis (Tko). The structures reveal that TFEα bridges the RNAP clamp and stalk domains to open the DNA binding cleft. Positioning of promoter DNA into the cleft closes it while maintaining the TFEα interactions with the RNAP mobile modules. The structures and photo-crosslinking results also suggest that the conserved aromatic residue in the extended winged-helix …

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Landscape Genetics Of Plants: Challenges And Opportunities, Mitchell Cruzan, Elizabeth C. Hendrickson Nov 2020

Landscape Genetics Of Plants: Challenges And Opportunities, Mitchell Cruzan, Elizabeth C. Hendrickson

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Dispersal is one of the most important but least understood processes in plant ecology and evolutionary biology. Dispersal of seeds maintains and establishes populations, and pollen and seed dispersal are responsible for gene flow within and among populations. Traditional views of dispersal and gene flow assume models that are governed solely by geographic distance and do not account for variation in dispersal vector behavior in response to heterogenous landscapes. Landscape genetics integrates population genetics with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the effects of landscape features on gene flow patterns (effective dispersal). Surprisingly, relatively few landscape genetic studies have been …

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Predators As Agents Of Selection And Diversification, Jerald B. Johnson, Mark C. Belk Oct 2020

Predators As Agents Of Selection And Diversification, Jerald B. Johnson, Mark C. Belk

Faculty Publications

Predation is ubiquitous in nature and can be an important component of both ecological and evolutionary interactions. One of the most striking features of predators is how often they cause evolutionary diversification in natural systems. Here, we review several ways that this can occur, exploring empirical evidence and suggesting promising areas for future work. We also introduce several papers recently accepted in Diversity that demonstrate just how important and varied predation can be as an agent of natural selection. We conclude that there is still much to be done in this field, especially in areas where multiple predator species prey …

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Antibacterial And Anti-Hiv-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities Of Selected Medicinal Plants And Their Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Rose J. Masalu, Sai Ngassa, Grace A. Kinunda, Cyprian B. Mpinda Oct 2020

Antibacterial And Anti-Hiv-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities Of Selected Medicinal Plants And Their Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Rose J. Masalu, Sai Ngassa, Grace A. Kinunda, Cyprian B. Mpinda

Tanzania Journal of Science

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and associated opportunistic infections are still global health concerns. Traditional medicines have been used for managing these infections, with little about their biological activities being known. This study evaluated antimicrobial and anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) activities of medicinal plants; Harungana madagascariensis, Sapium ellipticum, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Capparis erythrocarpos, and Plectranthus barbatus; and activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of H.  madagascariensis. Results revealed that aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of H. madagascariensis, S. ellipticum, P. microcarpa; and ethyl acetate extracts from P. barbatus exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging …

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Detection Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli From Urinary Tract Infection In General Hospital, Minna, Nasiru U. Adabara, Naimat D. Bakinde, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Tijani Salami, Doosuur Iorzua Oct 2020

Detection Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli From Urinary Tract Infection In General Hospital, Minna, Nasiru U. Adabara, Naimat D. Bakinde, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Tijani Salami, Doosuur Iorzua

Tanzania Journal of Science

Possession of virulence factors such as extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) by pathogens generally exacerbates morbidity as well as increases healthcare costs. This study determined the production of ESBL among Escherichia coli isolated from the urinary tracts of subjects attending General Hospital, Minna, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) urine samples were collected from subjects and cultured on CLED agar for the isolation of E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method, while the phenotypic identification of ESBL-producing strains was carried out using double disk synergy test. All results were interpreted based on Clinical and …

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Improved Image Quality In Digital Mammography Using Anti-Scatter Grids, Samson O. Omondi, Peter K. Msaki, Ramadhan R. Kazema, Innocent J. Lugendo Oct 2020

Improved Image Quality In Digital Mammography Using Anti-Scatter Grids, Samson O. Omondi, Peter K. Msaki, Ramadhan R. Kazema, Innocent J. Lugendo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Curability and effective management of breast cancer are dependent on its early detection. Early diagnosis strategies focus on providing timely access to breast cancer treatments by reducing barriers and improving access to effective early diagnosis. Mammography is the screening method of choice but suffers from degrading effects of scatter photons obstructing visualization of ductal carcinoma in situ and micro-calcifications in the breast. Quantitative evaluation of scatter suppression by anti-scatter grid using the beam stopper method has been investigated. Breast tissue equivalent phantom, polymethyl methacrylate was evaluated at X-ray mammographic nominal energy ranges. The anti-scatter grid used had aluminium interspace material …

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Cashew Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Evaluation Of Their Applications As Antimicrobial Additive For Consumer Care Products, Isiaka A. Adelere, David O. Aboyeji, Felicia O. Akindurodoye, Nasiru U. Adabara, Hausatu Babayi Oct 2020

Cashew Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Evaluation Of Their Applications As Antimicrobial Additive For Consumer Care Products, Isiaka A. Adelere, David O. Aboyeji, Felicia O. Akindurodoye, Nasiru U. Adabara, Hausatu Babayi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study reports the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract obtained from Anacardium occidentale stem bark and evaluation of their antibacterial activities as well as their potential applications as antimicrobial additives for detergent and toothpaste. The biosynthesized AgNPs were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particles were dark brown in colour with maximum absorbance at wavelength 419 nm. They were mainly spherical in shape with size ranges from 20 to 60 nm. The peaks of FTIR spectrum revealed that their formation was facilitated by protein molecules present in the …

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Corn Stover As Substrate For Biogas Generation And Precursor For Biosilica Production Via Anaerobic Digestion, Akinola D. Olugbemide, Lajide Labunmi, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Damilare I. Ogungbemide Oct 2020

Corn Stover As Substrate For Biogas Generation And Precursor For Biosilica Production Via Anaerobic Digestion, Akinola D. Olugbemide, Lajide Labunmi, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Damilare I. Ogungbemide

Tanzania Journal of Science

Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass is crucial to sustainability of bio-based economy. In this study, anaerobic digestion of corn stover (CS) was carried out to produce biogas under mesophilic conditions. The study also investigated the potential of corn stover digestate ash as a potential source for biosilica production. A cumulative volume of 930 mL of biogas was produced with methane content of 85.87%. Higher and lower calorific values of biogas were calculated to be 36.30 MJ/m3 and 32.70 MJ/m3, respectively. Calcination of raw CS (RCS) and the digestate (CSD) was carried out at 600 °C for 3 …

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Radiation Dose To The Contralateral Breast And Effectiveness Of Superflab In Dose Reduction During Treatment Of Breast Cancer By Cobalt-60 External Beam, Julius S. Chiuyo, Peter K. Msaki, Ismail N. Makundi Oct 2020

Radiation Dose To The Contralateral Breast And Effectiveness Of Superflab In Dose Reduction During Treatment Of Breast Cancer By Cobalt-60 External Beam, Julius S. Chiuyo, Peter K. Msaki, Ismail N. Makundi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Radiation therapy for breast cancer inevitably results in scattered dose to contralateral breast. Breast tissues being highly sensitive to ionizing radiations, the chance of the contralateral breast developing second cancer after radiation therapy is high. This study investigated dose to contralateral breast and its reduction by superflab during the course of breast cancer radiation therapy. A thorax breast phantom constructed from tissue-equivalent materials and diodes (type IVD2 1137) were used to measure surface doses to the contralateral breast. The mean doses received by the contralateral breast were 2.2% and 7.1% of the prescribed dose of 200 cGy for 5 × …

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Antibacterial Activities Of The Extracts Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) And Allium Cepa (Onion) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Al-Hassan A. Abdulrahman, Abdulameen S. Adedeji, Ramatu Abdulsalam, Mary U. Oyedum Oct 2020

Antibacterial Activities Of The Extracts Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) And Allium Cepa (Onion) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Al-Hassan A. Abdulrahman, Abdulameen S. Adedeji, Ramatu Abdulsalam, Mary U. Oyedum

Tanzania Journal of Science

Although many antibiotics have been developed against bacterial diseases, the problems of antibiotic resistance and toxicity have made the continuous search for newer drugs an existential necessity. This study determined the phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activities of the aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of both plants at different concentrations were determined against all the test organisms using agar well diffusion method. All the extracts were found to contain important phytochemicals …

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Assessment Of Genetic Diversity Of The Wild Rice (Oryza Longistaminata) Populations In Tanzania Using Microsatellite Markers, Hashim M. Mangosongo, Emerald E. Mneney, Jagger Harvey, Martina Kyallo Oct 2020

Assessment Of Genetic Diversity Of The Wild Rice (Oryza Longistaminata) Populations In Tanzania Using Microsatellite Markers, Hashim M. Mangosongo, Emerald E. Mneney, Jagger Harvey, Martina Kyallo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The genetic diversity of 132 samples of the perennial wild rice (Oryza longistaminata) populations from selected districts (Bagamoyo, Kibaha, Kilombero and Mbarali) in Tanzania was evaluated using twenty eight microsatellite markers. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard protocols. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out in a total reaction volume of 10 µL, using Touchdown protocol. It was found that all 28 microsatellite markers generated polymorphic patterns, with average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.631. Moreover, a total of 243 alleles were detected by the 28 markers, with average of 8.68 alleles per marker. The percentages of genetic variations …

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Craniometrics Analysis For Ontogenetic Physiognomy And Sexual Dimorphism In Emin’S Silvery Mole-Rats (Heliophobius Argenteocinereus Emini: Bathyergidae) From Tanzania, Jestina V Katandukila Oct 2020

Craniometrics Analysis For Ontogenetic Physiognomy And Sexual Dimorphism In Emin’S Silvery Mole-Rats (Heliophobius Argenteocinereus Emini: Bathyergidae) From Tanzania, Jestina V Katandukila

Tanzania Journal of Science

Emin’s silvery mole-rat, the Heliophobius argenteocinereus emini belongs to a family Bathyergidae. The Heliophobius argenteocinereus emini (Noak, 1894) isinformation on ontogenetic physiognomy and status of sexual dimorphism in H. a. emini is missing. The present study intended to fill gaps on ontogenetic characteristics and status of sexual dimorphism in these mole-rats by comprehensively examining 55 skulls. Based on teeth eruption and wear, the dental formula of 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3 is reported for the first time, and subsequently established eight relative age classes. This information was key to the assessment of ontogenetic variations between sexes and age classes. The multidisciplinary …

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Comparison Of Seaweed Growth, Fish Abundance And Diversity In Deep Water Floating Raft With Tubular Nets And Shallow Water Off-Bottom Lines Seaweed Farms, Batuli M. Yahya, Saleh A. S. Yahya, Aviti J. Mmochi, Narriman S. Jiddawi Oct 2020

Comparison Of Seaweed Growth, Fish Abundance And Diversity In Deep Water Floating Raft With Tubular Nets And Shallow Water Off-Bottom Lines Seaweed Farms, Batuli M. Yahya, Saleh A. S. Yahya, Aviti J. Mmochi, Narriman S. Jiddawi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study compared the growth performance of Eucheuma denticulatum, fish abundance and diversity between deep water (using tubular nets) versus shallow water (off-bottom) seaweed farming methods. For each farming method, three plots were set and fish abundance, diversity and seaweed growth rates were measured at intervals of 15 days. Belt transects measuring 10 m x 4 m each, were established on seaweed farms for fish observations. Fish were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level by underwater census. The results showed that the growth rate of E. denticulatum in deep water farms was slightly higher at an average daily growth …

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