Biology Commons^™

Proposal Of A New Genus And A New Species Of Chrysomelid Beetle, E. Russell Anderson, Shawn Clark

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The beetle family Chrysomelidae contains many species and genera which are of agricultural importance, which can cause millions of dollars of damage. While studying Triarius, a genus largely overlooked among Chrysomelidae because of its low agricultural impact, we have recognized that Triarius vittipennis (Horn, 1893) differs markedly from other species in several characters that we regard as key. Accordingly, we propose a new genus to accommodate T. vittipennis, as well as a new Mexican species which we are describing and naming now. Additionally, we are describing a second new species, which we place in the genus Triarius.

Investigation Into The Mechanism Of Ion Transport In Rio Negro Characiformes, Vineza D. Reduta

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Four fish species within the Characiform Order [(Rosy tetras (Hyphessobrycon rosaceus), Serpae tetras (Hyphessobrycon eques), Emperor tetras (Nematobrycon palmeri) and Penguin tetras (Thayeria obliqua)] are native to the ion-poor, acidic waters of the Rio Negro. In this paper, we focus on Wood’s revised Na⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange model to gain better insight into the mechanisms of ion transport within the Characids. We exposed each species to two experimental treatments: (i) 1mM ammonia (high external ammonia [HEA]), to test coupling of Na⁺ uptake and ammonia excretion, and (ii) 100μM Acetazolamide …

Methodological Approach To The Ex Vivo Expansion And Detection Of T. Cruzi-Specific T Cells From Chronic Chagas Disease Patients, Gonzalo R. Acevedo, Silvia A. Longhi, Alcinette Bunying, Nazila Sabri, Augusto Atienza, Maria P. Zago, Radleigh Santos, Valeria A. Judkowski, Clemencia Pinilla, Karina A. Gomez

Mathematics Faculty Articles

The discovery of T cell epitopes is essential not only for gaining knowledge about host response to infectious disease but also for the development of immune-intervention strategies. In Chagas disease, given the size and complexity of the Trypanosoma cruzi proteome and its interaction with the host’s immune system, the fine specificity of T cells has not been extensively studied yet, and this is particularly true for the CD4+ T cell compartment. The aim of the present work was to optimize a protocol for the generation of parasite-specific memory T cell lines, representative of their in vivo precursor populations and capable …

Nutrient Addition Shifts Plant Community Composition Towards Earlier Flowering Species In Some Prairie Ecoregions In The U.S. Central Plains, Lori A. Biederman, Brent Mortensen, Philip Fay, Nicole Hagenah, Johannes M. H. Knops, Kimberly J. La Pierre, Ramesh Laungani, Eric Lind, Rebecca Mcculley, Sally Power, Eric W. Seabloom, Pedro Tognetti

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The distribution of flowering across the growing season is governed by each species' evolutionary history and climatic variability. However, global change factors, such as eutrophication and invasion, can alter plant community composition and thus change the distribution of flowering across the growing season. We examined three ecoregions (tall-, mixed, and short-grass prairie) across the U.S. Central Plains to determine how nutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus, and potassium (+micronutrient)) addition alters the temporal patterns of plant flowering traits. We calculated total community flowering potential (FP) by distributing peakseason plant cover values across the growing season, allocating each species' cover to only those …

Comparative Transcriptomics Of Patagonian Lizards (Liolaemus) And Central-American Casque-Headed Lizards (Coroytophanidae), Megan Mcghie, Jack Sites Jr.

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Introduction This project aimed help identify some of the genomic basis of various phenotypic-genotypic relationships among reptiles. These include the genetic basis of adaption in the following aims: (1) the evolution of hemoglobin subunits and its relationship to high altitudes/hypoxia and (2) comparative analyses on parity modes (oviparity, viviparity, and parthenogenesis). For these purposes, we analyzed published data versus the new data form two charismatic groups of lizards: (1) four species of the temperate Patagonian genus Liolaemus and (2) one species from each of the Neotropical genera Corytophanes and Basiliscus (family: Corytophanidae). Both clades have relative limited or no genomic/transcriptomic …

Effects Of Age And Prior Reproduction On The Cost Of Reproduction In Two Species Of Burying Beetles, Ethan Damron, Dane Jo, Mark Belk

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Understanding how much energy an organism allocates to breeding to maximize reproduction over their lifetime, or the cost of reproduction, is a central idea to understanding the variations in patterns of reproduction among living organisms (Creighton et al., 2009). In most studies of cost of reproduction, age is confounded with prior reproductive experience. As individuals age, they tend to reproduce making it difficult to disentangle these two factors when evaluating costs of reproduction. It is not clear whether reproduction early in life costs the same as reproduction later in life and how much of that difference might be due to …

Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Ian M. Latella, Howard L. Snell

Biology Faculty & Staff Publications

This report covers the fourth consecutive year (2013-2016) of research on the population dynamics, ecology, and conservation status of the Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus) in New Mexico. The year 2016 represented the rare opportunity to study the effects of El Niño, which typically brings above average precipitation to New Mexico, on the breeding behavior and ecology of the Arizona toad. We expected that the El Niño-driven above average precipitation during the winter of 2015 and spring of 2016 would result in increased detection of toads at breeding sites, especially those sites that were dry in 2013, 2014, and …

Predicting Cryptic Links In Host-Parasite Networks, Tad Dallas, Andrew W. Park, John M. Drake

Faculty Publications

Networks are a way to represent interactions among one (e.g., social networks) or more (e.g., plant-pollinator networks) classes of nodes. The ability to predict likely, but unobserved, interactions has generated a great deal of interest, and is sometimes referred to as the link prediction problem. However, most studies of link prediction have focused on social networks, and have assumed a completely censused network. In biological networks, it is unlikely that all interactions are censused, and ignoring incomplete detection of interactions may lead to biased or incorrect conclusions. Previous attempts to predict network interactions have relied on known properties of network …

In-Class Participation And Performance Gender Gaps In Introductory Biology Courses: The Instructor Gender Effect, Nicholas Nelson, Liz Bailey

Journal of Undergraduate Research

It is well known that undergraduate women are underrepresented in STEM disciplines, which includes the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (NSF 20011). However, the explanation for this phenomenon is not completely understood. Much research has been done recently and suggests that the “why?” is very complicated and multi-faceted (Smith 2012, Gayles 2014). Reasons can include female students’ sense of belonging, perception of ability, access to a positive mentor, and others (Smith 2012). While biology programs are unique in that female enrollment often exceeds that of males, gender inequities are still seen as postgraduates enter their careers (Handelsman et.al 2005). Because …

Improving Reproducibility Of Phenotypic Assessments In The Dyw Mouse Model Of Laminin-Α2 Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy., Raffaella Willmann, Heather Gordish-Dressman, Sarina Meinen, Markus A Rüegg, Qing Yu, Kanneboyina Nagaraju, +Several Additional Authors

Genomics and Precision Medicine Faculty Publications

Laminin-α2 related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (LAMA2-CMD) is a progressive muscle disease caused by partial or complete deficiency of laminin-211, a skeletal muscle extracellular matrix protein. In the last decade, basic science research has queried underlying disease mechanisms in existing LAMA2-CMD murine models and identified possible clinical targets and pharmacological interventions. Experimental rigor in preclinical studies is critical to efficiently and accurately quantify both negative and positive results, degree of efficiency of potential therapeutics and determine whether to move a compound forward for additional preclinical testing. In this review, we compare published available data measured to assess three common parameters in …

Oldest Skeleton Of A Plesiadapiform Provides Additional Evidence For An Exclusively Arboreal Radiation Of Stem Primates In The Palaeocene, Stephen B. Chester, Thomas E. Williamson, Jonathan I. Bloch, Mary T. Silcox, Eric J. Sargis

Publications and Research

Palaechthonid plesiadapiforms from the Palaeocene of western North America have long been recognized as among the oldest and most primitive euarchontan mammals, a group that includes extant primates, colugos and treeshrews. Despite their relatively sparse fossil record, palaechthonids have played an important role in discussions surrounding adaptive scenarios for primate origins for nearly a half-century. Likewise, palaechthonids have been considered important for understanding relationships among plesiadapiforms, with members of the group proposed as plausible ancestors of Paromomyidae and Microsyopidae. Here, we describe a dentally associated partial skeleton of Torrejonia wilsoni from the early Palaeocene (approx. 62Ma) of New Mexico, which …

Phylogeny And Species Boundaries In The “Flying Dragons” Of The Draco Maculatus Species Complex (Family Aamiedae), Randy Klabacka, Dr. Jack W. Sites

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Indo-Burma, comprising most of Mainland Southeast Asia east of India and north of Peninsular Malaysia, is a biodiversity hotspot within Southeast Asia that has been called a contender for the “hottest of hotspots” (Mittermeier, 1999). A remarkable majority of this species diversity remains hidden from human recognition in two areas: (1) undiscovered in natural habitat, and (2) conspicuously masquerading under known taxa. While solutions to the former require continued field work, solutions for the latter require further study of already identified taxa for hidden diversity therein. Indo-Burma is the endemic home to the “spotted flying dragon” (Draco maculatus; …

Examining Gene-Expression Patterns Across Rare Colon Cancer Syndromes To Identify Early Diagnosis And Treatment Options, Douglas Hawkes, Stephen Piccolo

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Colon cancer often runs in families. Individuals in these families have a relatively high lifetime risk of developing colon cancer and often develop aggressive tumors at a relatively young age. Currently, genetic testing is the standard way to diagnose hereditary colon cancer; however, many people who develop hereditary colon tumors do not have a mutation in the tested genes. Thus a better diagnostic approach, as well as a better understanding of how to target the underlying molecular causes of hereditary colon cancer, are needed.

Individuals who have a potentially high hereditary risk for colon cancer sometimes do not receive a …

Do Antartctic Tardigrades Survive Better When They Are Wet Or Dry When Exposed To Freese/Thaw Cycling?, Katelyn Hendricks, Byron Adams

Journal of Undergraduate Research

: Substantial amounts of evidence prove that there are drastic climate changes taking place everywhere on Earth. Antarctica, the home to microscopic tardigrades, or water bears, is no exception. Tardigrades have distinct roles and adaptations that allow them to survive the harsh climates of their environment. Because of climate change in Antarctica, there is a clear increase in the presence of liquid water and freeze/thaw cycles. This correlation raises the question of whether or not the increase of freeze/thaw cycles in Antarctica could result in increased tardigrade mortality. Normally, tardigrades experience the majority of their freeze-thaw cycles in a desiccated …

Meta-Analysis Of Flipped Classroom, Dr. Jamie Jensen, Ratchapong Kaosucharit

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The “Flipped Classroom” is a learning model in which content attainment is shifted forward to out-side of class, and then followed by instructor-facilitated concept application activitiesa in class (Jensen, 2015). It is one of the most rapidly emerging and popular learning models to date. It has become increasingly popular within many educational settings including medical schools. Currently, the flipped classroom has gained such reputation that there are 12,000 educators around the globe who support and implement the flipped classroom model in their institutions, including BYU (Jensen, 2015). The flipped classroom has unique characteristics that differ from traditional classrooms. While the …

Estrogen-Activated Mdm2 Disrupts Mammary Tissue Architecture Through A P53-Independent Pathway, Nandini Kundu, Angelika Brekman, Jun Yeob Kim, Gu Xiano, Chong Gao, Jill Bargonetti

Publications and Research

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data indicate that high MDM2 expression correlates with all subtypes of breast cancer. Overexpression of MDM2 drives breast oncogenesis in the presence of wild-type or mutant p53 (mtp53). Importantly, estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers overexpress MDM2 and estrogen mediates this expression. We previously demonstrated that this estrogen-MDM2 axis activates the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines T47D (mtp53 L194F) and MCF7 (wild-type p53) in a manner independent of increased degradation of wildtype p53 (ie, p53-independently). Herein we present data supporting the role of the estrogen-MDM2 axis in regulating cell proliferation and mammary tissue architecture of …

Approaching Undergraduate Research With Students Who Are Deaf And Hard-Of-Hearing, Austin U. Gehret, Jessica W. Trussell, Lea V. Michel

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

An undergraduate research experience can provide a unique opportunity for students to learn and grow as scientists; when positive, this experience is often transformative and motivates students to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduate degrees or careers. Conversely, negative research experiences can sour a student’s opinion of research, propagate misconceptions of graduate school, and lead to attrition from STEM fields. Negative research experiences can be equally devastating for faculty mentors and may result in reluctance to mentor future research students. Using a mentoring approach that has traditionally translated to positive research experiences for hearing students may not be …

Isolation And Comparative Genomic Analysis Of Final Third Of Satis Genome, Kelly Hartigan, Nicole Curnutt, Matthew Mcdermut

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

A highly novel Streptomyces phage, Satis, was isolated from a direct environmental sample collected from outside Danforth House on the Washington University campus. Satis infects bacterial species Streptomyces lividans producing pinpoint, cloudy plaques less than 1mm in diameter. Electron microscope data shows rare atypical physical features. Rather than the common octahedral capsid shape, Satis has a prolate head with visible cross-linked hexagonal protein structure and average measurements of 285 nm by 47 nm with a long, flexible tail measuring 268 nm. Upon sequencing, it was found that Satis contains the longest phage genome discovered to date through the SEA-PHAGE program …

The Sunflower Genome Provides Insights Into Oil Metabolism, Flowering And Asterid Evolution, Hélène Badouin, Jérôme Gouzy, Christopher Grassa, Florent Murat, S. Evan Staton, Ludovic Cottret, Christine Lelandais-Brière, Gregory Owens, Sébastien Carrère, Baptiste Mayjonade, Ludovic Legrand, Navdeep Gill, Nolan Kane, John Bowers, Sariel Hubner, Arnaud Bellec, Aurélie Bérard, Hélène Bergès, Nicolas Blanchet, Marie-Claude Boniface, Dominique Brunel, Olivier Catrice, Nadia Chaidir, Clotilde Claudel, Cécile Donnadieu, Thomas Faraut, Ghislain Fievet, Nicolas Helmstetter, Matthew King, Steven Knapp, Zhao Lai, Marie-Christine Le Paslier, Yannick Lippi, Lolita Lorenzon, Jennifer Mandel, Gwenola Marage, Gwenaëlle Marchand, Elodie Marquand, Emmanuelle Bret-Mestries, Evan Morien, Savithri Nambeesan, Thuy Nguyen, Prune Pegot-Espagnet, Nicolas Pouilly, Frances Raftis, Erika Sallet, Thomas Schiex, Justine Thomas, Céline Vandecasteele, Didier Varès, Felicity Vear, Sonia Vautrin, Martin Crespi, Brigitte Mangin, John Burke, Jérôme Salse, Stéphane Muños, Patrick Vincourt, Loren Rieseberg, Nicolas Langlade

Biology Faculty Articles

The domesticated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a global oil crop that has promise for climate change adaptation, because it can maintain stable yields across a wide variety of environmental conditions, including drought1. Even greater resilience is achievable through the mining of resistance alleles from compatible wild sunflower relatives2,3, including numerous extremophile species4. Here we report a high-quality reference for the sunflower genome (3.6 gigabases), together with extensive transcriptomic data from vegetative and floral organs. The genome mostly consists of highly similar, related sequences5 and required single-molecule real-time sequencing technologies for …

Why Do Animals Do What They Do, When They Do It? Characterizing The Role Of The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis In Seasonal Life-History Transitions, Catherine Anne Dayger Forbes

Dissertations and Theses

Resource availability follows seasonal cycles in environmental conditions. To align physiology and behavior with prevailing environmental conditions, seasonal animals integrate cues from the environment with their internal state. One of the systems animals use to integrate those cues is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its primary effector, glucocorticoid hormones. The HPA axis has wide-ranging effects on physiology and behavior and, in the context of a glucocorticoid stress response, is known to mediate tradeoffs between immediate survival and future fitness. The HPA axis also plays an important role in facilitating predictable life-history events. Variation in HPA axis activity has been reported …

Higher Predation Risk For Insect Prey At Low Latitudes And Elevations, T. Roslin, B. Hardwick, V. Novotny, W. K. Petry, N. R. Andrew, A. Asmus, I. C. Barrio, Y. Basset, A. L. Boesing, T. C. Bonebrake, E. K. Cameron, W. Dáttilo, D. A. Donoso, P. Drozd, C. L. Gray, D. S. Hik, S. J. Hill, T. Hopkins, S. Huang, B. Koane, B. Laird-Hopkins, L. Laukkanen, O. T. Lewis, S. Milne, I. Mwesige, A. Nakamura, C. S. Nell, Elizabeth Nichols, A. Prokurat, K. Sam, N. M. Schmidt, A. Slade, V. Slade, A. Suchanková, T. Teder, S. Van Nouhuys, V. Vandvik, A. Weissflog, V. Zhukovich, E. M. Slade

Biology Faculty Works

Biotic interactions underlie ecosystem structure and function, but predicting interaction outcomes is difficult. We tested the hypothesis that biotic interaction strength increases toward the equator, using a global experiment with model caterpillars to measure predation risk. Across an 11,660-kilometer latitudinal gradient spanning six continents, we found increasing predation toward the equator, with a parallel pattern of increasing predation toward lower elevations. Patterns across both latitude and elevation were driven by arthropod predators, with no systematic trend in attack rates by birds or mammals. These matching gradients at global and regional scales suggest consistent drivers of biotic interaction strength, a finding …

Identification Of Novel Nuclear Proteins Required For Meiotic Silencing By Unpaired Dna In Neurospora Crassa, Dilini Ralalage

Theses and Dissertations

A fundamental step that occurs during sexual reproduction is meiosis, which is a specialized type of cell division. During meiosis, pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic information via recombination. At this point, the genome is particularly susceptible to viruses and other foreign genetic invasions. Therefore, it is important to protect the genome to prevent the transmission of foreign genetic materials to the offspring. There are several mechanisms work together to protect host genome from foreign genetic materials. These are known as “genome defense mechanisms”.

The fungus Neurospora crassa is one of the best organisms for genome defense studies due to the …

Let The Seeds Fall Where They May: Investigating The Effect Of Landscape Features On Fine-Scale Seed Dispersal, Monica R. Grasty

Dissertations and Theses

Seed dispersal is a crucial ecological and evolutionary process that allows plants to colonize sites and expand their ranges, while also reducing inbreeding depression and facilitating the spread of adaptive genetic variation. However, our fundamental understanding of seed dispersal is limited due to the difficulty of directly observing dispersal events. In recent years, genetic marker methods have furthered our understanding of colonization and range expansion due to seed dispersal. Most investigations focus on regional scales of dispersal, due to low levels of variation in the chloroplast genome (cpDNA), which can serve as an indirect measure of seed dispersal. Here, I …

How Well Can Machine-Learning Algorithms Predict Biomedical Outcomes Based On Gene-Expression Data?, Anna Guyer, Stephen Piccolo

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Biomedical data are increasing in size and complexity. To make sense of these data, biomedical researchers often use “machine-learning” algorithms, which are developed by the computer-science community. Our goal was to perform a systematic comparison of many of these algorithms across 100 data sets to identify which algorithms perform best for this type of data. To help meet this goal, we also planned to carefully curating data from the public domain for others to use in their own comparisons.

Unlike DNA, which changes little from cell to cell, gene-expression levels vary dramatically across different types of tissues and under different …

Ethical Concerns For Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Olga Najera

Dialogue & Nexus

The development of assisted reproductive technologies has provided new options for infertile couples in their pursuit of parenthood. As a result of the successful implementation of in vitro fertilization (IVF), gestational surrogacy is now an alternative. Other technology, such as genetic enhancement, could potentially become available for human beings soon; however, numerous ethical concerns have been raised by the fact that it requires germline engineering. The concerns brought about by these new reproductive technologies will be addressed in light of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and of the following ethical theories: Kantian, evolutionary, utilitarian, and virtue ethics.

The Impact Of Anthropocentrism On Christian Environmentalism, Alexis Grasse

Dialogue & Nexus

This paper will discuss the effects of anthropocentrism in Christian theology, doctrine, and environmentalism. The development and history of Christian environmentalism will be examined, with emphasis on the time since the 1960s, when environmentalism came to the forefront in the Western world. Alternative interpretations and worldviews, mainly ecocentrism and biocentrism, will be considered and compared to the prevalent anthropocentric view. I will close with a presentation of two possible means for developing a Christian ecological theology without anthropocentrism. An environmental position most coherent with Christian principles will be left open to the reader; my purpose is to examine the impact …

Revolution In Ideology: Crafting A Holistic Scientific Dialectic, Nathan Neill

Dialogue & Nexus

Ideology drives scientific research far more than is acknowledged. Since science itself is conducted by individuals, each scientist has a biased conception of themselves and their surroundings relative to the rest of the universe, even if it is never explicated. This sense of relation to the greater universe is what defines the ideology of the individual. It is this sense of relation and self that creates the individual, who goes on to investigate the natural world by the scientific method. In this paper I will examine extant scientific ideology, particularly in Western science, and propose changes that could be helpful.

False Pretexts Of Altruism And The Truth About Cooperation, Selvin Villeda

Dialogue & Nexus

Without deeper analysis, altruism seems to be alive and present in our world today. However, most of what is called altruism is really mere cooperation. True altruism cannot be achieved unless you directly give up your life without receiving any benefit. Only by analyzing such acts and exploring the true motives of these acts, can we see that 1) biological influences (such as genetic relatedness) and 2) social components stemming from reciprocity are what determine these cooperative actions. We cooperate together for greater overall fitness of society. Through cooperation we can have a striving community that can grow together. Ultimately, …

An Analysis Of Altruism, Sarah Siemens

Dialogue & Nexus

Scientists, freethinkers, and philosophers have attempted to find an explanation of the role of altruism in a natural world that is compatible to the dominantly accepted Darwinian principle of natural selection. Many postulates have been developed in an attempt to explain how self-sacrificial behaviors are cohesive within the “survival of the fittest” ideology. This has caused many scientists to broaden the definition of altruism to understand its components in the physical world. In order to understand how absolute altruism is solely found through God’s love, it is necessary to examine each subset of scientific altruism to reveal their differences. None …

Down Syndrome, The Image Of God, And Personhood, Paris Webb

Dialogue & Nexus

People with Down syndrome help Christians understand what being made in the image of God truly means. After describing Down syndrome, we will examine the different views of the image of God and how these relate to people with Down syndrome. Another approach will be to define personhood in light of God’s image and relate it to Down syndrome. We will use the principles held by the L’Arche community as an exemplar in this discussion to demonstrate that those with Down syndrome encourage us to expand our understanding of the image of God. Consequently, Down’s persons allow us to apply …