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Articles 211 - 240 of 498
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Propionate Enhances The Antimicrobial Defenses In Macrophages Against Listeria Monocytogenes, John Weis
Propionate Enhances The Antimicrobial Defenses In Macrophages Against Listeria Monocytogenes, John Weis
Honors Theses
Propionate is a short chain fatty acid produced by the bacteria in the human gut. It has a wide range of nutritional functions in the human body. Several studies have also reported the effects of propionate on immune cell activation. In this study, we used Listeria monocytogenes as a model pathogen to determine how and what the effects of propionate on immune cells influence cell susceptibility to infections. Listeria is a dangerous intracellular pathogen that can replicate inside immune cells such as macrophages. Therefore, we can assess the impact of propionate on infection susceptibility by performing cell culture infections. We …
Modulation Of Listeria Monocytogenes Carbon Metabolism By Short Chain Fatty Acids, Diksha Bedi
Modulation Of Listeria Monocytogenes Carbon Metabolism By Short Chain Fatty Acids, Diksha Bedi
Honors Theses
Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen, is associated with foodborne infections in humans. Listeria encounters short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) during its transit through the intestine but its metabolic responses to SCFAs are not fully understood. To determine how Listeria metabolism is affected by SCFAs, I performed basic microbiology assays, including monitoring optical density, determining acetoin production, and measuring culture pH levels. I also performed preliminary 13C-NMR assays to provide a more in-depth look into carbon metabolism in SCFA-treated Listeria. I found that propionate-supplemented Listeria produced significantly more acetoin compared to no supplemented controls. Because acetoin is a product of central …
Analysis Of Change In The Biodiversity Of Fish And Macroinvertebrates Following Low Dam Modification And Kayak Chute Installation In The Great Miami River In Downtown Dayton, Ohio, Madison E. Conway
Honors Theses
Over two years, from 2015-2017, the Miami Conservancy District and Five Rivers Metroparks completed a project to modify the low dam above Monument Avenue into a kayak chute and constructed a second, entirely new kayak chute about one-half mile upstream near Riverscape Metropark in downtown Dayton, Ohio. Low dams have a negative impact on river habitat by decreasing water velocity in the impoundment behind the dam. Physical habitat, which should consist of alternating pools and riffles, is disturbed and replaced by deeper, slower-moving water that accumulates deposits of sediment on the river bottom degrading its value as habitat. The conditions …
The Prickly Problem Of Pears Potential Effects Of Native Orthopteran Herbivory On An Invasive Woody Plant, Kaitlin Gawkins
The Prickly Problem Of Pears Potential Effects Of Native Orthopteran Herbivory On An Invasive Woody Plant, Kaitlin Gawkins
Honors Theses
Across the United States, land managers are struggling to cope with a relatively new invasive species, Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana). Callery pear is currently one of the most important invasive species threatening prairies and early successional habitats in Ohio and the Midwest, and yet, no viable means of control exists for this species. This species is relatively resistant to herbicides and resilient against prescribed cutting and burning. One potential management of invasive species is biocontrol, or the intentional introduction of natural enemies to control the growth and propagation of a target organism. Previous experiments with Callery Pear have examined herbivory …
Pathogenic Differences In Listeria Monocytogenes 10403s And Cardiotropic Strains Grown Under Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions, Alexander Hayes
Pathogenic Differences In Listeria Monocytogenes 10403s And Cardiotropic Strains Grown Under Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions, Alexander Hayes
Honors Theses
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacillus that is commonly associated with foodborne illness. It is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for causing the listeriosis infection in humans which is particularly dangerous to immunocompromised individuals. L. monocytogenes pathogenesis occurs through a series of complex interactions between host and bacterial cellular machinery. The wild-type strain as well as a cardiotropic strain with high affinity for infecting cardiac tissue were used to investigate pathogenesis in L. monocytogenes. Specifically, the Listeriolysin O protein that is critical for virulence was investigated. Aerobic and anaerobic growth environments as well as short-chain fatty acid supplementation were utilized …
Drosophila Tumor Mosaic Models To Study Intercellular Interaction, Minh T.D. Ho
Drosophila Tumor Mosaic Models To Study Intercellular Interaction, Minh T.D. Ho
Honors Theses
Drosophila is a powerful genetic model system to study cancer. In patients, a small number of mutations accumulate in cells that change their growth characteristics and eventually lead to the formation of tumors. These tumors are clonal in origin, meaning the cancer arose from the proliferation of a single rogue cell. We have developed similar "clonal" cancer models in the Drosophila brain to study how tumor cells interact among each other and with their neighbors. To study such interactions, we need to tag the tumor cells and their neighboring cells. Such differentially marked clone-pairs or ‘twin-spots’ are ideal for genetic …
Cortisol Regulation Of Aquaglyceroporin Hc-3 Protein Expression In The Erythrocytes Of The Freeze Tolerant Tree Frog Dryophytes Chrysoscelis, Maria P. Labello
Cortisol Regulation Of Aquaglyceroporin Hc-3 Protein Expression In The Erythrocytes Of The Freeze Tolerant Tree Frog Dryophytes Chrysoscelis, Maria P. Labello
Honors Theses
Dryophytes chrysoscelis, commonly known as Cope’s gray treefrog, is a freeze tolerant anuran that freezes up to 65% of extracellular fluid during winter to survive. Glycerol is presumably used as a cryoprotectant during a period of cold-acclimation to protect cells from permanent damage due to hypoosmotic stress upon freezing and thawing. The passage of glycerol and water during cold-acclimation is mediated through aquaglyceroporin HC-3 in the nucleated erythrocytes (RBCs) of D. chrysoscelis. This thesis analyzes the mechanisms in which D. chrysoscelis prepares for cold-acclimation and glycerol synthesis. Cortisol is a stress hormone known to respond to osmolarity and metabolic challenges …
Establishing The Effect Of Ethanol On Listeria Infection, Ryan Evan Restrepo
Establishing The Effect Of Ethanol On Listeria Infection, Ryan Evan Restrepo
Honors Theses
Excessive alcohol consumption is common in the United States, particularly among college campuses. Previous studies have shown that excessive drinking increases the risk of drug dependency, sexual assault and liver damage. Heavy drinking has also proven to impact immune capabilities. Immune cell function and numbers have been shown to be negatively impacted by alcohol treatment. This research project used different cell cultures to model human cells and investigated how exposure to alcohol affects susceptibility to bacterial infection. Listeria monocytogenes, a common foodborne bacterium, was used as a model pathogen. A high alcohol preferring mouse model was also used to examine …
Flourishing The Urban Environment: How Urban Gardens Affect Pollinators, Emily Ann Rickert
Flourishing The Urban Environment: How Urban Gardens Affect Pollinators, Emily Ann Rickert
Honors Theses
The order of Hymenoptera is classified as bees, wasps, and ants and are widely recognized as pollinators. Some species of bees (family Apoidea) and hoverflies tend to focus on certain types of flowers and are attracted to patterns and colors. Native plants and crops that are specifically bee-friendly can encourage bees and other pollinators that are decreasing in biodiversity and population to come back. Urban gardens work to provide vegetables and organic produce to its communities and subsequently are also growing pollinator-friendly food. This study focuses on whether the biodiversity of Hymenoptera, hoverflies, and other significant pollinators are affected by …
The Effects Of L. Rhamnosus Consumption On Male Long Evans Rat Anxiety-Like Behavior, Amanda Marie Schleper
The Effects Of L. Rhamnosus Consumption On Male Long Evans Rat Anxiety-Like Behavior, Amanda Marie Schleper
Honors Theses
Adolescent stress in humans has been correlated with an increased likelihood of an individual to develop an alcohol use disorder later in life. Literature has demonstrated that rats subjected to adolescent stress tend to show an increased preference and consumption of ethanol. Adolescence is a critical time of development. The link between adolescent stressors and alcohol use disorders is not fully understood yet. This study examined the relationship between adolescent stress and alcohol consumption and preference in rats. Probiotics are bacteria with potential health benefits and have been well accepted as a dietary supplement. Literature shows that probiotics could decrease …
The Vascular Flora Of Bill Yeck Park: Supporting The Conservation Of Local Biodiversity, Taylor Sparbanie
The Vascular Flora Of Bill Yeck Park: Supporting The Conservation Of Local Biodiversity, Taylor Sparbanie
Honors Theses
Maintaining and fostering biodiversity is a critical component of natural areas management and conservation because of its known links to ecosystem function and stability. Identifying and documenting species through a floristic inventory is an important strategy for detecting the presence of rare or unique species, as well as invasive species that pose a threat to biodiversity. Bill Yeck Park is a 194-acre nature park maintained by Centerville-Washington Park District and is largely surrounded by residential areas. The goal of this project was to generate list of vascular plant species for Bill Yeck Park, a large park within the Centerville-Washington Township …
In The Face Of Antimicrobialsfactors Contributing To Listeria Monocytogenes Survival And Development Of Resistance, Andrea M. Vietti
In The Face Of Antimicrobialsfactors Contributing To Listeria Monocytogenes Survival And Development Of Resistance, Andrea M. Vietti
Honors Theses
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is on an alarming rise worldwide, thus posing an urgent threat to human health. The rise in antibiotic resistance can be attributed to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both the healthcare and agricultural industries. In order to address this concern, this research aimed to identify environmental conditions that may lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen capable of causing the disease listeriosis and is especially dangerous for immunocompromised populations. Although infected individuals are treated with antibiotics, an alarmingly high mortality rate of 20 percent still persists; …
Relationship Of Mastication Rate And Body Length In West Indian Manatees, Adam Weir
Relationship Of Mastication Rate And Body Length In West Indian Manatees, Adam Weir
Honors Theses
This study investigates the intraspecific relationship between body length and chewing cycle duration (CCD) among West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). We recorded 18 captive manatees of varying body lengths consuming two food types. Additionally, nine of these manatees were recorded on two separate occasions, six years apart, allowing us to control for individual variation to test whether CCD increases as the manatees grow. CCD was determined from the recordings using Raven Pro 1.5 bioacoustic analysis software. Food type (r=0.78, p=6.8x10-5, n=17) and body length (r=0.53, p=0.033, n=17) significantly affected CCD. Manatees chew at a consistent rate, so it may be …
The Effect Of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors On Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells In Conjunction With Clinically Relevant Chemotherapeutic Agents, Mary Grace Stewart
The Effect Of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors On Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells In Conjunction With Clinically Relevant Chemotherapeutic Agents, Mary Grace Stewart
Honors Theses
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes charged with the job of loosening DNA packaged around histone proteins. This gives them the opportunity to affect the transcriptional regulation of certain cancer associated genes and proteins, but HDACs are not limited to only DNA modification. They also target non-chromatin proteins in the cytoplasm, and have been closely linked to the many pathways involved in metastatic breast cancer such as apoptosis evasion, cell migration, and angiogenesis. HDAC’s effect on important cytoplasmic proteins could play a huge role in the largely unknown mechanisms of metastatic breast cancer. HDAC inhibitors are a rising class of chemotherapeutic …
Examining The Effects Of Fadrozole, An Aromatase Inhibitor, On Testosterone And Estrogen Production Of Domestic Chicken Embryos (Gallus Gallus), Abby E. Joseph
Examining The Effects Of Fadrozole, An Aromatase Inhibitor, On Testosterone And Estrogen Production Of Domestic Chicken Embryos (Gallus Gallus), Abby E. Joseph
Honors Theses
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is responsible for the production of the hormones testosterone and estradiol, and testosterone is thought to contribute to regulation of the axis through a negative feedback mechanism. Regulation by negative feedback involves the product of a pathway turning off that pathway when enough product is made. However, because the enzyme P450 aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol, estradiol may also contribute to regulation of the HPG axis and other phenomena that have been attributed to testosterone, like the inhibition of immune function. Previous studies have injected birds with an aromatase inhibitor (presumably reducing estradiol production) and shown …
Analysis Of Dunc-13 And Its Role In The Formation Of Ethanol Tolerance In Drosophila Melanogaster, Charles Cook
Analysis Of Dunc-13 And Its Role In The Formation Of Ethanol Tolerance In Drosophila Melanogaster, Charles Cook
Honors Theses
Alcoholism is a costly disease that is responsible for a significant portion of the global disease burden, yet there is much is left to know about how this disease develops. Tolerance plays a critical role in predisposing an individual to alcohol abuse. Recently, the active zone of presynaptic neurons has been implicated as an ethanol effector. In this study, we examined the role that a presynaptic active zone protein, Dunc13, plays in the formation of tolerance to alcohol. Dunc13 is an ortholog of mammalian Unc13-1, and through the use of Drosophila as a model system, we show that genetic reduction …
The Developmental And Behavioral Effects Of Early Life Stage Cannabinoid Exposure, Mariegene E. Almand
The Developmental And Behavioral Effects Of Early Life Stage Cannabinoid Exposure, Mariegene E. Almand
Honors Theses
As of 2019, marijuana legalization and decriminalization is sweeping the globe. Patients are increasingly using cannabis-derived compounds including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) for treatment of diseases as diverse as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. Furthermore, mothers are claiming that CBD oil decreases uncomfortable pregnancy side effects. While the adverse effects of chronic cannabinoid use and of cannabinoids on pregnancy have been previously investigated, the exact function of the endocannabinoid system, and its primary receptors, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, involved in producing these outcomes is still unclear. In this study, two strains of zebrafish embryos, namely fli and cnr2-/- …
Microbial Communities Associated With Dragonfly Nymphs Raised In Varying Concentrations Of Amoxicillin, Michelle Basha
Microbial Communities Associated With Dragonfly Nymphs Raised In Varying Concentrations Of Amoxicillin, Michelle Basha
Honors Theses
The bacteria on and within an organism make up that organism’s microbiome. Given interest in the use of antibiotics in agriculture and the effect of microbes on human health, more studies are needed on the microbial community composition of different organisms and how it responds to antibiotic use. This study investigated changes in the amount of antibiotic resistant bacteria present in dragonfly nymphs exposed to differing concentrations of amoxicillin. Next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify cultures of these antibiotic resistant bacteria. Increasing the concentration of antibiotics the dragonfly nymphs were exposed to resulted in …
Analysis Of Atlantic And Northern Gulf Coast Wetland Bacterial Extracellular Enzyme Activity, Noah Kippenbrock
Analysis Of Atlantic And Northern Gulf Coast Wetland Bacterial Extracellular Enzyme Activity, Noah Kippenbrock
Honors Theses
Sea-level rise is projected to cause saltwater marshes to migrate landward replacing brackish and freshwater marshes. Coastal wetlands are important sinks of carbon, phosphorous, and nitrogen, so it is important to understand the function of their microbial communities. This study aims to categorize the difference in function between different spatially distinct wetland marsh types in advance of the expected alteration of the wetland ecosystems. Extracellular microbial enzymatic activity was measured to understand organic matter decomposition and nutrient mineralization in different marsh types. We measured the activities of the extracellular enzymes β-glucosidase, NAGase, peroxidase, phenol oxidase, and phosphatase across sites along …
Compositional Differences In Bacterial Communities In Fresh And Saltwater Wetlands Of The Gulf Coast, Mary Grace Bass
Compositional Differences In Bacterial Communities In Fresh And Saltwater Wetlands Of The Gulf Coast, Mary Grace Bass
Honors Theses
Wetlands are important reservoirs for biodiversity and ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling. However, the anthropogenic stressors of sea-level rise and eutrophication threaten these habitats. In this study, I examined the bacterial communities at six locations along the US Gulf Coast between Louisiana and Florida, focusing on how these communities were affected by salinity, depth, and site location. At each of six locations, five 30cm-deep soil cores were taken from a tidal fresh marsh and either a tidal brackish marsh or tidal saltmarsh. Bacterial DNA was extracted from both the surface layer and the root layer of each soil core. …
To Sleep Or Not To Sleep, That Is The Question: Sleep, Anxiety And Depressive Symptoms In Pregnancy, Alexis B. Miller
To Sleep Or Not To Sleep, That Is The Question: Sleep, Anxiety And Depressive Symptoms In Pregnancy, Alexis B. Miller
Honors Theses
Pregnancy is a time associated with many changes in a woman’s body including hormonal, metabolic, physical, and physiological changes (Miller, 2004; Okun, Kiewra, Luther, Wisniewski, & Wisner, 2011). A related concern is pregnant women and the impact of disturbed sleep. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 36% of the population in Mississippi experience an insufficient amount of sleep (CDC, 2014). Moreover, sleep disturbances in pregnancy are significantly associated with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms (Volkovich, Tikotzky, & Manber, 2015; Yu et al., 2017). The present study assessed potential relations between sleep disturbances, anxiety, depressive symptoms …
Effects Of Vertical Transmission Of Maternal Antibodies To Mycoplasma Gallisepticum On Growth And Condition Of Eastern Bluebird Nestlings (Sialia Sialis), Mckenzie Xiang Denton
Effects Of Vertical Transmission Of Maternal Antibodies To Mycoplasma Gallisepticum On Growth And Condition Of Eastern Bluebird Nestlings (Sialia Sialis), Mckenzie Xiang Denton
Honors Theses
Mothers display maternal effects to influence the development and success of offspring through processes such as resource allocation. In birds, this occurs largely through the egg yolk with the vertical transmission of antibodies to offspring to protect the vulnerable young from disease. Specifically, poultry and eastern bluebirds across the eastern United States are commonly infected by the bacteria Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), for which mothers may produce antibodies against. To test for the vertical transmission of MG-specific antibodies from mothers to nestlings in eastern bluebirds and the associated fitness effects, bluebird boxes were set up and monitored during the field season. …
Fungal-Algal Speed Dating: Exploring Symbiotic Potential Of Fungal-Algal Cocultures, Natalie S. Williams
Fungal-Algal Speed Dating: Exploring Symbiotic Potential Of Fungal-Algal Cocultures, Natalie S. Williams
Honors Theses
Symbiotic relationships are widely studied phenomena in the biological world. Of particular interest are the ubiquitous relationships that exist between fungi and photoautotrophs. While much is known about the commonly occurring interactions that persist between fungi and a wide range of terrestrial plants, we are interested in exploring the symbiotic capacity between fungi and earlier diverging lineages of the plant kingdom, notably green algae. We developed an experiment to allow for a medium-throughput analysis of fungal-algal interactions using three model green algae: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Penium margaritaceum. With numerous replicated assays, these algae were individually paired with a …
Differential Analysis Of Gene Expression In Arabidopsis Thaliana Organ Boundary Mutants, Jack Mason
Differential Analysis Of Gene Expression In Arabidopsis Thaliana Organ Boundary Mutants, Jack Mason
Honors Theses
Differences in gene expression occur due to cell type differentiation, the stages of an organism’s life cycle, genetic variation, and changes in the environment. The quantification of these changes can be valuable for helping deduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of model organisms such as Arabidopsis. A pair of homeobox genes, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX GENE1 (ATH1) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), encode transcription factors that play key roles in establishing organ boundaries in Arabidopsis flowers. Plants that carry mutations in both of these genes are missing floral organ-stem boundary regions and fail to shed their outer floral organs. Previous studies …
Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of A Recombinant Simian Varicella Virus Vaccine Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope And Capsid Proteins, Thomas G. Wichman
Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of A Recombinant Simian Varicella Virus Vaccine Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope And Capsid Proteins, Thomas G. Wichman
Honors Theses
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T-lymphocytes, which when left untreated, later develops into Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Up to 25,000 people die every week from AIDS infection, making HIV and AIDS research a very high priority for virologists. While highly researched by scholars around the world, no person has been able to develop a successful vaccine, as the retroviral nature of the virus and its high mutation rate make vaccine development incredibly difficult. However, recombinant genetic technology will hopefully allow the revolutionization of vaccines which have already proven effective in immunization. The already developed varicella-zoster …
The Role Of The Age/Rage Signaling Pathway In Cardiac Fibroblast Migration, Mallory B. Harmon
The Role Of The Age/Rage Signaling Pathway In Cardiac Fibroblast Migration, Mallory B. Harmon
Honors Theses
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the United States with around 30 million who suffer from diabetes and 84 million who are considered pre-diabetic. Diabetic individuals are at an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease due to a stiffening of the left ventricle, which is thought to occur through fibroblast “activation” mediated by increased AGE/RAGE signaling. Advanced glycated end products (AGEs) accumulate within the body overtime and are accelerated under hyperglycemic conditions, and AGEs exert their effects by binding to their receptor (RAGE). Fibroblast “activation” is marked by elevated levels of α-smooth muscle actin expression and …
Healthcare Practices Related To Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, Muriel Mikayla Johnson
Healthcare Practices Related To Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, Muriel Mikayla Johnson
Honors Theses
The incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is abounding in hospitals across the nation due to the recent surge in opioid abuse. This thesis explores the variation in protocols and guidelines used by healthcare practitioners concerning NAS. This study consisted of a literature review as well as observations and interviews with healthcare practitioners in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). The literature review revealed there has been a greater increase in NAS among rural areas, and there is currently no national standardized protocol for the treatment of NAS. Field notes taken during the interviews and observations confirmed the literature in that …
The Effects Of Retrieval Strategy On A Collaborative Reconstruction Task, Amanda M. Bullock
The Effects Of Retrieval Strategy On A Collaborative Reconstruction Task, Amanda M. Bullock
Honors Theses
The purpose of the present experiment was to explore the effects of using various retrieval strategies on a collaborative reconstruction task. More specifically, we sought to determine the extent to which the Retrieval Strategy Disruption Hypothesis (RSD) could explain the effects of collaborative inhibition on such tasks. Collaborative inhibition is observed when collaborative group performance is lower than the pooled performance of an identical number of individuals working alone (nominal groups). The RSD hypothesis suggests that one group member’s output disrupts another group member’s idiosyncratic retrieval strategy leading to poorer performance relative to individuals working alone. In the present study, …
Effects Of Kanglaite, An Anticancer Herbal Medicine, On Breast Cancer Cell Metabolism, Sarah A. Hillhouse
Effects Of Kanglaite, An Anticancer Herbal Medicine, On Breast Cancer Cell Metabolism, Sarah A. Hillhouse
Honors Theses
Kanglaite (KLT) is an anticancer herbal medicine developed in China that consists of mainly fatty acid triglycerides from Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf. In this study, we analyzed the effects of KLT on normal versus breast cancer cell metabolism using the C2C12, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Each cell line was divided into controls (n=3), cells with 1 μM of rotenone (n=2), or cells 0.3%, 1%, and 1.72% KLT concentrations. Cells were cultured in serum containing regular FCS and serum containing charcoal-stripped FCS in order to examine the full effects of KLT on the cell. Cell energy phenotype …
What Lies Beneath? : Removal Sampling To Test For Biases In Surface Activity Of The Eastern Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon Cinereus), Amelia Tedesco
What Lies Beneath? : Removal Sampling To Test For Biases In Surface Activity Of The Eastern Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon Cinereus), Amelia Tedesco
Honors Theses
In light of the current global amphibian extinction crisis from threats such as climate change and disease, reliable and repeatable sampling methods carry heavy importance for assessing North American salamander species.