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2009

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Articles 421 - 450 of 835

Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences

Advocates For Agriculture: Discovering Your Influential Power, Troy Hadrick, Stacy Hadrick Jan 2009

Advocates For Agriculture: Discovering Your Influential Power, Troy Hadrick, Stacy Hadrick

Range Beef Cow Symposium

One doesn’t have to watch any type of media source for very long these days to come across a story that is very negative towards agriculture. Specifically, animal agriculture has become a favorite target for many reporters, animal rights groups, and even some consumers. It seems that many of them chose not to even include the thoughts of actual farmers and ranchers when talking about agriculture. Instead they turn to the internet or other non-ag sources for their information. So with so much negative attention being placed on food production, what do we do as producers to combat this situation? …

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Animal Rights As A Mainstream Phenomenon [Shortened Version For Reading In Australia], Bernard E. Rollin Jan 2009

Animal Rights As A Mainstream Phenomenon [Shortened Version For Reading In Australia], Bernard E. Rollin

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The last 50 years have witnessed a dazzling array of social ethical revolutions in Western society. Such moral movements as feminism, civil rights, environmentalism, affirmative action, consumer advocacy, pro- and anti-abortion activism, homosexual rights, children‘s rights, the student movement, antiwar activism, public rejection of biotechnology, have forever changed the way governments and pubic institutions comport themselves. This is equally true for private enterprise: to be successful, businesses must be seen as operating solidly in harmony with changing and emerging social ethics. It is arguable that morally based boycotting of South African business was instrumental in bringing about the end of …

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Extensive Heifer Development Systems, Richard N. Funston, Jeremy Martin, Andy Roberts Jan 2009

Extensive Heifer Development Systems, Richard N. Funston, Jeremy Martin, Andy Roberts

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Studies in numerous species provide evidence that diet during development can partially control physiological changes necessary for puberty (Frisch, 1984). Energy balance or plane of nutrition influences reproductive performance in heifers and cows (Butler and Smith, 1989; Randel, 1990; Robinson, 1990; Short and Adams, 1988; Swanson, 1989). Numerous studies have reported inverse correlations between postweaning growth rate and age at puberty (Arije and Wiltbank, 1971; Ferrell, 1982; Short and Bellows, 1971; Wiltbank et al., 1966, 1969, 1985) and pregnancy rates in heifers were shown to be dependent upon the number displaying estrus prior to or early in the breeding season …

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Common $Ense Heifer Management, Patsy Houghton Jan 2009

Common $Ense Heifer Management, Patsy Houghton

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The replacement heifer is a mixed blessing for cow-calf operators. On one hand, she represents the future profitability and genetic improvement of the cow herd; thus her selection and development are of paramount importance to the continued success of any cow herd. On the other hand, the replacement heifer is an inconvenience at best. She is essentially non-productive for the first two-and-a-half years of her life; thus she places a significant drain on a rancher’s cash flow, making her easy prey for mismanagement. Nevertheless, proper growth and development of the replacement female from birth until she produces her first calf …

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Impact Of Method Of Heifer Development And Post-Ai Management On Reproductive Efficiency, George Perry, Julie Walker, Cody Wright, Ken Olson Jan 2009

Impact Of Method Of Heifer Development And Post-Ai Management On Reproductive Efficiency, George Perry, Julie Walker, Cody Wright, Ken Olson

Range Beef Cow Symposium

An important part of any production system is the reproductive performance and costs associated with developing replacement heifers. The cost of developing replacement heifers has a tremendous impact on the profitability and sustainability of cow-calf operations, and reproductive failure costs the U.S. beef and dairy industries approximately $1 billion annually (Bellows et al., 2002). Heifers need to calve by 24 months of age to achieve maximum life-time productivity (Patterson et al., 1992), and heifers that lose a pregnancy or conceive late in the breeding season are likely to not have enough time to rebreed during a defined breeding season. In …

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Profitable Cow And Heifer Pregnancy Rates, Jack C. Whittier Jan 2009

Profitable Cow And Heifer Pregnancy Rates, Jack C. Whittier

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Wow! What a challenging topic. Why is it challenging? Because there is not one right answer; nor is the question easy to define or analyze. However, there are some underlying principles that I believe apply in most situations. I will spend most of my time on those principles with the hope that you as a cattle manager can use these principles to make good decisions.

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Integrating Information Into Selection, Connee R. Quinn Jan 2009

Integrating Information Into Selection, Connee R. Quinn

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Integration: To make into a whole by bringing all parts together. As ranchers we intuitively know the unique resources that make up the whole of our operations and use these resources to cost effectively produce a product. Ranch resources can be simply categorized into forage, genetics and people and the rancher‘s commitment to good management practices. Add to that, information or knowledge management, management of relationships and, of course, managing for the end product. The glue that holds these parts together is the rancher-- the heart, the passion of the operation.

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Integrating Information Into Selection, Loren Berger Jan 2009

Integrating Information Into Selection, Loren Berger

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Berger’s Herdmasters is located on the southern edge of the Sandhills near North Platte, Nebraska and is home to our composite seedstock operation with a base of approximately 350 head. Our business is focused on the production of hybrid bulls consisting of Red Angus X Simmental and Angus X Simmental, plus we do have some high percentage Angus bulls (both Red and Black) that are designed to be used on heifers. Our operation conducts an annual bull sale on the second Saturday in February and continues to see expansion each year. This year’s offering will consist of around 180 bulls …

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New Beef Products Research, Chris R. Calkins Jan 2009

New Beef Products Research, Chris R. Calkins

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Muscle profiling research conducted in the early part of this decade by the University of Nebraska and the University of Florida for The Beef Checkoff was highly successfully. This research led to the development of the flat iron steak, the petite tender, and the ranch cut from the shoulder clod and has been credited with increasing the value of market cattle by $50 - $70 per head. In 2007, over 92 million pounds of flat iron steaks, 40 million pounds of petite tenders, and 37 million pounds of ranch steaks were sold into foodservice. Although difficult to track, additional sales …

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Selecting For Efficiency, Nick Hammett Jan 2009

Selecting For Efficiency, Nick Hammett

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Why is efficiency so important to the beef industry? "Efficiency impacts unit cost of production, thereby having the potential to increase beef's competitiveness in both the domestic and global marketplace, to improve industry profitability, and to enhance long-term sustainability of the industry." (Ritchie, 2001). In simple terms, from a producer’s standpoint, efficiency can make you more money by lowering costs, increasing returns, or both. But, only if measured, interpreted and implemented correctly.

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Impacts Of Calf Nutritional Management On Quality Grade, Scott Lake Jan 2009

Impacts Of Calf Nutritional Management On Quality Grade, Scott Lake

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Why is quality important? An enormous amount of research and money have been invested in determining the impacts of just about every management practice on the effects of marbling. Marketing and management practices have been developed around the choice/select spread. But the question begs to be asked, “Is marbling important?” Regardless of the choice/select spread or any other premiums received due to carcass quality, the answer to that question should be a resounding “YES”, for no other reason than the importance of a quality eating experience from consumers. The 2005 National Quality Beef Audit reports that the #1 concern of …

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Managing Annual Bromes In The Northern Great Plains, Lance Vermeire, Matt Rinella, Jennifer Muscha Jan 2009

Managing Annual Bromes In The Northern Great Plains, Lance Vermeire, Matt Rinella, Jennifer Muscha

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Annual bromes periodically have substantial impact on rangelands in the northern Great Plains. The often rapid increases in annual brome populations and there negative effects on forage and animal production are justified cause for concern. However, population increases are predictable and management tools have been successfully identified for short-term control. Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory is examining new applications of established methods and testing whether careful timing and integration of control methods may be key to long-term reduction of annual bromes.

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The Two Best Decisions I Have Made, John Maddox Jan 2009

The Two Best Decisions I Have Made, John Maddox

Range Beef Cow Symposium

You might be surprised when I tell you the two best decisions made on our ranch, are much easier to come up with than the two worst decisions. Now, not even for a second, do I believe that I haven’t made some big mistakes. A matter of fact some of them have been real dousies. And there have been so many big mistakes somehow prioritizing them in order to come up with two of the worst is not only difficult but they are painful to recollect! So lets start with the best decisions.

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U.S. Beef Demand Drivers And Enhancement Opportunities: A Research Summary, James R. Mintert, Glynn T. Tonsor, Ted C. Schroeder Jan 2009

U.S. Beef Demand Drivers And Enhancement Opportunities: A Research Summary, James R. Mintert, Glynn T. Tonsor, Ted C. Schroeder

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Large shifts in domestic beef demand have had substantial impacts on the beef industry. Before the late 1970s, growth in the U.S. economy and rising consumer incomes contributed to beef demand increasing for a sustained period. In response to growing product demand, the beef industry increased in size. However, starting about 1980, domestic retail beef demand weakened and subsequently declined every year through 1998. The long-run decline in retail beef demand contributed to a reduction in cattle industry size, particularly in relation to competing meat sectors such as poultry and pork. In 1999, following nearly 20 consecutive years of decline, …

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Rumen Physiology For The Rancher, Ivan G. Rush Jan 2009

Rumen Physiology For The Rancher, Ivan G. Rush

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The ruminant animal has two unique features – it chews its cud and has four distinct compartments in the stomach. More importantly the ruminant can convert forages that are comprised by large quantities of cellulose, that is poorly digestible by non-ruminants, into high quality protein (muscle) that provides excellent eating experiences and nutrients for humans. Rumen Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical function of the rumen. When I first enrolled in an animal nutrition course I felt this area was unnecessary in order to feed cattle. All I wanted to learn was does the cow need …

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Two Best And Two Worst Decisions, Kory Bierle Jan 2009

Two Best And Two Worst Decisions, Kory Bierle

Range Beef Cow Symposium

My name is Kory Bierle and I am from a family ranch just east of Midland, South Dakota, on the Bad River. The name of our ranch is the Madsen Ranch. We use that name because it was my mother’s family that settled and started the place. My great-great-grandfather showed my great-grandfather where a good place for a ranch would be, and we’ve been there ever since. My house is just a few yards from where the original log house was. The gal that talked to me about participating in the Range Beef Cow Symposium this year said that, from …

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Bovine Respiratory Disease & Diagnostic Veterinary Medicine (Managing Respiratory Diseases In The Herd), Donald Montgomery Jan 2009

Bovine Respiratory Disease & Diagnostic Veterinary Medicine (Managing Respiratory Diseases In The Herd), Donald Montgomery

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Year in and year out, diseases of the respiratory system are a major cause of illness and death in cattle from 6 weeks to two years of age. Sadly, this is as true today as it was 30 years ago despite development of new and improved vaccines, new broad spectrum antibiotics, and increased fundamental knowledge as to the cause of disease. WHY? I don‟t have the answer and I doubt if anyone does. As a pathologist, I often see firsthand the devastating effects that bacteria can have in the lungs of cattle that die from respiratory disease complex or shipping …

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Winter Grazing System And Supplementation During Late Gestation Influence Performance Of Beef Cows And Steer Progeny, Daniel Larson, J. L. Martin, Don C. Adams, Richard N. Funston Jan 2009

Winter Grazing System And Supplementation During Late Gestation Influence Performance Of Beef Cows And Steer Progeny, Daniel Larson, J. L. Martin, Don C. Adams, Richard N. Funston

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A 2 × 2 factorial study evaluated effects of cow wintering system and last trimester CP supplementation on performance of beef cows and steer progeny over a 3-yr period. Pregnant composite cows (Red Angus × Simmental) grazed winter range (WR; n = 4/yr) or corn residue (CR; n = 4/yr) during winter and within grazing treatment received 0.45 kg/d (DM) 28% CP cubes (PS; n = 4/yr) or no supplement (NS; n = 4/yr). Offspring steer calves entered the feedlot 14 d postweaning and were slaughtered 222 d later. Precalving BW was greater (P = 0.02) for PS than NS …

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Characterization Of 24 Microsatellite Loci In Delta Smelt, Hypomesus Transpacificus, And Their Cross-Species Amplification In Two Other Smelt Species Of The Osmeridae Family, Kathleen M. Fisch, Jessica Lynn Petersen, Melinda R. Baerwald, John K. Pedroia, Bernie May Jan 2009

Characterization Of 24 Microsatellite Loci In Delta Smelt, Hypomesus Transpacificus, And Their Cross-Species Amplification In Two Other Smelt Species Of The Osmeridae Family, Kathleen M. Fisch, Jessica Lynn Petersen, Melinda R. Baerwald, John K. Pedroia, Bernie May

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

We characterized 24 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) endemic to the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, USA. Screening of samples (n = 30) yielded two to 26 alleles per locus with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.17 to 1.0. Only one locus deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting these individuals originate from a single panmictic population. Linkage disequilibrium was found in two pairs of loci after excluding the locus out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Twenty-two primer pairs cross-amplified in wakasagi smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis), and 15 primer pairs cross-amplified in longfin smelt ( …

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A New Mouse-Adapted Strain Of Sars-Cov As A Lethal Model Forevaluating Antiviral Agents In Vitro And In Vivo, C. W. Day, R. Baric, S. X. Cai, M. Frieman, Y. Kumaki, John D. Morrey, Donald F. Smee, Dale L. Barnard Jan 2009

A New Mouse-Adapted Strain Of Sars-Cov As A Lethal Model Forevaluating Antiviral Agents In Vitro And In Vivo, C. W. Day, R. Baric, S. X. Cai, M. Frieman, Y. Kumaki, John D. Morrey, Donald F. Smee, Dale L. Barnard

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly lethal emerging disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV. New lethal animal models for SARS were needed to facilitate antiviral research. We adapted and characterized a new strain of SARS-CoV (strain v2163) that was highly lethal in 5–6 week old BALB/c mice. It had nine mutations affecting 10 amino acid residues. Strain v2163 increased IL-1α, IL-6, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and RANTES in mice, and high IL-6 expression correlated with mortality. The infection largely mimicked human disease, but lung pathology lacked hyaline membrane formation. In vitro efficacy against v2163 was shown with known inhihibitors of SARSCoV …

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Animal Models For The Study Of Influenza Pathogenesis And Therapy, Dale L. Barnard Jan 2009

Animal Models For The Study Of Influenza Pathogenesis And Therapy, Dale L. Barnard

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Influenza A viruses causes a variety of illnesses in humans. The most common infection, seasonal influenza, is usually a mild, self-limited febrile syndrome, but it can be more severe in infants, the elderly, and immunodeficient persons, in whom it can progress to severe viral pneumonitis or be complicated by bacterial superinfection, leading to pneumonia and sepsis. Seasonal influenza also occasionally results in neurologic complications. Rarely, viruses that have spread from wild birds to domestic poultry can infect humans; such “avian influenza” can range in severity from mild conjunctivitis through the rapidly lethal disease seen in persons infected with the H5N1 …

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A Recombinant,Infectious Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Expressing The Enhanced Green Fluorescentprotein For Use In High-Throughput Antiviral Assays, J. P. Roth, J. K. Li, Donald F. Smee, John D. Morrey, Dale L. Barnard Jan 2009

A Recombinant,Infectious Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Expressing The Enhanced Green Fluorescentprotein For Use In High-Throughput Antiviral Assays, J. P. Roth, J. K. Li, Donald F. Smee, John D. Morrey, Dale L. Barnard

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The ability to rescue an infectious, recombinant, negative-stranded, RNA virus from a cDNA clone, has led to new opportunities for measuring viral replication from a viral expressed reporter gene. In this study, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was inserted into the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) antigenome and a recombinant, infectious virus was rescued. Maximum EGFP expression levels, measured by fluorescence, were seen at day 3. Comparison of a three-day, viral expressed EGFP fluorescence assay to a seven-day, neutral red assay, based on complete cell destruction in virus infected MA-104 cells, yielded Z′-factor values of 0.83 and …

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Basking Behavior Of Emydid Turtles (Chysemys Picta Marginata, Graptemys Geographica, And Trachemys Scripta Elegans) In An Urban Landscape, W. E. Peterman, Travis J. Ryan Jan 2009

Basking Behavior Of Emydid Turtles (Chysemys Picta Marginata, Graptemys Geographica, And Trachemys Scripta Elegans) In An Urban Landscape, W. E. Peterman, Travis J. Ryan

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Basking is common in emydid turtles and is generally accepted to be in thermoregulatory behavior. In 2004, we quantified and described the basking behavior of turtles in the Central Canal of Indianapolis. This canal system runs through an urban landscape that is dominated by fragmented woodlots, residential areas. and commercial areas. We observed that basking turtles exhibited variable basking behavior. with spatial and temporal shins in basking behavior from east-facing banks in the morning to west-facing banks in the afternoon. Turtles in the Central Canal are subject to frequent disturbance, which altered basking behavior. Many turtles forewent aerial basking on …

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Assessment Of River Herring And Striped Bass In The Connecticut River: Abundance, Population Structure, And Predator/Prey Interactions, Justin P. Davis, Eric T. Schultz, Jason Vokoun Jan 2009

Assessment Of River Herring And Striped Bass In The Connecticut River: Abundance, Population Structure, And Predator/Prey Interactions, Justin P. Davis, Eric T. Schultz, Jason Vokoun

EEB Articles

Populations of anadromous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis, collectively referred to as river herring, have declined in the Connecticut River. An explanatory hypothesis for these declines is that predation pressures have increased as a result of recent increases in abundance of sympatric striped bass Morone saxatilis. We sampled river herring and striped bass from the stretch of the Connecticut River between Wethersfield, CT and Holyoke, MA during the vernal migration seasons of 2005-2008. The objectives of the sampling program were to assess abundance, temporal/spatial distribution, and population structure of both river herring and striped bass, …

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Estimating Predation On Declining River Herring: Tag-Recapture Study Of Striped Bass In The Connecticut River, Eric T. Schultz, Justin P. Davis, Jason Vokoun Jan 2009

Estimating Predation On Declining River Herring: Tag-Recapture Study Of Striped Bass In The Connecticut River, Eric T. Schultz, Justin P. Davis, Jason Vokoun

EEB Articles

Populations of anadromous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring Alosa aestivalis, collectively referred to as river herring, have declined in the Connecticut River. A hypothesis for why river herring have declined is that predation pressures have increased associated with recent increases in abundance of striped bass Morone saxatilis. Information on striped bass abundance, size structure, and consumption rates are required to test this hypothesis. This study was designed to provide estimates of striped bass population size in the Connecticut River during the spring migration season, via an intensive mark-recapture exercise and either an open or robust mark-recapture model. …

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Seal Bounties In Maine And Massachusetts, 1888 To 1962, Barbarai Lelli, David Harris Ph.D, Aboueissa Abouel-Makarim Jan 2009

Seal Bounties In Maine And Massachusetts, 1888 To 1962, Barbarai Lelli, David Harris Ph.D, Aboueissa Abouel-Makarim

Faculty Publications

Maine and Massachusetts paid bounties on seals during the 19th and 20th centuries. To determine the number of seals killed for bounty, we examined historical records of bounty claims, and used geographic information systems and multiple linear regression to find predictors of places where large numbers of bounties were paid. We found records of 24,831 bounties paid in Maine (1891-1945) and 15,690 in Massachusetts (1888-1962), Considering possible fraud, missing data, and seals struck and lost, this suggests that 72,284 to 135,498 seals were killed in the bounty hunt, probably enough to account for regional declines in seal populations. Larger numbers …

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Limnological Analyses Of Cutler Reservoir And Dingle Marsh With Respect To Eutrophication, J. D. Abbott, Deb Collins, Colin Cook, Dan Lamarra, Ryan Leonard, Ben Marret, Justin Stout, Gilbert Rowley, Jeremy Rowley, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh Jan 2009

Limnological Analyses Of Cutler Reservoir And Dingle Marsh With Respect To Eutrophication, J. D. Abbott, Deb Collins, Colin Cook, Dan Lamarra, Ryan Leonard, Ben Marret, Justin Stout, Gilbert Rowley, Jeremy Rowley, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Cutler Reservoir is located in Cache county, Utah and was created for the purposes of irrigation, water storage and flood control. High nutrient loading to Cutler has raised concerns about the health of this system and has resulted in it being listed on the state's 303(d) list of impaired waters. The TMDL plan being drafted for Cutler lists dissolved oxygen and phosphorous as the key issues of concern. The underlying problem created by nutrient loading is eutrophication. If Cutler is to remain as a valuable source of recreation, wildlife habitat, and water for the Cache Valley we must understand the …

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Effects Of Feeding Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Feedlot Manure Value, Virgil R. Bremer, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Richard K. Koelsch, Raymond E. Massey, Judson Vasconcelos Jan 2009

Effects Of Feeding Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Feedlot Manure Value, Virgil R. Bremer, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Richard K. Koelsch, Raymond E. Massey, Judson Vasconcelos

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) improves the fertilizer value and net value of feedlot manure for all feedlot sizes. The net fertilizer value of feedlot manure increased 375% to 550% since 2006. Valuing manure at 2008 fertilizer nutrient prices and feeding 20% or 40% WDGS instead of feeding a corn-based diet improved profitability by $7 to $17 per steer finished ($4 to $11 per ton of manure).

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Comparison Of Dry Distillers Or Modified Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Wet Or Dry Forage Based Diets, Mallorie Willken, Terry L. Mader, Galen E. Erickson, Leslie J. Johnson Jan 2009

Comparison Of Dry Distillers Or Modified Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Wet Or Dry Forage Based Diets, Mallorie Willken, Terry L. Mader, Galen E. Erickson, Leslie J. Johnson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Modified wet distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) or dry distiller grains plus solubles (DDGS) in combination with wet or dry forages were fed to growing steer calves (n =192). They were fed one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with factors as wet or dry forage and MDGS or DDGS for 105 days. Gain and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) of steers fed MDGS were similar to those fed DDGS. Feeding wet forage significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and F:G compared to feeding dry forage, which likely reflects forage quality in this study.

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The Effects Of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid (Cla) On Fatty Acid Composition And Key Enzymes Of Fatty Acid Oxidation In Liver And Muscle Of Geese, Xuhui Zhang, Baowei Wang, Fangyu Long, Lei Wang, Zhigang Yang Jan 2009

The Effects Of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid (Cla) On Fatty Acid Composition And Key Enzymes Of Fatty Acid Oxidation In Liver And Muscle Of Geese, Xuhui Zhang, Baowei Wang, Fangyu Long, Lei Wang, Zhigang Yang

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fatty acid composition and key enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle of geese. A total of 192 1-day-old geese were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups, and were fed for 56 days on diets containing 2.5% soybean oil (group A, control group) or 2.0% soybean oil with 0.5% CLA (group B), 1.0% soybean oil with 1.5% CLA (group C), and 2.5 % CLA (group D). Geese fed CLA had a decreased abdominal fat percentage (AFP) (P < 0.01) compared with the control. It was observed that dietary CLA levels had a significant effect on the body weight, weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR) (P < 0.05), and feed intake (P < 0.01). Fatty acid composition showed a significant increase of the biologically active cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, and cis-12 CLA isomers in both liver and muscle of geese fed CLA (P < 0.01). Dietary CLA led to an increase (P < 0.01) in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and a reduction in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (P < 0.05) concentrations in both liver and muscle. In liver, dietary CLA increased (P < 0.05) acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) activity, but did not affect carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) activity compared with the control. CPT-I activity was significantly increased by 2.5% dietary CLA in muscle, where ACO activity was decreased at 1.5% CLA level. The results obtained suggested that geese can successfully incorporate CLA in both liver and muscle, which could be beneficial in the human diet, through provision of bioactive fatty acids with no detrimental effects on n-3 PUFA levels.

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