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2004

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Articles 331 - 360 of 592

Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences

Morphological And Karyological Characteristics Of Nannospalax Ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) (Rodentia: Spalacidae) From Hatay Province, Turkey, Yüksel Coşkun Jan 2004

Morphological And Karyological Characteristics Of Nannospalax Ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) (Rodentia: Spalacidae) From Hatay Province, Turkey, Yüksel Coşkun

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The material of 31 specimens of Nannospalax ehrenbergi was collected from 11 different localities in the Hatay region in south Anatolia. The specimens were studied in respect to their morphological and karyological characteristics in detail. Some taxonomic characteristics and measurements of the body and skull were investigated. The data obtained from the specimens were compared with the results of previously published accounts and with samples collected from more than 16 other localities in Turkey, Israel, Jordan and Egypt. The karyotypes of the Yayladağ populations have 2n = 48, NF = 74 and NFa = 70, whereas the karyotypes of the …

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Two New Records Of Hydrochidae (Coleoptera) Species From Turkey, With Some Ecological Notes, Ümi̇t İncekara, Abdullah Mart, Orhan Erman Jan 2004

Two New Records Of Hydrochidae (Coleoptera) Species From Turkey, With Some Ecological Notes, Ümi̇t İncekara, Abdullah Mart, Orhan Erman

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Two newly recorded Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera, Hydrochidae) species for the Turkish fauna, Hydrochus ignicollis (Motschulsky, 1860) and H. brevis (Herbst, 1793), are described and some ecological notes and their distribution in Turkey and worldwide are presented.

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First Record Of Ochthebius (S. Str) Minabensis Ferro, 1983 (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae) From Turkey, Ahmet Kasapoğlu, Orhan Erman, Ömer Köksal Erman Jan 2004

First Record Of Ochthebius (S. Str) Minabensis Ferro, 1983 (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae) From Turkey, Ahmet Kasapoğlu, Orhan Erman, Ömer Köksal Erman

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Ochthebius (s. str) minabensis Ferro, 1983 is recorded from Turkey for the first time. Its identification according to our specimens and distribution around the world is reviewed.

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On Some Lizard Species Of The Western Taurus Range, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Mehmet Öz, Hakan Durmuş, Mehmet Rizvan Tunç, Adem Özdemi̇r, Serdar Düşen Jan 2004

On Some Lizard Species Of The Western Taurus Range, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Mehmet Öz, Hakan Durmuş, Mehmet Rizvan Tunç, Adem Özdemi̇r, Serdar Düşen

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A total of 282 specimens belonging to 13 lizard species from the Western Taurus Range were investigated. Morphological and biological data as well as missing pieces of information about the species were sought to be completed with the addition of a large number of new localities. Moreover, the data obtained were compared with those in the relevant literature in an attempt to shed light on the taxonomical status of the species.

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Faunistic And Morphological Studies On Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) From A Small Pond, With Responses Of Ciliate Populations To Changing Environmental Conditions, Naci̇ye Gülkiz Şenler, İsmai̇l Yildiz Jan 2004

Faunistic And Morphological Studies On Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) From A Small Pond, With Responses Of Ciliate Populations To Changing Environmental Conditions, Naci̇ye Gülkiz Şenler, İsmai̇l Yildiz

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Sixty-nine ciliate species were identified in 19 samples from a small pond covered by Lemna minor in Van, Turkey. Statistical analysis was employed to examine the relationships between ciliates and the physical and biological parameters. Total ciliate abundance appears to be related mainly with physical and biological factors such as the dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer and the volume of Lemna and temperature in the surface layer. Some species were investigated in detail using live observation, silver impregnation, and morphometry.

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The Rotifer Fauna Of Lake Sazlıgöl (Menemen – İzmir), Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Süleyman Balik, Di̇dem Özdemi̇r Mi̇s Jan 2004

The Rotifer Fauna Of Lake Sazlıgöl (Menemen – İzmir), Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Süleyman Balik, Di̇dem Özdemi̇r Mi̇s

Turkish Journal of Zoology

With the aim of identifying the rotifer fauna of Lake Sazlıgöl, samples were collected monthly between February 1998 and July 1999, using a plankton net with a mesh size of 60 µm, and were preserved in 4% formaldehyde. As a result, 47 taxa in 11 families were identified, and Asplanchnopus multiceps and Notholca salina are new recorded species for Turkish inland water fauna.

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Implications Of Locus Specific Microevolution Inferred By Genetic Distances Between Two Local Populations Of Drosophila Melanogaster From Turkey, Ergi̇ Deni̇z Özsoy Jan 2004

Implications Of Locus Specific Microevolution Inferred By Genetic Distances Between Two Local Populations Of Drosophila Melanogaster From Turkey, Ergi̇ Deni̇z Özsoy

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The standard genetic distances were calculated with 3 allozyme loci in 2 local populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Turkey. One of the distances, i.e. obtained with alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), was completely different from the distances with the other 2 allozyme loci, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (\alphaGpdh) and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), leading to a statistically significant inflation in the cumulated distance value obtained over the 3 loci. It is shown that this final significant value was caused by the significant difference in allelic frequencies at the Adh loci across local populations. Implications of the different genetic distances in 2 local populations are …

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Introducing A New Approach To Estimating Red Meat Production In Turkey, Fahri̇ Yavuz, Carl R. Zulauf Jan 2004

Introducing A New Approach To Estimating Red Meat Production In Turkey, Fahri̇ Yavuz, Carl R. Zulauf

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A common concern with official estimates of red meat production in Turkey is that they underestimate the level of production. One of the frequently cited reasons is that unregulated slaughter is undercounted. This study uses an estimation method based on the biology of red meat production to examine the potential impact of this undercounting. The production estimates obtained for 1991-1998 using this biological-based method exceed the numbers estimated by official organizations, but fall within the range of estimates obtained from other proposed approaches to estimating red meat production.

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Effects Of Rams And Luteal Or Follicular Phase Ewes On Preovulatory Lh Surge Characteristics In Ewes, Sedat Yildiz, Metehan Uzun, Mehmet Kaya, Ömer Uçar, Meti̇n Çenesi̇z Jan 2004

Effects Of Rams And Luteal Or Follicular Phase Ewes On Preovulatory Lh Surge Characteristics In Ewes, Sedat Yildiz, Metehan Uzun, Mehmet Kaya, Ömer Uçar, Meti̇n Çenesi̇z

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to investigate whether the preovulatory LH surge mechanism is involved in sheep-to-sheep interaction for oestrous synchronisation. For that purpose, anoestrous ewes were inserted with intravaginal progestagen sponges for 13 days to induce ovulation. Upon sponge withdrawal, they were introduced either to 4 rams (n = 6, ram group), or to 4 ewes which were in follicular period (n = 6, follicular group), or 4 ewes which were in the luteal period (n = 6, luteal group) or else they were kept alone (n = 6, control group). The ewes were weighed and their body conditions were scored …

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Inhibition Effects Of Some Antibiotics On The Activity Of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme From Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Erythrocytes, Orhan Erdoğan, Mehmet Çi̇ftçi̇, Abdulkadi̇r Çi̇ltaş, Olcay Hi̇sar Jan 2004

Inhibition Effects Of Some Antibiotics On The Activity Of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme From Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Erythrocytes, Orhan Erdoğan, Mehmet Çi̇ftçi̇, Abdulkadi̇r Çi̇ltaş, Olcay Hi̇sar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Inhibitory effects of some antibiotics on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the erythrocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) were investigated. For this purpose, initially erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified 1271.19-fold in a yield of 70.40% by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity gel. A constant temperature (+4 ºC) was maintained during the purification process. Enzyme activity was determined with the Beutler method by using a spectrophotometer at 340 nm. This method was utilized for all kinetic studies. Thiamphenicol, amikacin, gentamicin, and netilmicin were used as antibiotics. All the antibiotics exhibited inhibitory effects on the enzyme. …

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Predicting Dynamics Of Aggregate Loafing Behavior In Glaucous-Winged Gulls (Larus Glaucescens) At A Washington Colony, Shandelle M. Henson, James L. Hayward, Christina M. Burden, Clara J. Logan, Joseph G. Galusha Jan 2004

Predicting Dynamics Of Aggregate Loafing Behavior In Glaucous-Winged Gulls (Larus Glaucescens) At A Washington Colony, Shandelle M. Henson, James L. Hayward, Christina M. Burden, Clara J. Logan, Joseph G. Galusha

Faculty Publications

Seabirds move throughout the day in changing, patchy environments as they engage in various behaviors. We studied the diurnal abundance dynamics of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) in a habitat patch dedicated to loafing in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. We constructed three differential equation models as alternative hypotheses and then used model selection techniques to choose the one that most accurately described the system. We validated the model on an independent data set, made a priori model predictions, and conducted a field test of the predictions. Clear dynamic patterns emerged in the abundance of loafing gulls, even though …

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Do Rhinoceros Auklet, Cerorhinca Monocerata, Fledglings Fly To The Sea From Their Natal Burrows?, James L. Hayward, Jere K. Clayburn Jan 2004

Do Rhinoceros Auklet, Cerorhinca Monocerata, Fledglings Fly To The Sea From Their Natal Burrows?, James L. Hayward, Jere K. Clayburn

Faculty Publications

The mode of departure of Rhinoceros Auklet fledglings from their nest burrows has remained uncertain. Both walk-down and fly-down hypotheses have been proposed. Here we use the unique geography of Protection Island, Washington, to evaluate the fly-down hypothesis. Some fledglings raised on Protection Island do appear to walk to the water, but our results suggest that many of the island's fledgling Rhinoceros Auklets fly to the sea.

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Roadside Bias In Point Count Surveys At Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, J. Scott Dieni, Paulette Sherr Jan 2004

Roadside Bias In Point Count Surveys At Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, J. Scott Dieni, Paulette Sherr

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

We investigated potential biases of using roadside point counts to sample breeding bird populations in the northern mixed··grass prairie. In 1995, a breeding bird inventory and monitoring program was initiated at Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, east-central North Dakota. Surveys were conducted annually through 1998 from an extensive point count array permanently located across the refuge (n = 162). Fifty-nine percent of the point counts were established directly on tertiary dirt roads and trails, while the remaining were interspersed at randomly selected distances of 100, 200, 300, and 400 m away from roads. Roadside point counts commonly consisted of a mosaic …

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Bufflehead Breeding Activity In South-Central North Dakota, Gregory A. Knutsen, Janet C. King Jan 2004

Bufflehead Breeding Activity In South-Central North Dakota, Gregory A. Knutsen, Janet C. King

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) is a small, cavity-nesting diving duck that breeds primarily in the aspen parkland and boreal forest regions of Alaska and Canada (Erskine 1972, Bellrose 1976, Gauthier 1993). According to Gauthier (1993), buffleheads prefer habitat consisting of small, permanent wetlands with a scarcity of emergent vegetation and adjacent aspen or poplar (Populus spp.) stands.

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Where Can I Build Or Expand A Livestock Operation? A Case Study Of Cuming County, Nebraska, Christopher G. Henry, Jeff Arnold Jan 2004

Where Can I Build Or Expand A Livestock Operation? A Case Study Of Cuming County, Nebraska, Christopher G. Henry, Jeff Arnold

Nebraska Swine Reports

The impacts that setback distances of 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, and 1 mile would have on the land area available to the livestock industry for expansion in Cuming County, Neb. were estimated using a geographic information system and the current county zoning requirements. These setbacks seem to be typical of distances cited in many county zoning regulations. Setback distances greater than 3/8 of a mile appear to be very exclusive to expansion of the livestock industry in Cuming County. Reciprocal setbacks that apply to new housing construction do not appear to be restrictive. It is expected that other Nebraska counties …

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Body Composition, Protein Deposition, And Efficiency Of Lysine Utilization Of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline Or Protein-Bound Lysine, Janeth J. Colina, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer, Ruth M. Diedrichsen Jan 2004

Body Composition, Protein Deposition, And Efficiency Of Lysine Utilization Of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline Or Protein-Bound Lysine, Janeth J. Colina, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer, Ruth M. Diedrichsen

Nebraska Swine Reports

Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet …

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Role Of The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Receptor In Determination Of Ovulation Rate Between Lines Of Swine, Benjamin E. Bass, Ginger A. Mills, Brett R. White Jan 2004

Role Of The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Receptor In Determination Of Ovulation Rate Between Lines Of Swine, Benjamin E. Bass, Ginger A. Mills, Brett R. White

Nebraska Swine Reports

Litter size plays a major role in the economics of swine production. Even modest increases in average litter size can have considerable effects on overall profitability. Two major components of litter size, 1) ovulation rate, and 2) embryonic survival, have been used in a selection index project ongoing for several generations at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). To better understand the mechanisms of one component, ovulation rate, we are investigating the role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor in determination of this important trait. Although other factors may influence determination of ovulation rate, this receptor has an established physiological importance …

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Effect Of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration On Growth Performance And Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller Jan 2004

Effect Of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration On Growth Performance And Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller

Nebraska Swine Reports

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary protein intake on growth performance and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in growing-finishing gilts. Thirty-nine crossbred gilts with an initial body weight of 74.3 lb were used in a 28-day growth study. The gilts were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments. The diets were standard corn soybean meal diets, which were formulated to contain 10, 14, 18, 22, or 26% crude protein by changing the ratio of corn to soybean meal in the diet. Pig and feeder weights were recorded weekly for the determination of average …

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Explanation Of Statistics Used In This Report Jan 2004

Explanation Of Statistics Used In This Report

Nebraska Swine Reports

Pigs treated alike vary in performance due to their different genetic makeup and to environmental effect we cannot completely control. When a group of pigs is randomly allotted to treatments it is nearly impossible to get an “equal” group of pigs on each treatment. The natural variability among pigs and the number of pigs per treatment determine the expected variation among treatment groups due to random sampling.

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Supplementation On Sow And Litter Performance, Subsequent Weanling Pig Performance And Intestinal Development After An Immune Challenge, Steve J. Kitt, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer Jan 2004

Supplementation On Sow And Litter Performance, Subsequent Weanling Pig Performance And Intestinal Development After An Immune Challenge, Steve J. Kitt, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer

Nebraska Swine Reports

Sixteen sows were randomly assigned to two treatments: CON: Control corn-soybean meal diet; GLN: Cornsoybean meal diet + 2.5% crystalline glutamine. No differences (P > 0.10) between treatments were observed for sow weight loss, sow feed intake, or litter weight gain. Sow plasma glutamine concentration tended to be increased on days 7 and 21 (P < 0.13) in sows fed GLN. Milk glutamine concentration was increased (P < 0.08) on days 7 and 21 of lactation. However, suckling pig plasma glutamine concentration was not altered (P > 0.38) on day 21 by glutamine enriched milk consumption. On day 21, pigs were weaned to a common starter diet, sow treatment structure was maintained, and two additional treatments were imposed on weanling pigs and arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial: SAL: Saline injection on …

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Team Approach To Management, Allen Prosch Jan 2004

Team Approach To Management, Allen Prosch

Nebraska Swine Reports

Managerial ability has been described as consisting of supervision and coordination. The coordination aspect is that function of deciding what business arrangements should be entered into. Pork producers are being called on to justify their right to do business with records that assure society that they have complied with regulations and used best management practices. Coordinating all the business activities to ensure compliance challenges the ability of any manager. The greater need for coordinating ability strongly suggests that pork producers who develop greater coordinating capacity will have a competitive advantage. Team management will be a necessary component in creating that …

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Crop Residue Cover And Manure Incorporation — Part Ii: “Fine-Tuning” The System, David P. Shelton Jan 2004

Crop Residue Cover And Manure Incorporation — Part Ii: “Fine-Tuning” The System, David P. Shelton

Nebraska Swine Reports

Manure incorporation represents a compromise between best management practices for soil erosion control and manure management. Manure should be incorporated into the soil for odor control, increased availability of nutrients, and control of potential manure runoff. However, soil and crop residue disturbance should be minimized for soil erosion control. Values to estimate the amount of residue cover that will remain following the use of common manure application/incorporation components have been presented in the article titled “Crop Residue Cover and Manure Incorporation — Part I: Reduction of Cover.” This article discusses some of the influence that injector/ applicator spacing, tire spacing, …

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Crop Residue Cover And Manure Incorporation — Part I: Reduction Of Cover, David P. Shelton Jan 2004

Crop Residue Cover And Manure Incorporation — Part I: Reduction Of Cover, David P. Shelton

Nebraska Swine Reports

Manure incorporation represents a compromise between best management practices for soil erosion control and manure management. Manure should be incorporated into the soil for odor control, increased availability of nutrients and control of potential manure runoff. However, soil and crop residue disturbance should be minimized for soil erosion control. This field study was conducted to: 1) determine the influence that commercially available soil-engaging components used to simultaneously apply and incorporate manure have on the reduction of crop residue cover [Part I - this article]; and 2) determine and evaluate some of the factors that may influence the amount of residue …

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Thermal Conditions Within Pens Fitted With Differing Zone-Heating Options And Resulting Performance Of Newly Weaned Pigs In A Wean-To-Finish Facility, Richard R. Stowell, Sherri Colgan, Mike Brumm Jan 2004

Thermal Conditions Within Pens Fitted With Differing Zone-Heating Options And Resulting Performance Of Newly Weaned Pigs In A Wean-To-Finish Facility, Richard R. Stowell, Sherri Colgan, Mike Brumm

Nebraska Swine Reports

Research was conducted to assess the effects of the type of zone heater and floor mat used in a wean-to-finish building on the thermal environment created for newly weaned pigs and resulting pig performance. Gas-fired brooder heaters were compared to electric heat lamps and farm-cut wood sheathing was compared to commercial [unheated] rubber floor mats. No consistent differences in air temperature near the heating zone were found between either of the treatments. However, black-globe temperatures in pens having gas-fired heaters and/or wood mats were consistently warmer than in their comparison pens. Temperature deviations during the 26-day study period were similar …

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Energy And Nitrogen Utilization Of Roundup Ready® Corn (Event Nk603) And Non-Transgenic Corn In Young Pigs, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller Jan 2004

Energy And Nitrogen Utilization Of Roundup Ready® Corn (Event Nk603) And Non-Transgenic Corn In Young Pigs, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller

Nebraska Swine Reports

This experiment was conducted to compare the nutritional value, measured by digestible and metabolizable energy, and nitrogen digestibility in young pigs fed either Roundup Ready corn (DKC5740) or non-transgenic corn (DKC5738). The experiment used 12 barrows with an initial body weight of 76.3 lb. The pigs were housed in stainless steel metabolism crates and were randomly allotted to one of two corn treatments, either Roundup Ready corn or control corn. The diets were formulated to contain 97.5% of one of the two varieties of corn and 2.5% minerals and vitamins. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, which included …

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Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 5 2004, Several Authors Jan 2004

Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 5 2004, Several Authors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Contents, Discovery Editors Jan 2004

Contents, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Letter From The Dean, Gregory J. Weidemann Jan 2004

Letter From The Dean, Gregory J. Weidemann

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Effect Of Pig Weaning Age And Commingling After The Nursery Phase On Humoral And Behavioral Indicators Of Well-Being And On Growth Performance, Sarah C. Arthur, Mari E. Davis, Jason K. Apple, Charles V. Maxwell Jan 2004

Effect Of Pig Weaning Age And Commingling After The Nursery Phase On Humoral And Behavioral Indicators Of Well-Being And On Growth Performance, Sarah C. Arthur, Mari E. Davis, Jason K. Apple, Charles V. Maxwell

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Two hundred and sixteen pigs were weaned at 14 or 21 d of age to determine the effect of weaning age and commingling after the nursery phase on growth and behavior of pigs in a wean-to-finish facility. Pigs were divided into older and younger age groups and allotted 12 pigs/pen with nine replications of each group. At the end of the nursery phase (d 34 after weaning), one-half of the pigs in each group were removed and commingled for the grower/finisher phase and the other half remained in their original pens. Beginning at weaning (d 0), pigs were monitored via …

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Laboratory-Scale Evaluation Of Incandescent And Compact Florescent Lamps For Poultry House Lighting, Leanne Gabriel, Donald M. Johnson Jan 2004

Laboratory-Scale Evaluation Of Incandescent And Compact Florescent Lamps For Poultry House Lighting, Leanne Gabriel, Donald M. Johnson

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

This laboratory-scale study compared 1000- and 2000-h rated 60W incandescent lamps and 6000-h rated 60W-equivalent compact florescent lamps over 6000 h of simulated broiler-house operation. The four original 1000-h incandescent lamps were replaced 22 times and the four 2000-h incandescent lamps were replaced 14 times. None of the four compact florescent lamps failed during the 6000-h experiment, although one was broken due to human error. Both types of incandescent lamps had significantly higher (p < .0001) mean illuminance (lx) than did the compact florescent lamps. The compact florescent lamps used significantly less (p < .0001) power (W) and had significantly higher (p < .0001) efficiency (lx/W) than the incandescent lamps. Despite a higher initial purchase price, the total cost (purchase + replacement + electrical) of operating compact florescent lamps was approximately 36% lower than the total cost of operating either type of incandescent lamp over the 6000 h period. The results of this study indicate that even at a least-cost price for electricity ($0.04/kW/h), growers can reduce total broiler-house lighting costs by replacing incandescent lamps with compact florescent lamps.

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