Animal Sciences Commons^™

The Evolution Of Parasitism Among Bees, George E. Bohart

Faculty Honor Lectures

Before discussing parasitic bees, I will present a rough outline of the biology of "ordinary" or non-parasitic bees. The superfamily Apoidea (bees) includes perhaps 25,000 or 30,000 species divided into nine families by recent authorities (Stephen, Bohart, Torchio, 1969) . A common biological thread holding this vast assemblage together is the provision by adults of pollen and nectar for their young. Only in the honey bees (the genus Apis which includes four species) are the larvae fed primarily on a different substance (a secretion of the pharyngeal glands) , and even this is derived from pollen and honey eaten by …

Summer Distribution And Food Habits Of Microtus In The Logan Canyon Area, Utah, James B. Monroe

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Field work for the study was conducted in Logan Canyon and the valley at the base of that canyon in Cache County, Utah, during the three summer months of both 1968 and 1969, Microtus pennsylvanicus, found only in the valley, inhabits wet marshy areas. Microtus longicaudus is found in mixed deciduous woods a long the Logan River in the canyon. Microtus richardsoni, which occurs only at the higher elevations, inhabits the subalpine meadows. Microtus montanus inhabits mesic grassy fields in both the valley and Logan Canyon and also inhabits a mixed deciduous woods and tall canary grass ( …

The Social Organization Of Wild Turkeys On The Welder Wildlife Refuge, Texas, Charles Robert Watts

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study is of the social organization of the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas.

The earliest turkey nests hatched in April, with the peak of hatching a month or more later. These poults may remain with their mother until winter. This brood flock, however, often combined with other brood flocks to form composite brood flocks when the poults were a few weeks old. Hens not successful in rearing young combined into broodless flocks.

The juvenile males left the brood flocks in late fall or winter. They remained a distinct unit, …

The Development Of Eimeria Auburnensis In Cell Culture, Wayne Norris Clark

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In vitro development of Eimeria auburnensis was studied in cell cultures. The cell types used were established cell lines of adult bovine kidney (Madin-Darby) and embryonic human intestine cells (Int 407); also cell line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea and embryonic bovine spleen cells were used. Monolayer cell cultures were serially propagated in disposable prescription bottles and transferred to Leighton tubes for use in experiments. Coverslips from Leighton tubes cultures inoculated with sporozoites were examined at regular intervals with phase-contrast microscopy for as long as 20 days after inoculation. After examination, coverslips were fixed in Schaudinn's fluid or Stieve's fixative …

Amprolium For Control Of Experimental Coccidiosis In Six- And Twelve-Month-Old Calves, William R. Jolley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

One hundred Hereford calves were used in 2 experiments, with each experiment lasting approximately 3 months. In the first experiment, 40 yearling heifers were each inoculated with approximately 50,000 E. bovis oocysts daily for 10 days (500,000 oocysts, mixed with water, were poured over the morning dry feed allotment for each pen of 10 animals). Amprolium was given in the feed at 25 mg/kg of body weight daily for 30 days to 20 of the calves; the remaining 20 were not treated. Treatment was started one day before inoculation. The untreated calves had some diarrhea, discharged moderate numbers of oocysts …

Aggressive Man And Aggressive Beast, Allen W. Stokes

Faculty Honor Lectures

Whether man can live in harmeny with his environment depends in great measure en his ability to' live with his fellew man. Can man learn to' engineer human seciety in time to' prevent a helecaust? Mere specifically, can we learn to' prevent aggressien er to' channel it harmlessly? The ethelegist leeks upen man's behavier as just part ef the tetal spectrum ef animal behavier. Therefere, much of what we learn abeut the behavier ef lewer animals sheuld relate to' human behavier.

Aggressien is in the headlines every day, and in the past few years there has been a 'Steady stream …

The Asexual And Sexual Stages Of Eimeria Auburnensis In Calves, Bill Chobotar

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In a study of the life cycle of Eimeria auburnensis, 51 of 57 Holstein-Friesian calves were used to study endogenous stages, and the remainder to investigate the prepatent and patent periods. In vitro excysted sporozoites of E. auburnensis were introduced into intestinal fistulas in 8 calves and into the intestine via laparotomy in 2 others. One or more of the 51 calves were killed at daily intervals beginning on the second day and continuing until the 19th day after inoculation. The tissues from calves were prepared by routine histological techniques for nicroscopic examination. First-generation asexual endogenous stages were located …

Comparisons Of Phytoseiid Predator Populations In Sprayed And Unsprayed Apple Orchards In Cache Valley, Utah, Yeboa A. Dodoo

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A comparative study of phytoseiid populations was made of two well-cultivated and regularly sprayed apple orchards with two unsprayed orchards in Cache Valley, northern Utah.

Two phytoseiid species, Typhlodromus mcgregori Chant and T. occidentalis Nesbitt were observed on the apple leaves, under the bark, and occasionally in the litter and soil. Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) occurred in the soil and litter and occasionally under bark. T. mcgregori was dominant in the unsprayed orchards, and T. occidentalis in the sprayed.

Of the phytophagous mites, which served as food for the phytoseiids, the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch was dominant. Other phytophagous mites …

A Description Of The Planarian Phagocata Crenophila, New Species, From Utah, Jerry H. Carpenter

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A new species of planaria in the genus Phagocata was found in several springs and spring-fed streams in Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah. This species was named Phagocata crenophila because it greatly prefers to live in springs and it seems to be adapted behaviorally to this type of habitat. Serial sections and whole mounts were made by standard methods in order to study the anatomical features which are necessary for identification of planarians. The distinguishing features of this species are the following: testes ventral and extending from near the brain to near the posterior end, ejaculatory duct opening ventrally from …

Local Distribution In A Population Of Uinta Ground Squirrels, Robert Edgar Walker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In an attempt to describe, explain, and show the demographic significance of annual variations in the nesting distribution of Uinta ground squirrels, a study was conducted during the summers of 1964 through 1967 in northern Utah. Procedures included both trapping and direct observation.

It was found that females tended to nest in open, previously inhabited, grassy areas. Males resided throughout a variety of habitats.

This typical nesting distribution was established initially in the summer by juveniles shortly after they first appeared aboveground. The extent to which the distribution was maintained the following spring depended largely upon the number of female …

The Value Of A Trout Stream Fishery, Archie Allen Dyer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The data analysis indicated that travel distance, user age, and user income level are important determinants of use of trout streams.

These variables were incorporated into regression analysis to develop a use-prediction model.

This use-prediction model was used to determine predicted use levels of sample streams. The predicted use levels combined with travel costs and expenditures on new fishing equipment were used to derive a statistical estimate of the demand schedules for the sample streams.

These statistical demand curves were subjected to consumer surplus procedures to determine the values of the sample streams.

Effects Of Temperature On In Vitro Excystation Of Various Eimeria Species, Larry E. Hibbert

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Cleaned oocysts of Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. auburnensis, and E. zurnii of cattle, E. ahsata and E. ninakohlyakimovae of sheep, E. bilamellata and E. callospermophili of the ground squirrel, and E. tenella of chickens were pretreated with 50 percent carbon dioxide/50 percent air at temperatures ranging from 29 to 45 C with 2 degree intervals for 4, 6, 8, 10, and 30 hours and treated with bile and trypsin.

The optimum temperature in species of ruminant coccidia was 39 to 41 C. In E. bovis, excystation occurred from 29 to 43 C. At 43 C and above, …

Life Cycles Of Three Species Of Eimeria From The Uinta Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Armatus, Kenneth S. Todd Jr.

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A study of the coccidia of the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus (Citellus) armatus, was undertaken to determine the incidence of coccidia in a population of these ground squirrels, the life cycle and pathogenicity of the coccidia, and the host specificity of certain of the species of coccidia found in this and five other species of ground squirrels (S. richardsoni, S. variegatus, S. lateralis, S. columbianus, and S. beecheyi).

Uinta ground squirrels were live trapped and their feces examined to determine the incidence of coccidian infection. Specimens of S. armatus were maintained in the laboratory and given a pure inoculum of …

The Influence Of Hot Brine On The Calcium Content, Score, And Physical Properties Of Low-Fat, Cheddar-Like Cheese, Robert V. Ogden

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Two factors that are important in the production of the typical body and texture of cheddar cheese are acid development and milk fat content. When either of these is absent or present in less-than-normal amounts, the resulting cheese shows marked defects of curdiness and firmness.

When acid development in a vat of cheese is arrested, it is referred to as a "dead" vat. The cheese from this vat may be salvaged by use of the hot brine method of treatment. Hot brine treated cheese, although lacking the desired acid development, is a reasonably acceptable product, having the desired characteristics of …

Heat Denaturation Of Serum Proteins In Skimmilk And Whey As Measured By The Harland-Ashworth Test, Lynn Verl Ogden

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Milk serum proteins have been shown by other workers to be partially protected from heat denaturation by the presence of milk solids (8, 15, 16) and whole caseinate (14). This study revealed that some serum proteins (B-lactoglobulin), as shown by the Harland-Ashworth test (14, 17), were more readily denatured in skimmilk than in rennet whey. A comparison of the heat denaturation rate of serum proteins in whey as opposed to those in whey containing 2.5 percent isoelectric casein was also studied. A striking protection of serum proteins seemed apparent in the presence of isoelectric casein. However, it was learned that …

Feeding Ecology And Territorial Behavior Of The Yellow Warbler, Merrill J. Frydendall

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A controversy dating from the appearance of Altum's book, Der Vogel und sein Leben, 1868 (Mayr, 1935) is that of the biological function or functions of the territorial behavior in birds. However, attention was not focused upon this problem until the advent of Howard's book, Territory in Bird Life, published in 1920. In a general review of the problem Hinde (1956) discussed several functions of the territory and presented evidence both for and against their importance. The more important of these presumed functions are: (1) limitation of population density; (2) facilitation of pair formation and maintenance of the …

The Incidence And Life Cycle Of Eimeria Utahensis Sp. N. From Kangaroo Rats Of Northwestern Utah, John V. Ernst

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A total of 176 kangaroo rats (151 Dipodomys ordii and 25 D. microps) were captured in northwestern Utah and examined for coccidia. Of these 176 rats, four D. ordii (2.6%) and four D. microps (16.0%) were infected with Eimeria utahensis, a new species of coccidia. Little seasonal difference was found in the infection rate of either species. The characteristics of the sporulated oocysts of this species were described. A sporocyst plug was reported for the first time in an eimerian oocyst.

Artificially excysted sporozoites were studied by various methods. Thirty living sporozoites averaged 22.5 𝜇 in length by …

An Examination Of A Putative System For The In Vitro Synthesis Of Drosophila Tryptophan Pyrrolase, John P. Phillips

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A system, reported by Morrison (1964), for the in vitro synthesis of Drosophila tryptophan pyrrolase has been critically studied. This putative system is based on the addition of a Drosophila "RNA" extract to a Drosophila cell-free protein synthesizing system; the synthesized enzyme is then allowed to catalyze a specific reaction, the product of which is measured by direct adsorption.

The results of this study present a three-fold argument against the interpretation of synthesis of tryptophan pyrrolase in the Morrison in vitro system: (1) RNA from a null-allele, v^36f, stimulated the same tryptophan pyrrolase "activity" in the in vitro …

Eutrophication Trends Of Bear Lake, Idaho-Utah And Their Effect On The Distribution And Biological Productivity Of Zooplankton, David Nyquist

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Zooplankton of the littoral and limnetic zones of Bear Lake, Idaho-Utah, were collected over a 17-month period. Twenty-three species of zooplankton were recorded, as well as nine other species represented by both flora and fauna. At the time of sampling 17 physical and chemical parameters were also measured. Methods of analysis for the plankton and the environment are described and discussed.

The objectives of this project were fourfold:

1. To establish a record of the current zooplankton population before changes due to the increase of organic nutrients occur.
2. To compile a qualitative and quantitative standard against which future populations can be …

Gonadotropic Hormone Activity In Blood And Placental Tissue Of The Bovine Early In Gestation, John E. Lunnen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Certain mammalian species have been shown to secrete extra-pituitary gonadotropins. In humans the chorionic cells of the placenta secrete a gonadotropin and in pregnant mares such a hormone is secreted by the endometrial cups. Gonadotropins of placental origin have also been observed in the rat.

The Use Of Amprolium In Controlling Coccidiosis In Lambs, Joseph E. Kuta

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Young lambs are subject to severe infections with coccidiosis, which cause weight loss, morbidity, woolbreaking, and death (Christensen, 1940b; Shumard, 1957; Lotze, 1959; Smith et al., 1960). Dunlap et al. (1949) have shown that the adult sheep are reservoir hosts and are a constant source of infection to lambs. Outbreaks of coccidial infections, especially under feedlot conditions, are frequent (Newsom and Cross, 1931; Piras, 1934; Deem and Thorp, 1940; Mahrt and Sherrick, 1965).

Immunity To Ostertagiasis In Calves, Leo F. Lejambre

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Parasites are responsible for heavy economic loss to the livestock industry. The losses in cattle due to parasitism can only be roughly estimated, since many cattle do not die or become visibly sick. However, there are more subtle losses such as reduced growth rate, and decreased meat and milk production (Levine, 1961). In 1954 the U. S. Department of Agriculture published an estimate of the losses in agriculture over the 10 year period, 1942-1951. At that time, the best judgement of specialists in the Department of Agriculture placed the annual loss to parasitism in cattle at $19,026,000 of which $8,989,000 …

Studies On Amino Acid Balance In Three Fish Meals, Krachang Wisutharom

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

High levels of fish mean cannot be used in chick diets in the United States because of the relatively high cost as compared to soybean meal. In certain areas or countries where large amounts of fish meal are produced, it may be economically feasible to use fish meal as the major protein supplement in the poultry rations.

Feed consumed by poultry must provide most of the materials the birds need for growth or to produce eggs. Those who formulate feed must select ingredients and combine them in proportions which will allow the bird to grow or produce eggs at the …

The Initiation Of Infection By Dna From Bacteriophage Lambda, Gerald D. Elseth

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage λ can infect Escherichia coli K12 in the presence of adsorbed helper phage (Kaiser and Hogness, 1960; Kaiser, 1962). The manner in which λ DNA enters the cell and the possible role of helper phage in the penetration process is still not clear. Kinetic studies conducted in this laboratory during the initial stages of infection by λ DNA demonstrate a requirement for helper function during the penetration of an infectious molecule. Further investigation into this problem is needed and was the major objective of this study.

A Cytological Study Of Certain Life Cycle Stage Of Eimeria Bovis, John V. Ernst

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Although much research has been done on the bovine coccidia little has been reported on the cytological nature of the different stages. Few descriptions of cytoplasmic structures occur in the literature. Because of the impermeability of the oocyst wall a definitive study of the nucleus in the unsporulated oocyst has not been made, nor have the nuclear changes during the two successive divisions which occur during the process of sporulation been described.

Coccidiosis Of Cattle, Datus M. Hammod

Faculty Honor Lectures

The disease known as coccidiosis occurs in many domestic and wild animals. It is of great importance in chickens, in which coccidiosis is one of the chief causes of losses to the producer. In cattle the disease was estimated by Fitzgerald in 1962' to cause an . annual loss of $3,500,000 in calves under one year of age in the 11 western states and $7,500,000 in the seven west north-central states. In making this estimate Fitzgerald calculated that 90 percent of all calves are infected by coccidia, and that the average loss amounted to 75 cents per head on all …

Canada Goose Production And Population Stability, Ogden Bay Waterfowl Management Area, Utah, Norman H. Dey

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Since the development of Ogden Bay Waterfowl Management Area in 1937, the Canada goose (Branta canadesis moffitti) population increased to a peak in 1949 and then declined slightly. Nelson (1954) noted that the decrease in population was probably due to either a change in habitat or increased hunting pressure. In recent years, direct band returns have indicated a high mortality rate in the population. This project was initiated to determine the relative stability of the Canada goose population and to measure, as closely as possible, the effect of a high mortality rate upon the nesting population.

The Relative Accuracy Of Estimating The Production Of Dairy Cows As Affected By Length Of Testing Interval And Method Of Estimating Production, Ross M. Young

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Production records for dairy cows were first based on the yield of butter for a seven day period any time during the lactation. Later, 365- day records based on production for one day in each calendar month came into general use. The records preferred at present are 305- day records based on monthly test day production, but calculated using the centering date method. The centering date estimate is based on milk and butterfat production from two consecutive milkings per month. The sampling day is centered as nearly as possible in the test month period which need not coincide with the …

Lactation Efficiency Of Holstein Cows As Related To Rate And Efficiency Of Growth, Charles H. Mickelsen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The relationship of quantity and quality of feed to milk production has been studied for many years. Feeding standards have been developed to systematize feeding of dairy cows according to their requirements. Recently, interest in efficiency of cows in converting feed nutrients into milk has increased.

Ecological Factors Influencing Plant Distribution In The Shadscale Zone Of Southeastern Utah, Kamal M. Ibrahim

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The intimate relationship between vegetation and soil has long been a subject of interest. Ecologists, soil surveyors, and ranchers have recognized that vegetation differences are often accompanied by variation in soil types.