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Articles 811 - 840 of 1392
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
Efficacy Of High Oil Corn In Reducing The Severity Of A Prrsv Challenge In Growing Pigs, B.T. Christopherson, R.C. Thaler, C.C. Chase, S.H. Pohl
Efficacy Of High Oil Corn In Reducing The Severity Of A Prrsv Challenge In Growing Pigs, B.T. Christopherson, R.C. Thaler, C.C. Chase, S.H. Pohl
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of high oil corn (HOC) on the aerosol transmission of the porcine reproductive and respiratory synrome virus (PRRSV), and the effects of HOC on PRRSV seroconversion in growing pigs. One hundred PRRSV negative gilts (25 kg) were housed in 1 of 2 mirror imaged rooms. Both rooms contained 10 pens with 5 pigs/pen, and each room had its own separate ventilation and maure handling systems. The study was arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The main effects consisted of a dietary energy source, (#2 yellow corn (CON) and …
The Future Of Using Antibiotics In Livestock Feeding, H.H. Stein Ph.D.
The Future Of Using Antibiotics In Livestock Feeding, H.H. Stein Ph.D.
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
For more than 50 years, it has been recognized that livestock performance can be improved if antibiotics are included in the diets at sub-therapeutic levels. As a result, a relatively large number of feed antibiotics have been approved for livestock feeding, and it is common praxis all over the world to include one or more antibiotics in the diets for production animals. Typically, daily gain and feed utilization are improved by 5 to 10% by the inclusion of these antibiotic growth promoters.
Effects Of Administration Of Estradiol-17p On The Serum And Anterior Pituitary Igf System In Pigs, L.A. Rempel, J.A. Clapper
Effects Of Administration Of Estradiol-17p On The Serum And Anterior Pituitary Igf System In Pigs, L.A. Rempel, J.A. Clapper
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
The anterior pituitary (AP) gland functions as a storage and releasing unit for several hormones; growth hormone (GH), gonadotrophins (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone), prolactin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and tyroid stimulating hormone. Luteinizing hormone (LH) functions to increase ovarian follicular growth and maturation and responds to increasing concentrations of estradiol-17β (E2) that occur at estrus to cause ovulation. Production and secretion of the protein, insulin-like grwoth factor-I (IGF-I), occurs primarily in the liver, in response to GH release from the anterior pituitary gland. Insulin-like growth factor-I increases glucose uptake, amino acid transport, and glycogen synthesis resulting in increased protein accretion …
Lean Growth And Overall Performance Of Pigs During The Finisher Phase As Affected By Lean Growth Potential Determined During The Grower Phase And Dietary Protein Level During The Finisher Phase, J.N. Tembei, G.W. Libal, D.N. Peters
Lean Growth And Overall Performance Of Pigs During The Finisher Phase As Affected By Lean Growth Potential Determined During The Grower Phase And Dietary Protein Level During The Finisher Phase, J.N. Tembei, G.W. Libal, D.N. Peters
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Selection for decreased backfat thickness and faster rate of gain has resulted in pigs with increased potential for lean gain. Although energy intake is the limiting factor for lean growth during the grower period, the underlying limiting factor to support increased protein accretion during the finishing stage seems to be lysine intake. At the finishing phase, pigs consume enough feed per day to meet their energy requirements, but protein is the most limiting nutrient Genetics and sex influence growth performance and protein accretion in finishing pigs. Pigs from different protein requirements and these differences have been associated with differences in …
Environmental Effects On Growing Swine Performance, S.H. Pohl, R.C. Thaler, B.D. Rops, J.A. Nienaber
Environmental Effects On Growing Swine Performance, S.H. Pohl, R.C. Thaler, B.D. Rops, J.A. Nienaber
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
The effects of environmental conditions on performance of growing pigs (30-50 kg) were studied over a four-week period. Pigs were exposed to natural occurring diurnal temperatures and a constant 32°C ambient temperature during normally hot weather conditions and constant 21 and 10°C ambient temperature conditions during cold weather. For each temperature treatment pigs were divided into single, 9 and 18 head per pen groups. The constant 32°C ambient temperature had a significant (P<0.05) effect on average daily gain and feed intake. Average daily gains were reduced from 0.72 to 0.64 kg/d and average daily feed intake was reduced from 1.53kg/d to 1.36 kg/d when comparing pig performance from the naturally occurring diurnal to constant 32°C temperature treatments. The 10°C cold weather treatment had no significant {P>0.05) effects on overall pig performance. Pigs from the 10°C treatment gained at a rate of 0. 72 vs 0.74 kg/d for pigs in the 21°C treatment. …
2001 South Dakota State University Swine Research Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences
2001 South Dakota State University Swine Research Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
This is the complete 2001 Swine Research Report issued by the Department of Animal and Range Sciences.
Effect Of Body Fat Measurement At Breeding And Gestation Energy Level On Farrowing And Lactation Performance Of First Parity Sows, G.W. Libal
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Records kept by the swine industry reveal that a large precentage of females entering the sow herd are culled prior to reaching their peak reproductive performance expected in their fourth to sixth parity. In herds with low replacement rates over 30% of the females are culled and in herds with high replacement rates this figure exceeds 50% annually. Of those sows not culled for health or structural problems, most are removed because they fail to return to estrus or fail to maintain pregnancy after their first or second litter. Low feed intake and excessive weight loss during lactation have been …
Transmission Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus By Semen Is Dose Dependent, C.D. Nelson, R.R. Rowland, D.A. Benfield
Transmission Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus By Semen Is Dose Dependent, C.D. Nelson, R.R. Rowland, D.A. Benfield
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Procine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is transmitted through semen via natural mating or atrificial insemination. However, the minimal infective dose of PRRSV required to effect transmission through semen is not known. In this study, we induced estrus in PRRSV seronegative gilts and then artificially inseminated these animals with extended, commercial boar semen “seeded” with difference concentrations (2, 20, 200, 2,000, 20,000, 200,000, or 2,000,000 TCID50/50 ml of semen) of the PRRSV isolate SD 92-23983. Infection of gilts by PRRSV was confirmed by weekly bleedings of these animals to detect serconversion using the commercial IDEXX ELISA. All pigs (n=7) …
South Dakota's Hog Market: Developments And Prospects, M.A. Diersen
South Dakota's Hog Market: Developments And Prospects, M.A. Diersen
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Raising hogs and pigs tends to be South Dakota's second largest livestock enterprise based on sales revenue of about $200 million in 1999. Although it lags substantially behind raising beef cattle, hog production continues to contribute to South Dakota's economic base. South Dakota ranked 11th among U.S. states in hog inventory and ranked 12th in pig crop size in 1999. Production practices vary from farrow-to finish to specialization in farrowing, growing, and finishing. Based on inventory numbers, hogs consume a substantial portion of the corn and soybean meal produced in South Dakota. The year 2000 should bring about the first …
Effect Of Nutrient Deletion From Lactation Diets On Feed Consumption And Weight Change Of Sows Intended To Be Culled And On Litter Performance During Lactation And Subsequent Nursery Phase, G.W. Libal
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Sows that are destined to be culled from the herd need only produce milk to support adequate litter growth during the last lactation and need not maintain nutrient stores to support subsequent reproduction processes. Most reduction in lactation performance has been associated with nutrient deficiencies during the gestation period, not nutrient deficiences during lactation. Supplemental sources of trace minerals, vitamins, and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) add cost to the lactation diet. If lactation performance is not affected by nutrient reduction, considerable feed savings could be realized for sows to be culled. Pig performance after weaning is also of concern. …
Effect Of Added Lysine To Starter Diets Containing Primarily Zein Protein And Formulated To Provide .14% Tryptophan, M.S. Carlson, G.W. Libal, C.R. Hamilton
Effect Of Added Lysine To Starter Diets Containing Primarily Zein Protein And Formulated To Provide .14% Tryptophan, M.S. Carlson, G.W. Libal, C.R. Hamilton
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a by-product of the wet milling corn. It is the residue that remains after the bran, germ and starch have been removed and may contain either 41 or 60% crude protein. There is a temptation to use CGM as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) when the cost of SBM is high. The 60% protein CGM contains a greater quantity of protein and more threonine, sulfur amino acids, and other neutral amino acids than 44% protein SBM. However, SBM contains greater amounts of lysine and tryptophan. Previous studies with growing and finishing swine indicated that …
Field Peas Can Be Included In The Phase 2 Diet For Nursery Pigs Without Adverse Effects On Pig Performance, H.H. Stein
Field Peas Can Be Included In The Phase 2 Diet For Nursery Pigs Without Adverse Effects On Pig Performance, H.H. Stein
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Field peas are usually not included in diets for nursery pigs in the US. However, European and Canadian data suggest that field peas may be included in diets for nursery pigs without compromising pig performance (Stefanyshyn et al., 1999). So far, only little research has been conducted in the US to evaluate the effect of including field peas in diets for nursery pigs. Landblom and Poland (1996) reported decreased pig performance if 30 to 50% field peas were included in phase 1 diets for nursery pigs. However, working with extruded peas, they reported no detrimental effects of feeding 20% peas …
Effect Of Diet Complexity And The Additive Effect Of Pharmacological Levels Of Zno And Carbadox On The Performance Of Weaned Pigs, D.Y. Lee, G.W. Libal, C.R. Hamilton, D.N. Peters
Effect Of Diet Complexity And The Additive Effect Of Pharmacological Levels Of Zno And Carbadox On The Performance Of Weaned Pigs, D.Y. Lee, G.W. Libal, C.R. Hamilton, D.N. Peters
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
The scientific literature documents the efficacy of antibacterial feed additives for weaned pigs. More recently, Feeding therapeutic levels of supplemental zinc (Zn) from zinc oxide (ZnO) stimulated voluntary feed intake and weight gain of young pigs. Over the last decade, research demonstrated that swine diets contianing sub-therapeutic levels of various antibiotics combined with pharmacological levels of copper (Cu) resulted in better performance than when either ingredient was provided individually. In 1982, an additive improvement in performance was found when a sub-therapeutic level (55 mg/kg) of carbodox (CARB) and high level of Cu (125 mg/kg) were provided in combination in a …
Effects Of 2000 Mg/Kg Zn From Zno Or Carbadox On Performance Of Weaned Pigs As Influenced By Complexity Of Diets, G.W. Libal, T.A. Meyer
Effects Of 2000 Mg/Kg Zn From Zno Or Carbadox On Performance Of Weaned Pigs As Influenced By Complexity Of Diets, G.W. Libal, T.A. Meyer
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
The positive effect of pharmacological levels of zinc (Zn) from zinc oxide (ZnO), is well documented. Zinc at 3000 mg/kg has been shown to be as effective as carbadox (CARB) in the weaned pigs’ diet. Recent research has demonstrated an unexpected effect on weaned pig performance from adding 3000 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO to simple diets. Normally, pigs fed complex diets with specialty ingredients outperform pigs fed simple diets, primarily because of increased feed intake. However, performance of pigs fed simple diets with added ZnO has been equal to performance of pigs fed complex diets with or without added …
The Effect Of Including Field Peas In Diets For Growing-Finishing Pigs, H.H. Stein
The Effect Of Including Field Peas In Diets For Growing-Finishing Pigs, H.H. Stein
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning of the experiment and every two weeks thereafter. The amount of feed dumped in each feed was recorded on a daily basis and feed in the feeders was recorded each time the pigs were weighed. At slaughter, indvidual live wights, the dressed weights, fat depth, loin depth, and the lean meant percentage were measured for each pig. At the end of the experiment, feed disapearance for each pen was calculated for each period. Likewise, average daily weight gain and average gain to feed ratios were calculated for each pen.
The Effects Of Oral Antibiotic Therapy On Productivity And Immune Function Following Challenge With E. Coli And Rotavirus, C.C.L. Chase, D.J. Hurley, R.C. Thaler
The Effects Of Oral Antibiotic Therapy On Productivity And Immune Function Following Challenge With E. Coli And Rotavirus, C.C.L. Chase, D.J. Hurley, R.C. Thaler
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
Early weaning programs have been aimed at the control and elimination of respiratory infections in the young pig. Segregation from their dams at less than 21 days, batch rearing with all-in and all-out by room, building, or site, and proper biosecurity (cleaning, disinfecting, and quarantine) are mandatory to implement early weaning programs1. Early weaning with all its components gives a tremendous economic advantage to those who use this technology. This technology however does not come without a cost. This requires necessary building sites, scheduling and a high level of management. Enteric infections such as neonatal coccidiosis and post weaning diarrhea …
Effect Of Gestation Gain On Lactation Performance And Return To Estrus Of First Parity Sows, G.W. Libal, D.N. Peters
Effect Of Gestation Gain On Lactation Performance And Return To Estrus Of First Parity Sows, G.W. Libal, D.N. Peters
South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001
One of the most costly problems in the swine industry is the high turnover rate of sows in the herd. Failure to consume adequate feed and excess weight loss during lactation has been associated with subsequent reproduction problems. Research has proven that high gestation feeding levels and excessive gestation gain results in low lactation feed intake and excessive sow weight loss during lactation. Sows completing their first parity and sows from extremely productive lines have been identified as those most likely to be lost from the operation because of failure to conceive after weaning. Recommended gestation feeding levels often result …
2002 Little International Agricultural Exposition Catalog, Little International Agricultural Exposition South Dakota State University
2002 Little International Agricultural Exposition Catalog, Little International Agricultural Exposition South Dakota State University
Little International "Little I" Agricultural Exposition Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Dairy Digest 2002, South Dakota State University Dairy Club
Dairy Digest 2002, South Dakota State University Dairy Club
Dairy Digest
No abstract provided.
Use Of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography To Detect And Quantify Oxytetracycline Marks In Walleye Otoliths And Dorsal Spines, Michael J. Hawkins
Use Of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography To Detect And Quantify Oxytetracycline Marks In Walleye Otoliths And Dorsal Spines, Michael J. Hawkins
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is used to chemically mark calcified structures in walleye Stizostedion vitreum fry and fingerlings. Current visual methods for detection of these marks are subjective, and biologists are unable to quantify the amount of OTC in a sample. The goal of this study was to determine if high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a feasible and superior alternative for detecting and quantifying OTC in otoliths of fry-marked and spines of fingerlingmarked walleyes. Study objectives were to validate methodology of extraction of OTC from calcified tissue, detect and quantify extracted OTC using HPLC, and determine a cost comparison of current …
Evaluating The Point Of Separation, During Carcass Fabrication, Between The Beef Wholesale Rib And The Beef Wholesale Chuck, B.J. Reuter, D.M. Wulf, B.C. Shanks, R.J. Maddock
Evaluating The Point Of Separation, During Carcass Fabrication, Between The Beef Wholesale Rib And The Beef Wholesale Chuck, B.J. Reuter, D.M. Wulf, B.C. Shanks, R.J. Maddock
Animal Science Faculty Publications
This study determined whether there is a logical point of value change, related to either tenderness or consumer acceptance, at which to separate the beef carcass within the rib/chuck region. Rib/chuck rolls (RCR); (n = 30) consisting of the ribeye roll and chuck eye roll subprimals (2nd through 12th rib locations) were cut into 22 steaks each (two steaks per rib location), and Warner-Bratzler shear force and consumer purchase preference were evaluated for steaks at each rib location. Steaks from different locations of the RCR were composed of differing proportions of several muscles: longissimus muscle (LM), spinalis dorsi and multifidus …
Increasing Tenderness Of Beef Round And Sirloin Muscles Through Prerigor Skeletal Separations, B.C. Shanks, D.M. Wulf, B.J. Reuter, R.J. Maddock
Increasing Tenderness Of Beef Round And Sirloin Muscles Through Prerigor Skeletal Separations, B.C. Shanks, D.M. Wulf, B.J. Reuter, R.J. Maddock
Animal Science Faculty Publications
Crossbred steers (n = 30) were used to explore and compare tenderness improvements in beef round and sirloin muscles resulting from various methods of pre-rigor skeletal separations. Animals were slaughtered according to industry procedures, and at 60 min postmortem one of six treatments was applied to each side: A) control, B) saw pelvis at the sirloin round junction, C) separate the pelvic-femur joint, D) saw femur at mid-point, E) combination of B and C, and F) combination of B and D. After 48 h, the following muscles were excised from each side: semi-membranosus, biceps femoris, semi-tendinosus, and adductor from the …
2001 Little International Agricultural Exposition Catalog, Little International Agricultural Exposition South Dakota State University
2001 Little International Agricultural Exposition Catalog, Little International Agricultural Exposition South Dakota State University
Little International "Little I" Agricultural Exposition Catalogs
No abstract provided.
2001 Dairy Digest, South Dakota State University Dairy Club
2001 Dairy Digest, South Dakota State University Dairy Club
Dairy Digest
No abstract provided.
The Status And Distribution Of The Topeka Shiner Notropis Topeka In Eastern South Dakota, Carmen M. Blausey
The Status And Distribution Of The Topeka Shiner Notropis Topeka In Eastern South Dakota, Carmen M. Blausey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Topeka shiner Notropis topeka is a small (< 75 mm) minnow that inhabits prairie streams in several north central plains states. Once widespread and abundant throughout its historic range, the Topeka shiner is now found only in isolated populations. Because of an 80% reduction in occurrence throughout their range, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Topeka shiner as endangered in January 1999. At the time, limited information on habitat preferences and dist1ibution existed for this species in South Dakota. The objectives of this study were to measure local habitat features and water quality conditions at the reach scale at Topeka shiner study sites, create a model using these data to determine favorable habitat conditions, and identify fish species commonly associated with Topeka shiners. Fish and habitat data were collected at 61 tributary sites of the James, Vermillion, and Big Sioux rivers from June through September in 1999 and 2000. Sample sites in 1999 were based on historic Topeka shiner records in the South Dakota Natural Heritage Database. Sample sites in 2000 were based on a draft GIS model identifying potential Topeka shiner streams. Fish were collected with seines between block nets and standard procedures were used to measure physical and hydrological features of stream reaches. Cyprinids dominated the fish community for each river basin during both sample years. Insectivores and omnivores were the dominant trophic classes for each river basin for both sample years. Fish community associations for Topeka shiners were based on two stepwise logistic regression models: abundance of individual species at each site and presence or absence of individual species at each site. The abundance model indicated that Topeka shiners were most commonly associated with orangespotted sunfish Lepomis lutrenis and tadpole madtoms Noturns gyrinus. The presence/absence model showed that Topeka shiners were typically associated with red shiners Notropis lutrenis, tadpole madtoms Noturns gyrinus, black bullheads Ameiurus melas, and bigmouth shiners Notropis dorsalis. Habitat preferences were based on three stepwise logistic regression models: physical habitat water quality, and substrate composition at the reach scale. The physical habitat model indicated that Topeka shiners are associated with stream reaches that had low animal use, overhanging vegetation, stream bank vegetation comprised of sedges/rushes, low depositional zones, and run macrohabitat. The water quality model did not indicate any favorable or preferred conditions. The substrate model indicated that Topeka shiners are associated with stream reaches that had fine gravel or cobble substrates. The results of my study will lead to a better understanding of Topeka shiner distribution and habitat, and aid federal and state agencies in making management decisions that provide for protection and preservation of this species.
Invertebrate Egg And Plant Seed Banks In Natural, Restored, And Drained Wetlands In The Prairie Pothole Region (Usa) And Potential Effects Of Sedimentation On Recolonization Of Hydrophytes And Aquatic Invertebrates, Robert Andrew Gleason
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sediment is the major pollutant of wetlands, lakes, rivers, and estuaries in the United States and it poses unique threats to wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). Sediment may impact the success of wetland restorations because burial of invertebrate and plant propagules may impact hatching and germination success, and hence, may hamper successional changes throughout interannual climate cycles. Sedimentation also reduces the pool depth and volume, further exacerbating the recovery of hydrophyte communities in restored wetlands. I evaluated the potential impacts of sedimentation on prairie wetlands from several perspectives. First, I evaluated the effects of sedimentation on loss of …
Traversing The Internet For Useful Information, Julie Walker, Kory Bierle
Traversing The Internet For Useful Information, Julie Walker, Kory Bierle
Animal Science Faculty Publications
In the fast pace livestock industry producers are looking for information that can give them an edge in a timely manner. Never before has so much information been at our fingertips. The Internet is an excellent tool that can be used for obtaining good research-based information. The type of information available on the Internet is endless. Daily, weekly and yearly reports such as market reports can be found on free sites as well as private sites. When questions arise the Internet can be a resource finder. In addition, e-mail allows you to communication with individuals on your time schedule. Obtaining …
South Dakota Fisheries: An Evaluation Of A Chemical Immersion Marking Technique For Juvenile Yellow Perch And Application To A Stocking Assessment Of Marsh-Reared Yellow Perch Into Eastern South Dakota Lakes, Michael L. Brown, Todd St. Sauver, David O. Lucchesi, Jennifer L. Glib, M. Elizabeth Reinhart
South Dakota Fisheries: An Evaluation Of A Chemical Immersion Marking Technique For Juvenile Yellow Perch And Application To A Stocking Assessment Of Marsh-Reared Yellow Perch Into Eastern South Dakota Lakes, Michael L. Brown, Todd St. Sauver, David O. Lucchesi, Jennifer L. Glib, M. Elizabeth Reinhart
Natural Resource Management Faculty Publications
Currently, yellow perch Perca flavescens stocking needs in South Dakota are met by intensive trap and transfer of juvenile and adult perch. The success of these stocking efforts is largely undocumented, primarily due to problems in distinguishing yellow perch produced within the recipient water body and stocked perch. We first developed a transfer-tank marking protocol to determine immersion duration and optimal concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) hydrochloride needed to produce an effective mark. Then we validated the protocol for adult yellow perch and determined the persistence of OTC in edible muscle tissue. Marking results indicated that satisfactory OTC marks may be …
A Pilot Study Of The Impact Of Metaphylactic Treatment At Processing On Lung Lesions At Slaughter, W. B. Epperson
A Pilot Study Of The Impact Of Metaphylactic Treatment At Processing On Lung Lesions At Slaughter, W. B. Epperson
South Dakota Beef Report, 2000
The utility of metaphylactic antibiotic/anti-inflammatory treatment in prevention of cattle lung lesions was examined. Sixty-nine, single source, ranch direct, fall weaned steers were allocated to treatment or no treatment groups at feedlot arrival in February, 1999. Treatment consisted of single subcutaneous administration of NuflorTM (florfenicol, Schering-Plough Animal Health) at 18 mg/lb bodyweight and BanamineTM (flunixin meglumine, Schering-Plough Animal Health) at 1 mg/lb bodyweight. All steers were weighed, vaccinated with a modified live IBR/PI3 vaccine, implanted, and identified by ear tag. Cattle were fed for maximum gain on a corn-based diet. At harvest, after 133 days on feed, lungs were observed …
Defining Failure Of Passive Transfer In South Dakota Beef Calves, A. K. Courtney, W. B. Epperson, T. A. Wittig, R. J. Pruitt
Defining Failure Of Passive Transfer In South Dakota Beef Calves, A. K. Courtney, W. B. Epperson, T. A. Wittig, R. J. Pruitt
South Dakota Beef Report, 2000
Failure of calves to ingest and absorb immunoglobulin from colostrum is a risk factor for illness and decreased performance. Blood samples were taken from 752 calves at three SDSU research units. Total protein in blood, closely correlated to colostral immunoglobulin absorption, was determined and calf health records were collected. Using this data, a classification table of sensitivity and specificity was constructed to determine the relationship between total protein and calf illness and to classify calves as having adequate colostral absorption or inadequate colostral absorption (failure of passive transfer). Along with sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated …