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Articles 1801 - 1830 of 6130
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Globalization Of Corporate Law: The End Of History Or A Never-Ending Story?, Franklin A. Gevurtz
The Globalization Of Corporate Law: The End Of History Or A Never-Ending Story?, Franklin A. Gevurtz
Washington Law Review
Considerable scholarship during the last few decades addresses the question of whether corporate laws are becoming global by converging on commonly accepted approaches. Some scholars have asserted that such convergence is occurring around the most efficient laws and institutions, thereby marking the “End of History” for corporate law. This Article responds to such assertions by developing three claims not previously given due attention in the convergence literature. First, it demonstrates that the history of corporations and corporate law has been one of seemingly constant movement toward global convergence, yet the resulting convergence is always incomplete or transitory. Next, it points …
The Neoliberal Turn In Regional Trade Agreements, James Thuo Gathii
The Neoliberal Turn In Regional Trade Agreements, James Thuo Gathii
Washington Law Review
This Article makes two primary arguments. First, that the increased resort to bilateral and regional trade agreements has taken a neoliberal turn. As such bilateral and regional trade agreements are now a primary means through which greater investor protections, commodification of social services, guaranteed rights of investor access to investment opportunities, privatization of public service goods, and generally the diminution of sovereign control are being realized. These trade agreements make the foregoing goals possible not just in developing countries, but in industrialized economies as well. I show that these agreements provide business interests with opportunities to exercise concerted pressure to …
Ninth Circuit Unmasks Anonymous Internet Users And Lowers The Bar For Disclosure Of Online Speakers, Mallory Allen
Ninth Circuit Unmasks Anonymous Internet Users And Lowers The Bar For Disclosure Of Online Speakers, Mallory Allen
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
There is no judicial consensus about what test to apply when plaintiffs attempt to obtain the identity of an anonymous Internet user during discovery in an online defamation case. In July 2010, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal appeals court to devise an articulable test to determine when a plaintiff may compel disclosure of an online commentator. Previously, federal courts had applied inconsistent balancing tests to determine whether disclosure was appropriate. In In re Anonymous Online Speakers, the Ninth Circuit relied upon the Delaware state-court standard from Doe v. Cahill but applied this test in a way that …
Global Law And The Environment, Robert V. Percival
Global Law And The Environment, Robert V. Percival
Washington Law Review
This Article explores three areas in which globalization is profoundly affecting the development of a global environmental law. First, countries increasingly are borrowing law and regulatory innovations from one another to respond to common environmental problems. Although this is not an entirely new phenomenon, it is occurring at an unprecedented pace. Second, lawsuits seeking to hold companies liable for environmental harm they have caused outside their home countries are raising new questions concerning the appropriate venue for such transnational liability litigation and the standards courts should apply for enforcement of foreign judgments. Third, nongovernmental organizations are playing an increasingly important …
Beyond Absurdity: Climate Regulation And The Case For Restricting The Absurd Results Doctrine, Katherine Kirklin O'Brien
Beyond Absurdity: Climate Regulation And The Case For Restricting The Absurd Results Doctrine, Katherine Kirklin O'Brien
Washington Law Review
The absurd results doctrine of statutory interpretation allows courts to depart from clear legislative text when a literal reading would be “absurd.” Traditionally, courts defined an absurd result as one that offends fundamental social values. Over time, however, courts have expanded the concept of legal absurdity to include outcomes that do not violate moral principles, but instead present regulatory burdens deemed too onerous to reflect congressional intent. In June 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) invoked this expansive reading of the absurd results doctrine to support a regulation known as the “Tailoring Rule,” which the agency promulgated as part …
A Cure For A "Public Concern": Washington's New Anti-Slapp Law, Tom Wyrwich
A Cure For A "Public Concern": Washington's New Anti-Slapp Law, Tom Wyrwich
Washington Law Review
In March 2010, the Washington State Legislature passed its Act Limiting Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation. The new Act fills a critical void in Washington’s protection of free expression and petition rights. The Washington Act protects the free expression of Washington citizens by shielding them from meritless lawsuits designed only to incur costs and chill future expression. This Comment offers interpretive guidance for Washington courts by examining the new law, its legislative history, its constitutional underpinnings, and its relationship to the influential California anti-SLAPP statute on which it is modeled. Although the Washington Act shares many identical provisions with the …
Cross-Border Contributory Patent Infringement In Germany, Heinz Goddar
Cross-Border Contributory Patent Infringement In Germany, Heinz Goddar
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
This Article examines recent German court decisions analyzing Section 10 of the German Patent Act (“PatG”), which governs cases of contributory patent infringement, focusing in particular on the implications of recent decisions on potential cross-border infringement. The Article offers recommendations on how judicial scrutiny of contributory infringement in Germany may be streamlined in light of potential evidentiary problems and concludes with a case study of how German courts might analyze a situation like that faced by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in AT&T v. Microsoft.
Juror Investigation: Is In-Courtroom Internet Research Going Too Far?, Duncan Stark
Juror Investigation: Is In-Courtroom Internet Research Going Too Far?, Duncan Stark
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Lawyers traditionally have conducted research on potential jurors outside the courtroom as part of voir dire. But as wireless Internet access becomes ubiquitous, attorneys are increasingly likely to conduct juror research inside the courtroom, including during voir dire itself. In the August 2010 decision Carino v. Muenzen, a New Jersey appeals court held that a trial court judge erred when he told a lawyer to close his laptop during voir dire, reasoning that there was no disruption, no resulting prejudice, and no rule against researching jurors online during the proceeding. This Article examines the Carino decision and the issue …
End User Liability For Sofware Developed With Trade Secrets, Jeff Patterson
End User Liability For Sofware Developed With Trade Secrets, Jeff Patterson
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) developed the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) to unify the laws regulating the improper use of secret, economically advantageous information. However, consumers often procure software and other products without knowledge of any trade secrets used in the production of the products. Some companies have sought remedies against end users of products developed using trade secrets. But in Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp., a California appeals court considering this issue in the software context held that execution of compiled object code, which is not easily interpreted by humans, is …
Discovery Of Breathalyzer Source Code In Dui Prosecutions, Aurora J. Wilson
Discovery Of Breathalyzer Source Code In Dui Prosecutions, Aurora J. Wilson
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
In driving under the influence (DUI) cases, prosecutors habitually rely on the results from breathalyzer tests as proof of the defendant’s blood alcohol level at the time of arrest. In response, DUI defendants often attempt to compel discovery of the source code contained in the test device, which can reveal whether the breath test at issue was performed accurately. Despite the popularity of this strategy, nearly all states to consider the issue have denied the defendant’s motion for discovery of breathalyzer source code. The majority of courts construe state and federal rules of criminal procedure to limit discovery orders to …
Copyright Infringement Liability Of Placeshifting Services In The United States And Japan, Naoya Isoda
Copyright Infringement Liability Of Placeshifting Services In The United States And Japan, Naoya Isoda
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Placeshifting is a convenient service that enables customers to enjoy television programs from their home countries even if they are in foreign countries. Placeshifting works by receiving/recording a television program in one country and then transmitting the digital data to customers everywhere in the world via the Internet upon each customer’s request. Because placeshifting may be involved with recording and/or transmitting copyrighted content, service providers must face the question whether they may be liable for copyright infringement. In the United States, the Second Circuit in Cartoon Network v. CSC Holdings decided the legality of placeshifting by requiring a “volition element” …
The Limits Of Global Judicial Dialogue, David S. Law, Wen-Chen Chang
The Limits Of Global Judicial Dialogue, David S. Law, Wen-Chen Chang
Washington Law Review
The notion that “global judicial dialogue” is contributing to the globalization of constitutional law has attracted considerable attention. Various scholars have characterized the citation of foreign law by constitutional courts as a form of “dialogue” that both reflects and fosters the emergence of a common global enterprise of constitutional adjudication. It has also been claimed that increasing direct interaction between judges, face-to-face or otherwise, fuels the growth of a global constitutional jurisprudence. This Article challenges these claims on empirical grounds and offers an alternative account of the actual reasons for which constitutional courts engage in comparative analysis. First, it is …
Amici Curiae Brief Of The Children And Youth Advocacy Clinic In Support Of Appellant. In Re The Dependency Of M.S.R. And T.S.R. V. Luak, No. 85729-6 (Wash. Sept. 16, 2011), Lisa Kelly
Court Briefs
Attorneys in Washington have the resources and established standards to effectively represent children and youth in termination of parental rights ("TPR") proceedings. Children who face TPR proceedings need the type of advice and advocacy that only trained lawyers can provide. While parents, social workers, foster parents, therapists, and guardians ad litem may provide substantial support to dependent children, only lawyers can protect their legal rights in complex adversarial proceedings, especially when all of the other parties are represented by counsel. In the context of a confidential relationship with a lawyer, a dependent child can provide critical information and meaningfully participate …
Brief Amicus Curiae Of The National Employment Lawyers Association In Support Of Respondents. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church And School V. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012) (No. 10-553), 2011 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs Lexis 984, Eric Schnapper, Rebecca M. Hamburg
Brief Amicus Curiae Of The National Employment Lawyers Association In Support Of Respondents. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church And School V. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012) (No. 10-553), 2011 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs Lexis 984, Eric Schnapper, Rebecca M. Hamburg
Court Briefs
QUESTION PRESENTED Is the anti-relatiation provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. 12203, unconstitutional as applied to the claims of respondents?
Broadcasting Expectations: An Unprotected Wireless Network Takes On Constitutional Dimensions, Duncan Stark
Broadcasting Expectations: An Unprotected Wireless Network Takes On Constitutional Dimensions, Duncan Stark
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
In January 2010, the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon decided U.S. v. Ahrndt, the first case regarding the reasonable expectation of privacy in a home wireless internet network. The court found that the defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his unsecured home wireless network because he had openly shared information on a system freely accessible by his neighbors. This Article examines the Ahrndt case and the potential legal effect this issue may have on an individual’s expectation of privacy in his or her wireless network and personal computer files. This Article concludes that although …
Maintaing A Balance: Innovation In Power System Balancing Authorities, Malcolm Mclellan, Carol Opatrny
Maintaing A Balance: Innovation In Power System Balancing Authorities, Malcolm Mclellan, Carol Opatrny
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
The introduction of new power generation, including intermittent resources, into the North American electric grid is exposing the fact that the traditional approach to resource integration is not necessarily cost-effective. At the forefront of analysis is the electric balancing authority; the functional structure that is responsible for maintaining the continuous balance of the demand for and supply of electric power. Electric balancing authorities perform this function according to standards developed by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. These services can significantly affect the cost of power. Rather than blindly purchasing balancing services from the …
Rough Seas For Renewable Energy: Addressing Regulatory Overlap For Hydrokinetic Projects On The Outer Continental Shelf, Amanda Righi
Rough Seas For Renewable Energy: Addressing Regulatory Overlap For Hydrokinetic Projects On The Outer Continental Shelf, Amanda Righi
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Hydrokinetic energy harnesses the power of the oceans and generates renewable energy with a low carbon footprint. Because wave and tidal energy projects have not yet been initiated for the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and scientific knowledge of the effects on the ocean environment is uncertain, analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act is particularly important. However, overlapping jurisdiction on the OCS creates an inhospitable regulatory environment for hydrokinetic energy developers and marine ecosystem protection. This comment will analyze these overlapping and duplicative regulations and will make recommendations to streamline the environmental review process. Programmatic environmental impact statements, adaptive management …
A Breath Of Fresh Air: Methods And Obstacles For Achieving Air Pollution Reduction In Washington Factory Farm Communities, Linda M. Thompson
A Breath Of Fresh Air: Methods And Obstacles For Achieving Air Pollution Reduction In Washington Factory Farm Communities, Linda M. Thompson
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
“Animal feeding operations (AFOs),” or, if large enough, “concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs),” have become increasingly concentrated in ownership, location, and quantity of animals since the 1950s. The Yakima Valley of central Washington is one area that has been subject to an influx of these industrial farms, raising health and environmental concerns for residents. Despite scientific evidence of potential harm, citizens have had difficulty enforcing air emissions regulation. The problem is twofold: the EPA is still working with the industry to develop a methodology for emission monitoring––the effectiveness of which remains unclear––and, assuming monitoring methods existed, the statutory framework provides …
Dewatering Trust Responsibility: The New Klamath River Hydroelectric And Restoration Agreements, Thomas P. Schlosser
Dewatering Trust Responsibility: The New Klamath River Hydroelectric And Restoration Agreements, Thomas P. Schlosser
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
In order to protect Indian property rights to water and fish that Indians rely on for subsistence and moderate income, the Interior Department Solicitor has construed federal statutes and case law to conclude that the Department must restrict irrigation in the Klamath River Basin of Oregon and Northern California. Draft legislation, prescribed by the February 18, 2010 Klamath River Hydroelectric Agreement and the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, would release the United States from its trust duty to protect the rights of Indian tribes in the Klamath River Basin. The agreements will also prolong the Clean Water Act Section 401 application …
Renewable Energy Integration Costs: Who Pays And How Much?, Paul Vercruyssen
Renewable Energy Integration Costs: Who Pays And How Much?, Paul Vercruyssen
Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
Over the past decade major public policy concerns over the environment, national security, the economy, and climate change have converged, creating significant pressure to reform America’s energy system. The result has been a tremendous increase in the use of renewable energy sources with growth only expected to accelerate. This new development represents a radical shift for a nation whose electricity system was built to run on fossil fuels and hydroelectric dams. The electricity grid is a complex interconnected system requiring constant balancing of supply and demand. Using new intermittent technologies like solar and wind requires changes in grid management to …
A Matter Of Access: How Bypassing Drm Does Not Always Violate The Dmca, Alicia Hoffer
A Matter Of Access: How Bypassing Drm Does Not Always Violate The Dmca, Alicia Hoffer
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
In the last decade, several federal circuit courts have applied the anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to determine what forms of unauthorized access to copyrighted work are prohibited. Courts have considered Digital Rights Management (DRM) disputes concerning access to both copyrighted digital-media and manufactured products. The Second and Ninth Circuits have applied the DMCA in digital media cases to protect the owners of digital copyrighted works. The Fifth, Sixth, and Federal Circuits have applied the DMCA in manufactured-product cases, holding that bypassing DRM controls does not violate the DMCA under certain circumstances. These differing conclusions stem …
Injunction Relief: Must Nonparty Websites Obey Court Orders To Remove User Content?, Connor Moran
Injunction Relief: Must Nonparty Websites Obey Court Orders To Remove User Content?, Connor Moran
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Websites are normally immune to suits arising from illegal user-posted content due to 42 USC § 230. Victims of illegal postings must therefore bring suit, if at all, against the original posters. However, when websites refuse to take down illegal content, a suit against an original poster might not provide relief. In the recent case Blockowicz v. Williams, a family won a default judgment against persons posting defamatory content to Ripoff Report. But the plaintiffs could not contact the defendant to enforce the judgment, and thus they sought enforcement of an injunction against Ripoff Report. The court refused because …
Off With The Head? How Eliminating Search And Index Functionality Reduces Secondary Liability In Peer-To-Peer File-Sharing Cases, Luke M. Rona
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
Peer-to-peer file-sharing service providers (P2Ps) allow Internet users to exchange electronic content, including music, movies, and other digital works. In Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., the Supreme Court unanimously disarmed such P2Ps by holding that it is unlawful to distribute programs that induce others to commit copyright infringement. Evolved technologies, such as dot-torrent, allow mass file exchanges between third-party users--an attempt to remove the P2P from the file-sharing equation. The court in Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Fung, however, imputed inducement from the search and index functionality of the P2P’s software, as well as the P2P’s encouraging …
Fair Notice: Providing For Electronic Document Transmissions To Shareholders In Washington State, James L. Proctor Jr.
Fair Notice: Providing For Electronic Document Transmissions To Shareholders In Washington State, James L. Proctor Jr.
Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts
In 2008, Washington State amended Wash. Rev. Code § 23B.01.410 to allow electronic transmission of materials accompanying corporate notices to shareholders. This amendment, combined with an earlier change allowing corporations operating within the state to notify shareholders through certain types of electronic transmissions, incorporated several Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) suggestions to expand the authorized uses of Internet-based technology to communicate with shareholders. However, corporations operating across state lines are subject to a complex variety of state notice requirements. These differences create an uneven national standard for which types of electronic communication constitute sufficient notice. This statutory variance compels corporations …
Death Penalty Sentencing In Japan Under The Lay Assessor System: Avoiding The Avoidable Through Unanimity, Elizabeth M. Sher
Death Penalty Sentencing In Japan Under The Lay Assessor System: Avoiding The Avoidable Through Unanimity, Elizabeth M. Sher
Washington International Law Journal
The Lay Assessor Act of 2004 mandated the creation of a mixed lay judge system, called the saibanin seido. Under this new system, jurors, or lay judges, sit with professional judges to decide the fate of criminal defendants. The Lay Assessor Act requires lay judges to decide both the verdict and sentencing of defendants in the same sitting. The verdict and sentence require support from a majority of the jurors and must include one professional judge on the panel. For certain crimes in Japan, the death penalty is one possible sentence. Under the saibanin seido system, for the first …
Labor Relations And Labor Law In Japan, Atsushi Tsuneki, Manabu Matsunaka
Labor Relations And Labor Law In Japan, Atsushi Tsuneki, Manabu Matsunaka
Washington International Law Journal
This article builds on a rationalistic understanding of Japanese employment customs to argue that, up until the 1990s, Japanese labor law facilitated private bargaining instead of engineering a desired outcome directly through legal regulations. Through this indirect approach toward labor relations, at least part of Japanese labor law made a highly positive contribution to the attainment of economic efficiency. After the 1990s, the merits of Japanese employment customs diminished and needed reform. While such reforms were made in some aspects, Japanese labor law has taken the stance of directly regulating the economy, particularly in the area of employment protection and …
The Problem Of Enforcing Nature's Rights Under Ecuador's Constitution: Why The 2008 Environmental Amendments Have No Bite, Mary Elizabeth Whittenmore
The Problem Of Enforcing Nature's Rights Under Ecuador's Constitution: Why The 2008 Environmental Amendments Have No Bite, Mary Elizabeth Whittenmore
Washington International Law Journal
In 2008, Ecuador became the first nation to give rights to nature when it ratified constitutional amendments (new articles 71-74) that grant the environment the inalienable right to exist, persist, and be respected. Environmentalists hope Ecuador’s amendments will lead to improvement in a country devastated by resource exploitation, and that other countries will follow. Yet, many wonder whether the amendments will be enforced. This comment argues that—all things considered—successful execution of the amendments is unlikely. Ecuador’s President has not demonstrated a sincere intention or ability to implement the amendments. Further, plaintiffs who sue under the amendments face significant legal barriers, …
Legal Compliance And Korea's Financial Services Market: A Strategic Approach, Young-Cheol Jeong
Legal Compliance And Korea's Financial Services Market: A Strategic Approach, Young-Cheol Jeong
Washington International Law Journal
The purpose of this paper is to improve the compliance level in the Korean financial services market by proposing a more systematic approach to economic crimes. As one of the most important capital markets in Asia, the Korean financial services market has weathered well both the hardship of the Asian financial crisis and the challenges of the Great Recession. Thus, its policy directions and experience are valuable to other burgeoning capital markets around the world. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the compliance system in the Korean financial services market. Based on a literature review, this paper analyzes …
The Police Gamesmanship Dilemma, Mary D. Fan
The Police Gamesmanship Dilemma, Mary D. Fan
Articles
Police gamesmanship poses a recurring regulatory challenge for constitutional criminal procedure, leading to zigzags and murky zones in the law such as the recent rule shifts regarding searches incident to arrest and interrogation. Police gamesmanship in the “competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime” involves tactics that press on blind spots, blurry regions or gaps in rules and remedies, undermining the purpose of the protections. Currently, courts generally avoid peering into the Pandora’s Box of police stratagems unless the circumvention of a protection becomes too obvious to ignore and requires a stopgap rule-patch that further complicates the maze of criminal procedure. …