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Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons™
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Articles 271 - 300 of 3613
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Feasibility Assessment And Container Traffic Forecasting Of Inland Waterway Container On Barge Transportation, Fan Bu
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Container on Barge (COB) transportation is an intermodal freight transport mode that moves shipping containers via barges on navigable inland and intracoastal waterways. During the past twenty years, COB has been a growing mode of container shipping globally due to its low-cost, eco-friendly, and congestion-reducing characteristics. Europe and China are currently leading global COB transportation, and the United States (U.S.) may have the potential to achieve economic benefits through the implementation of COB within its intermodal transportation system. To explore this potential, this dissertation investigates the implementation feasibility of COB transportation within the U.S. intermodal freight transportation system. Three contributions …
Development Of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Microgrid With Simulation Modelling, Tenzin Lhaden
Development Of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Microgrid With Simulation Modelling, Tenzin Lhaden
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates innovative solutions to overcome challenges in energy management, sustainability, and grid reliance. This research develops a hybrid simulation model for EV charging stations, integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, with energy storage systems (ESS). Leveraging discrete-event simulation (DES) and agent-based modeling (ABM) in AnyLogic, the model offers a comprehensive analysis of charging station operations, incorporating stochastic EV arrivals, dynamic energy allocation, and user-defined customization.Key contributions include the development of hybrid simulation model integrating solar PV, energy storage, and energy management systems (EMS) that dynamically optimizes energy distribution from …
Using Causal Inference To Understand Public Perception Towards Electric Vehicle Adoption, Jesus Alejandro Gutierrez Araiza
Using Causal Inference To Understand Public Perception Towards Electric Vehicle Adoption, Jesus Alejandro Gutierrez Araiza
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Why despite all efforts to promote Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an alternative transportation method through strategies such as tax credits on unit purchasing or long-term environmental benefits communication, its market penetration has not reached the expected goals in the United States? Even though there have been important advancements in the EV technical perspective and financial EV purchasing incentives, the final EV customers still face barriers on their scenarios that do not allow them to purchase this type of contemporary transportation means. Not understanding their local barriers could be a mistake that could reduce EVA expectations in the country and keep, …
Integrating Machine Learning And Simulation For Resource Planning Of Hospital Systems Based On Predicted Length Of Stay, S M Atikur Rahman
Integrating Machine Learning And Simulation For Resource Planning Of Hospital Systems Based On Predicted Length Of Stay, S M Atikur Rahman
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Recently Hospital Systems faced a high invasion of patients generated by several events such as health crisis related epidemic (COVID, FLU) or seasonal flows. Hence, managing hospital bed availability and efficiency with proper care is obligatory for addressing the challenges associated with the overburden of patients. However, the Length of stay (LOS) is often increased due to the high patient influx and overcrowding problem occurs within the Hospital. It resolves these issues, it is essential for hospital authority to predict the Patients LOS which is the crucial indicator for the use of medical resources (allocation, utilization of providers and resource) …
Home Care Work Of Caregivers For Mexican American Adults With Dementia: A Culturally Informed Model Integrating Work System Analyses And Health Disparities Research Framework, Laura Cristina Tovar Felix
Home Care Work Of Caregivers For Mexican American Adults With Dementia: A Culturally Informed Model Integrating Work System Analyses And Health Disparities Research Framework, Laura Cristina Tovar Felix
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Dementia is an umbrella term for different diseases such as Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, Lewy body, frontotemporal, and mixed dementias. Dementia is caused by a variety of diseases that cause damage to brain cells interfering with the ability of brain cells to communicate between each other. Dementia is associated with different types of brain cell damage in a specific region of the brain (What Is Dementia?, 2024).Dementia affects 55 million people worldwide, where the most affected population is the low-income and the middle-income countries. (Greenblat, 2023). Every 20 years the number almost double, and by 2039 is estimated to reach 78 …
Exploring Telehealth Utilization Through Data Analytics, Statistical Analyses, And Machine Learning Techniques, Aysenur Betul Cengil
Exploring Telehealth Utilization Through Data Analytics, Statistical Analyses, And Machine Learning Techniques, Aysenur Betul Cengil
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the utilization of telehealth services, initially focusing on the Arkansas healthcare system and then extending the analysis nationwide. It aims to understand the factors influencing telehealth adoption and its impact on healthcare delivery. After examining telehealth utilization in Arkansas from 2018 to 2022, the research utilizes a comprehensive dataset from Epic Cosmos, which includes a wide range of patient and visit data from multiple healthcare facilities across the United States from 2018 to 2023. This timeframe allows for a detailed analysis of telehealth trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In Chapter 2, we analyze key …
Identification And Validation Of A Measurement Of Emergency Physician Workload During End Of Shift Patient Handoffs, Steven Foster
Identification And Validation Of A Measurement Of Emergency Physician Workload During End Of Shift Patient Handoffs, Steven Foster
All Dissertations
Recent increases in emergency physician (EP) workload have been identified as contributors to increased EP burnout, increased staff attrition, decreased patient safety, and increased patient admission rates. Patient handoffs have been extensively researched as critical points in patient care, with existing research primarily focusing on communication errors and interventions designed to standardize handoff communication protocols.
While end of shift handoffs in hospital emergency departments (EDs) intuitively represent a transfer of patient caseload from an outgoing EP to an incoming EP, there is a fundamental lack of literature examining how such handoffs contribute to EP workload, and a similar lack of …
Opioid Overdose Epidemic Modeling, Chelsea Spence
Opioid Overdose Epidemic Modeling, Chelsea Spence
All Dissertations
The opioid overdose crisis in the United States has led to thousands of lost lives and thousands more people struggling with opioid dependence. Disease modeling allows researchers to examine the course that the disease may take and to investigate policies to determine the effects they may have. Disease models can be used to model non-communicable diseases and have been used to study opioid use disorder. Many types of disease models exist with their own inherent benefits and drawbacks.
In this dissertation, we provide a scoping review of the disease models that have been used to study the opioid overdose epidemic. …
Leveraging Machine Learning And Stochastic Programming To Address Vaccine Hesitancy In Public Health Resource Allocation, Hieu Trung Bui
Leveraging Machine Learning And Stochastic Programming To Address Vaccine Hesitancy In Public Health Resource Allocation, Hieu Trung Bui
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Infectious disease outbreaks highlight the urgent need for effective strategies to distribute vaccines and allocate critical healthcare resources to contain the disease and reduce its negative impacts on the population. Managing these allocations is a significant challenge, especially in marginalized communities facing uncertainty in healthcare demand and logistical constraints. This dissertation addresses these challenges by investigating factors that influence dynamic changes in vaccine hesitancy (VH) and its implications for disease spread and healthcare resource demand. It develops optimization models for vaccine distribution and resource allocation under uncertainty, validated with data from the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. The first study …
Dynamic Model Of An Overhead Crane, Leonard Ruesga
Dynamic Model Of An Overhead Crane, Leonard Ruesga
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
In this thesis a novel spatial model of an overhead crane was developed. The model includes: bridge, trolley, driving and follower wheels for the bridge and trolley, drum, cable, and the payload. The model accounts for the winding/unwinding of the cable around the drum as the payload is raised/lowered. The cable and the payload were considered as rigid bodies with uniformly distributed mass. First, the kinematic equations of the model were developed by using constraint equations. Second, the dynamic equations were derived through use of Newton’s Laws. Developing the rotational dynamic equations required the determination of the angular momentum vectors …
A Survey On Fused Filament Fabrication To Produce Functionally Gradient Materials, Arup Dey, Monsuru Ramoni, Nita Yodo
A Survey On Fused Filament Fabrication To Produce Functionally Gradient Materials, Arup Dey, Monsuru Ramoni, Nita Yodo
Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering Faculty Publications
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a key extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) process for fabricating components from polymers and their composites. Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) exhibit spatially varying properties by modulating chemical compositions, microstructures, and design attributes, offering enhanced performance over homogeneous materials and conventional composites. These materials are pivotal in aerospace, automotive, and medical applications, where the optimization of weight, cost, and functional properties is critical. Conventional FGM manufacturing techniques are hindered by complexity, high costs, and limited precision. AM, particularly FFF, presents a promising alternative for FGM production, though its application is predominantly confined to research settings. This paper …
Enterprise Systems: Installing And Configuring Erpnext On Macos, Yazan Abbasi
Enterprise Systems: Installing And Configuring Erpnext On Macos, Yazan Abbasi
Senior Honors Theses
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrate business processes across organizations onto unified digital platforms through data and workflow consolidation. However, high licensing costs of proprietary ERP solutions like SAP and Oracle limit adoption for small and medium enterprises. This led to the emergence of open-source ERP alternatives like ERPNext which provide sophisticated capabilities at much lower total cost of ownership. However, ERPNext faces documentation gaps that hamper onboarding, customization, and widespread adoption. Accelerating ERPNext implementation by developing a comprehensive installation and configuration guide tailored for developers using Mac environments will be examined furthermore.
The background on ERP systems explores critical …
Development And Operationalizing Of The Learning Experience Design Process To Create Integrated Stem Interventions, Vanessa Begat
Development And Operationalizing Of The Learning Experience Design Process To Create Integrated Stem Interventions, Vanessa Begat
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Globally, the demand for people prepared to enter Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) careers is increasing. To help fill this demand, many formal and informal STEM educational interventions have been implemented in the K-12 domain. However, due to the lack of a clearly defined framework for documenting the nature and scope of the intervention (National Research Council, 2014), the interventions vary greatly in their success, sustainability, and replicability. This research is grounded in Educational Design Research and uses the principle of Learning Experience Design (LXD) to develop a framework for thoughtfully designing and documenting a STEM intervention. This framework …
Assessing Team Performance And Cohesion Of Isolated Multicultural Teams Using Digital Escape Rooms, Susannah J. Aronson
Assessing Team Performance And Cohesion Of Isolated Multicultural Teams Using Digital Escape Rooms, Susannah J. Aronson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
History has shown that when multicultural teams are together for long periods of time, conflict can occur. When put in an isolated environment, these conflicts can become dangerous. This study looked at physically isolated multicultural teams through the lens of systems engineering and if a publicly available escape room video game could measure the team’s individual level team performance and cohesion. The author also evaluated the relationship between these success measures, cultural intelligence, and fusion collaboration. Results showed the escape room video game was a reliable and valid instrument to measure individual level team performance and cohesion. The validity correlation …
Non-Fungible Tokens (Nfts) For Digital Twins In The Industrial Metaverse: Overview, Use Cases, And Open Challenges, Haya R. Hasan, Mohammad Madine, Ahmad Musamih, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob, Mohammed Omar
Non-Fungible Tokens (Nfts) For Digital Twins In The Industrial Metaverse: Overview, Use Cases, And Open Challenges, Haya R. Hasan, Mohammad Madine, Ahmad Musamih, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob, Mohammed Omar
Industrial Engineering: Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Optimizing The Expression Of Polyethylene Terephtalate Hydrolase-Encoding Synthetic Gene In Escherichia Coli Arctic Express (De3), Jocelyn Nataniel, Maria Ulfah, Dini Achnafani, Niknik Nurhayati, Gabriela Christy Sabbathini, Sri Rezeki Wulandari, Abinawanto Abinawanto, Is Helianti
Optimizing The Expression Of Polyethylene Terephtalate Hydrolase-Encoding Synthetic Gene In Escherichia Coli Arctic Express (De3), Jocelyn Nataniel, Maria Ulfah, Dini Achnafani, Niknik Nurhayati, Gabriela Christy Sabbathini, Sri Rezeki Wulandari, Abinawanto Abinawanto, Is Helianti
Makara Journal of Science
The waste of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste in Indonesia is a pressing concern due to its slow degradation and potential environmental damage. One promising solution is to utilize polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase), an enzyme that specifically degrades PET. However, inducing the expression of IsPETase synthetic gene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) has been challenging because much of it remains insoluble. This study aimed to express IsPETase in E. coli Arctic Express (DE3) and optimize the conditions to enhance its production. First, pET22b(+)pelB-IsPETase was inserted into E. coli Arctic Express (DE3). The …
Analysis Of Cost And Time Efficiency In Container Distribution Between Container Truck And Freight Train From Industrial Area To Port, Indah Imayanti, Sutanto Soehodho, Nahry Yusuf
Analysis Of Cost And Time Efficiency In Container Distribution Between Container Truck And Freight Train From Industrial Area To Port, Indah Imayanti, Sutanto Soehodho, Nahry Yusuf
Smart City
Jakarta International Container Terminal (JICT) in Tanjung Priok Port , which serves export and import containers, can serve up to 5500 TEUs daily. However, no more than 1% of the total containers are transported by freight trains, meaning that 99% of container distribution from industrial areas is carried by trailer trucks. This condition causes a long queue at the container terminal entrance, resulting in delays in the services as well. Currently, Tanjung Priok Port is connected to rail transportation from Cikarang dry port with the frequency of twice a day with 30 flatcars (FC) for each trip. The capacity of …
Economic Planning And Operation Of Ev Charging Infrastructure Participating In Electric Power Markets, Diwas Paudel
Economic Planning And Operation Of Ev Charging Infrastructure Participating In Electric Power Markets, Diwas Paudel
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
As electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more common, there are not enough charging infrastructures to keep up with the projected EV charging demands. This necessitates investment from private enterprises in the charging infrastructure, along with additional government investments, to support the expected EV growth. The profit potential of the EV charging business will be crucial in attracting private enterprises to invest in the infrastructure. The profitability of these infrastructures depends on their location and effective operation. The charging infrastructure needs to be strategically placed and sized in the service area of interest. Once built, they need a robust strategy to …
Transforming Organizational Cyber Security With Artificial Intelligence And Data-Driven Optimization, Soumyadeep Hore
Transforming Organizational Cyber Security With Artificial Intelligence And Data-Driven Optimization, Soumyadeep Hore
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation presents a comprehensive framework for enhancing organizational cybersecurity through data-driven intelligence. The research integrates multiple methodologies to tackle challenges in network intrusion detection and vulnerability management within cybersecurity operations centers (CSOCs). First, the research investigates vulnerability prioritization and mitigation techniques currently employed by CSOCs. To further streamline the vulnerability prioritization and mitigation process a machine learning (ML)-based Vulnerability Priority Scoring System (VPSS) is introduced, significantly improving the prioritization and mitigation of context-sensitive vulnerabilities. The VPSS outperforms traditional methods, reducing the cumulative vulnerability exposure score by up to 30% by considering both organizational context and vulnerability severity. Next, the …
A Robust Data-Driven Framework For Artificial Intelligent Systems, Quoc H. Nguyen
A Robust Data-Driven Framework For Artificial Intelligent Systems, Quoc H. Nguyen
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains. However, their robustness remains a critical concern, particularly in terms of data and model reliability. This dissertation aims to address the challenges associated with building robust AI systems by focusing on two key aspects: data robustness and model robustness. Data robustness poses significant challenges, including data shift, concept shifting, limited and imbalanced datasets, and interoperability issues in IoT systems for data collection. Existing methods fall short in handling dynamic business objectives and evolving data landscapes effectively. To bridge these gaps, we propose an IoT framework that ensures interoperability, seamless …
Spectral Behavior Of Fiber Bragg Gratings During Embedding In 3d-Printed Metal Tensile Coupons And Cyclic Loading, Farid Ahmed, Md Shahriar Forhad, Mahmudul Hasan Porag
Spectral Behavior Of Fiber Bragg Gratings During Embedding In 3d-Printed Metal Tensile Coupons And Cyclic Loading, Farid Ahmed, Md Shahriar Forhad, Mahmudul Hasan Porag
Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering Faculty Publications
Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the spatially configurable 3D integration of sensors in metal components to realize smart materials and structures. Outstanding sensing capabilities and size compatibility have made fiber optic sensors excellent candidates for integration in AM components. In this study, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were embedded in Inconel 718 tensile coupons printed using laser powder bed fusion AM. On-axis (fiber runs through the coupon’s center of axis) and off-axis (fiber is at 5° and 10° to the coupon’s center of axis) sensors were buried in epoxy resin inside narrow channels that run through the coupons. FBGs’ spectral evolutions …
Comparing Life-Cycle Dynamics Of Li-Ion Batteries (Libs) Clustered By Operating Conditions With Sindy, Kristen L. Hallas, Md Shahriar Forhad, Tamer Oraby, Benjamin Peters, Jianzhi Li
Comparing Life-Cycle Dynamics Of Li-Ion Batteries (Libs) Clustered By Operating Conditions With Sindy, Kristen L. Hallas, Md Shahriar Forhad, Tamer Oraby, Benjamin Peters, Jianzhi Li
Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering Faculty Publications
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a big part in the vision of a net-zero emission economy, yet it is commonly reported that only a small percentage of LIBs are recycled worldwide. An outstanding barrier to making recycling LIBs economical throughout the supply chain pertains to the uncertainty surrounding their remaining useful life (RUL). How do operating conditions impact initial useful life of the battery? We applied sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics method (SINDy) to understand the life-cycle dynamics of LIBs with respect to sensor data observed for current, voltage, internal resistance and temperature. A dataset of 124 commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite …
Using Sustainable Technique To Recycle Waste Paper In Academic Institutions, Mustafa M. Mansour
Using Sustainable Technique To Recycle Waste Paper In Academic Institutions, Mustafa M. Mansour
Al-Bahir
It has been clearly demonstrated that it would be feasible to consider recycling paper in an academic institution. This can be achieved through combining specific waste paper baskets, a pulping machine and power supplied by a renewable energy source, with an already established local paper making company. The paper making company would be able to gain a subsidy from the government which pays them to actually recycle paper, to counteract the cost of the pulped paper which is 30% more expensive than raw wood pulp. The academic institution would save money on waste disposal and decrease its carbon footprint by …
Smart Manufacturing For Cal Poly's Ime Curriculum, Grace L. Guarraia, Eric F. Ledesma
Smart Manufacturing For Cal Poly's Ime Curriculum, Grace L. Guarraia, Eric F. Ledesma
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) takes pride of supporting one of the nation’s strongest undergraduate Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering programs. However, as industry evolves to accommodate advancing computing power, improved manufacturing algorithms, and improved robotics, it is imperative that Cal Poly’s curriculum evolves in parallel. Smart manufacturing is the future of the manufacturing industry, and Cal Poly is searching for the ideal method to teach and integrate Smart Manufacturing into its classes. With its upcoming switch to the semester system, coupled with its “Learn by Doing” motto, the department is at an ideal period for the …
Barcode Medication Administration (Bmca): 2023-24, Krishan R. Patel, Carlos E. Sosa, Mary Grace Sy
Barcode Medication Administration (Bmca): 2023-24, Krishan R. Patel, Carlos E. Sosa, Mary Grace Sy
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
The Barcode Medication Administration is an important system implemented within a hospital. It is the process in which nurses and other healthcare professionals prescribe and distribute medication to the patients. It aids in organizing which patient got prescribed which medication from which doctor and provides records on who was given care by who. The whole BCMA system is a multi-step process from getting the medication prescribed, to the nurses having to pick up the medication from the medication cabinet, and then having to scan the patient and the medication to finally administer medications.
The current BCMA system implemented at the …
Effective And Sustainable Strategies For Federally Qualified Health Centers To Engage Young Adults, Olivia Mcnulty
Effective And Sustainable Strategies For Federally Qualified Health Centers To Engage Young Adults, Olivia Mcnulty
Master's Theses
Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are instrumental in providing top tier healthcare and other resources to underserved populations. Whether they administer services in house or refer patients to other providers, FQHCs aim to provide comprehensive primary and preventative care services to people of all ages. They offer a range of services, from doctor and dental appointments to mental health and substance abuse counseling, regardless of a patient’s insurance status. To receive funding, FQHCs must follow the regulations and quality standards set forth by groups like the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and the Health Resources and Services …
Strawberry Nectar Preservation Through Innovative Techniques And Energy Evaluation For High-Pressure Processing, Caterina Scaioli
Strawberry Nectar Preservation Through Innovative Techniques And Energy Evaluation For High-Pressure Processing, Caterina Scaioli
Theses
Strawberries are universally adored by people of all ages, owing to their richness in vitamins, nutrients, and antioxidants, offering myriad health benefits, including combating free radicals. However, despite their popularity, strawberry juices or nectars are not commonly found in markets due to their delicate structure, which makes them prone to rapid deterioration of their prized qualities and vibrant red color. In the food industry, preventing browning and nutrient deterioration are often the primary challenges faced when processing red juices. Traditional preservation methods, such as pasteurization, are inadequate in maintaining their freshness. The focus of this study is to explore alternative …
Optimal Planning And Design Of Operations And Maintenance Systems For Offshore Wind Farms, Md Imran Hasan Tusar
Optimal Planning And Design Of Operations And Maintenance Systems For Offshore Wind Farms, Md Imran Hasan Tusar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Feasible and sustainable sources of power are a critical issue nowadays. Offshore wind farms (OWF) can be a solution to power generation problems, but it is relatively more expensive— their installation cost is more than twice of their comparable size onshore counterparts. The cost that matters most is the operations and maintenance (O&M) cost. Expensive and sophisticated transfer vehicles and highly skilled technicians are needed to conduct O&M activities, resulting in a remarkably higher O&M cost for an offshore wind farm project. Offshore wind turbines can capture more wind than onshore turbines because of their larger structure and location in …
Evaluating The Health Benefits And Cost-Effectiveness Of Dental Sealant Reapplication Among Children And Adolescents, Pritam Deb, Jayden Ayash, Christina Scherrer
Evaluating The Health Benefits And Cost-Effectiveness Of Dental Sealant Reapplication Among Children And Adolescents, Pritam Deb, Jayden Ayash, Christina Scherrer
Symposium of Student Scholars
Dental caries, commonly known as cavities, persist as a prevalent chronic disease among children. Dental sealants, which are transparent coatings applied to the molars, have been proven to prevent over 80% of caries in these teeth. However, the effectiveness of sealants diminishes over time, primarily due to their potential to detach shortly after application due to inadequate bonding, or else gradually over time. Notably, dental insurance coverage for resealing teeth after the initial sealant has been lost varies widely, with many policies only covering the cost of the initial application. This study employs a Markov model-based discrete event simulation to …
Study On Human Integrity Management System Maturity Level For Supporting Asset Integrity And Process Safety Implementation, Anggiat M. Sihotang, Dedi Priadi, D. Rizal Asral
Study On Human Integrity Management System Maturity Level For Supporting Asset Integrity And Process Safety Implementation, Anggiat M. Sihotang, Dedi Priadi, D. Rizal Asral
Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings
The human factors (HF) are recognized as one of critical process safety barriers involved in normal and abnormal conditions in the oil and gas industry. In order to strengthen the HF roles as barriers we need to ensure that the actions generated are based on a valid risk assessment of the operation to be addressed by a relevant human factor analysis. Organizations within the oil and gas process have made much progress in understanding and implementing HF improvement programs. However, organizations are not always clear about what are their current situations in managing HF, their priorities for HF to be …