Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

Sustainable Paving Block Development: Utilizing Rejected Coal As Filler And Assessing Its Impact On Paving Block’S Properties, Siti Nikmatin, Allen Kurniawan, Heriansyah Putra, Rima Fitria Adiati, Riawan Ma’Ruf, Dwi Arso Yedi Irwanto

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

This study investigated the potential use of rejected coal as a fine aggregate filler in paving block production. Comprehensive characterization of the rejected coal was conducted, including toxicity, physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses of the coal. The results showed that the rejected coal met environmental safety standards (TCLP) and had suitable properties as an aggregate. Paving blocks were produced by incorporating different proportions of rejected coal fillers and were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, and density. The optimal mix with 35% rejected coal filler as a replacement of stone ash achieved a compressive strength of 14.61 MPa, water absorption …

Numerical Comparative Study Of The Thermal Performance And Load-Bearing Capacity Of Hollow Clay Bricks Used In Construction In Libya, Osama Lawej, Mahmoud Ahmed, Ismael Ehtiwesh

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The optimization of structural and thermal performance in building components is a key challenge in sustainable construction, particularly in hot climate regions like Libya. Hollow clay bricks are widely used due to their local availability and affordability; however, their internal geometry is often not optimized for thermal resistance or mechanical integrity. This study addresses this gap by numerically investigating the effect of cavity geometry on the load-bearing capacity and thermal insulation performance of hollow clay bricks. Three configurations were analyzed, including two commercial designs from the Libyan market and a newly proposed arched cavity design. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations …

Developing A Modular Circular Wall Over-Clad System For Facade Thermal Upgrade In Deep Energy Retrofit, Patrick Daly

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The EU has implemented several policy and legislative initiatives aimed at decarbonisation and circularity transition of the Built Environment including a strategy for large scale renovation of the building / housing stock. Modularised construction solutions are argued to be a potential acceleration pathway toward this objective. Yet there remains issues and challenges in implementing such strategies in a complex and heterogeneous stock and sector. This research investigates this decarbonisation pathway, examining the feasibility and potential of applying a modularised construction over-clad system, based on advanced circularity, in the deep energy retrofit of social housing. The research is based on a …

Effect Of Gelam Wood And Rice Husk Composition With Molding Pressure On The Combustion Performance Of Biopellets, Rachmat Subagyo, Rudi Siswanto, Ma’Ruf Ma’Ruf, Mastiadi Tamjidillah, Abdul Ghofur, Femiana Gapsari, M. Zainul Rusdi, Azie Aprianto, Wardoyo Wardoyo, Naila Salsabila

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

This study investigates the effects of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron) and rice husk composition in biopellet production, focusing on compaction pressures of 60, 80, and 100 kg/cm². Five biomass ratios (G100–RH0, G80–RH20, G60–RH40, G50–RH50, G0–RH100) were tested for moisture, ash, fixed carbon, volatile matter, calorific value, ignition time, burning rate, and combustion temperature. Results showed that moisture content ranged from 0.98% (G0–RH100, 60 kg/cm²) to 12.28% (G100–RH0, 80 kg/cm²), while ash content varied between 2.47% (G100–RH0, 60 kg/cm²) and 20.93% (G0–RH100, 80 kg/cm²). The highest calorific value reached 3968 cal/g (G100–RH0, 60–80 kg/cm²), though below the SNI 8675:2018 minimum of …

Tensile Creep Of A Hybrid Polymer-Matrix/Ceramic-Matrix Composite At Elevated Temperature, Waleed S. Alshehri

Theses and Dissertations

Advanced aerospace systems require structural materials that can perform reliably in high-temperature environments for long durations. The performance of standard polymer matrix composites (PMCs) in these conditions is often limited by their susceptibility to time-dependent deformation, such as creep. The objective of this research is to characterize the high-temperature creep behavior of a novel unitized material system comprising a polymer matrix composite (PMC) and a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) co-cured together. The PMC part consists of the polyimide matrix reinforced with laminated carbon fibers woven in an eight harness satin weave (8HSW). The CMC part consists of a zirconia-based ceramic …

A Green Concrete Mixture Using Rice Husk As Partially Cement Replacement, Khloud Khalid Eldamshiry, Zeina Salama, Amany Micheal, Rania Rushdy Moussa, Ayatallah Raafat

Architectural Engineering

Egypt's agricultural waste production has increased significantly in recent decades, leading to improper disposal methods and environmental pollution. Rice husks are the most common agricultural solid waste in Egypt, contributing to "black clouds" and causing health issues. On the other hand, Cement, a crucial component of construction materials, generates unsound residues and greenhouse gas emissions. Green concrete with rice husks could be a profitable solution for environmentally sound construction, reducing cement consumption and increasing the durability and integrity of new materials. This study investigates the use untreated rice husk fibres with a concrete mixture, avoiding burning and contributing to environmental …

Superhydrophilic Porous Coooh Nano-Architecture With Abundant Oxygen Vacancies For Enhanced Urea Electrooxidation At Ampere-Level Current Densities, Wen-Jing Lv, Xiao-Man Tang, Xue-Tong Wang, Wen-Cai Liu, Jian-Wen Zhu, Guo-Jing Wang, Yuan-Zhi Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The conversion of urea-containing wastewater into clean hydrogen energy has gained increasing attention. However, challenges remain, particularly with sluggish catalytic kinetics and limited long-term stability of urea oxidation reaction (UOR). Herein, we report the loosely porous CoOOH nano-architecture (CoOOH LPNAs) with hydrophilic surface and abundant oxygen vacancies (O_v) on carbon fiber paper (CFP) by electrochemical reconstruction of the CoP nanoneedles precursor. The resulting three-dimensional electrode exhibited an impressively low potential of 1.38 V at 1000 mA·cm⁻² and excellent durability for UOR. Furthermore, when tested in an anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer, it required only 1.53 V at …

Structure Regulation Engineering For Biomass-Derived Carbon Anodes Enabling High-Rate Dual-Ion Batteries, Rui Zhou, Rui Liu, Yun-Nuo Li, Si-Jie Jiang, Tian-Tian Jing, Yan-Song Xu, Fei-Fei Cao

Journal of Electrochemistry

Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes, showing advantages in high operating voltage, potential low cost, and environmental friendliness. Different from conventional “rocking chair” type secondary batteries, DIBs perform a unique working mechanism, which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode, respectively, during electrochemical reactions. Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages (> 4.8 V) with fast reaction kinetics. However, the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li^{+ …}

Design And Optimization Of Anode Catalysts For Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells: Advances And Challenges In C-C Bond Activation And Selective Modulation Of The C1 Pathway, Kai-Chi Qin, Meng-Tian Huo, Yu Liang, Si-Yuan Zhu, Zi-Hao Xing, Jin-Fa Chang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are a promising alternative to conventional energy sources, offering high energy density, environmental sustainability, and operational safety. Compared to methanol fuel cells, DEFCs exhibit lower toxicity and a more mature preparation process. Unlike hydrogen fuel cells, DEFCs provide superior storage and transport feasibility, as well as cost-effectiveness, significantly enhancing their commercial viability. However, the stable C–C bond in ethanol creates a high activation energy barrier, often resulting in incomplete electrooxidation. Current commercial platinum (Pt)- and palladium (Pd)-based catalysts demonstrate low C–C bond cleavage efficiency (

Effect Of Saccharin On Crystallization Behavior Of Electroless Cobalt Plating, Yu-Xin Luo, Jing-Jing Wang, Lu Wang, Zi-Yi Yan, Yi Ma, Xin Bo, Jing-Shuang Dang, Zeng-Lin Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

In the process of electroless cobalt plating, the saccharin additive can significantly change the surface morphology, texture orientation, and conductivity of the cobalt coating layer. When the amount of saccharin was 3 mg·L^–1, the cobalt coating transformed from disordered large grains to a honeycomb structure, with a preferred orientation of (002) facet on hexagonal close-packed (HCP) cobalt crystals. The resistivity of the cobalt film decreased to 14.4 μΩ·cm, and further decreased to 10.7 μΩ·cm after the annealing treatment. When the concentration of saccharin was increased, the grain size was gradually refined and a “stone forest” structure was observed, …

Ceramic Waste As Sustainable Material In Self-Compacting Concrete: Experimental Study And Ann Predictive Modeling, Abderrezak Bouziane, Houssam Slimanou, Mohamed Amin Bouzidi, Nedjima Bouzidi

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

Recycling of ceramic waste in the construction sector is a promising option for reducing the environmental impacts of the concrete industry. The main objective of this study is the elaboration of a solid predictive model for ceramic waste based self-compacting (SCC) concrete properties, using artificial neural networks (ANN). This further, reduces its environmental impact without compromising satisfactory performance. An experimental approach was adopted with different substitution ratios: 0 to 30 wt% and particle sizes ranging from 3-8 mm and 8-15 mm. Tested properties of modified SCC as compressive strength at 7 and 28 days (fc7, fc28), spread (L), sieve stability …

Comparative Study On The Performance Of Ggbs, Uggbs, And Rha-Incorporated Cement Mortar Mixes, Devansh Goel, Sudarshan D. Kore

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The environmental footprint of cement production has accelerated the pursuit of sustainable alternatives in the construction industry. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), particularly those derived from industrial and agricultural waste, offer a promising approach to reducing cement consumption while maintaining performance. This study evaluates the fresh and mechanical behavior of binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious mortar blends incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), ultrafine GGBS (UGGBS), and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacements for cement. A total of 32 mortar mixes were designed with water-to-binder (w/b) ratios ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 and varied replacement levels of RHA (0-20%), GGBS …

Functional Biopolymers Applied To Sustainable Technologies In The Environment And Healthcare, Fengjie He

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Biodegradable polymeric materials (biopolymers) are naturally derived materials known for their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, and versatile chemical functionality. They have attracted increasing attention in various applications as alternative to synthetic materials ranging from food packaging to tissue engineering. Meanwhile, with intrinsic advantages, biopolymers have also emerged as promising materials in addressing contemporary challenges in both biomedical and environmental fields. Motivated by the significant potential of biopolymers and the growing need for sustainable materials, my research focuses on the design and engineering of biodegradable polymers with novel modification methods and application directions. In this work, two representative biopolymers are selected: …

Bio-Inspired Electroactive Polymer (Eap) Sensors For Surface And Canal Flow Sensing In Dynamic Environments, Nazanin Minaian

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Nature can often create some of the most efficient and elegant solutions to complex problems, and engineering stands to benefit greatly from these time-tested designs. One of the more sophisticated examples of this is the lateral line system in fish: a distributed network of superficial and canal neuromasts that enables aquatic species to detect fluid disturbances with remarkable precision. This dissertation leverages that biological framework to explore the potential of electroactive polymers (EAPs), aiming not just to replicate structure, but to emulate function.Two classes of EAPs form the basis of this work: electroactive plasticized polymer gels (EPPGs) and ionic polymer-metal …

Development Of Construction Materials With Natural Fibers And Flax Shives For Green Eco-Friendly Buildings. Mrs Advances (2025), Iman El-Mahallawi, Lamiaa Mohamed, Rania El‑Shorbagy, Mahmoud Tash, Aliaa Abdelfatah

Mechanical Engineering

Sustainability-oriented solutions are essential to address the depletion of natural resources, solid waste accumulation, and high CO2 emissions in the construction industry. This research focuses on the development of environmentally friendly green bricks by replacing high-carbon-footprint constituents with local, natural materials. Specifically, flax shives, a natural agricultural by-product, and marble powder, an industrial waste, were used as partial substitutes in the binder matrix. The natural fibers not only promote sustainability but also enhance insulation and reduce the environmental burden. The bricks were molded into rectangular specimens (60 × 100 × 200 mm) and tested for thermal conductivity, moisture absorption, and …

Shape Memory Behavior In Medium To High Entropy Shape Memory Alloys: Design, Prediction, And Experimental Analysis, Hatim Raji

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation provides a data-driven system integrating synthetic data generation and machine learning (ML) techniques to create multicomponent SMA compositions with specific transformation temperatures (TTs). Models were trained to represent the nonlinear dependencies influencing martensitic transformation behavior by using elemental, thermodynamic, and process-related aspects. The capacity of the ML models on medium entropy NiTiHfPd and high entropy NiTiHfZrCu systems accuracy was confirmed by experimental validation showing TTs closely matched with model outputs.

Advancing Multi-Physics Modeling For Microwave Heating: Application In Micro-Reactor Design And Optimization, Raghav Adhikari

All Theses

Microreactors are a type of small-scale chemical reactors for achieving reduced volume, improved product selectivity and higher reaction rate. It allows precise temperature control, which is crucial for sensitive chemical processes. Microreactors can be employed as key components of conducting small-scale reactions with improved reactor configuration and process efficiency. It is important to identify a localized and precise heating mechanism to trigger and control the corresponding chemical reactions.

In fact, microwave heating has gathered significant attention in recent years due to its ability to deliver efficient, rapid, and localized heating, which can accelerate reaction rates and enhances the reaction selectivity. …

Optimizing Aluminium 6061 Turning Using Kesambi Oil-Based Cutting Fluid And Response Surface Methodology To Reduce Surface Roughness, Ari Wahjudi, Raihan Baihaki, Khairul Anam

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

This study investigates the viability of Kesambi oil (Schleichera oleosa) as an environmentally sustainable, bio-based cutting fluid to reduce surface roughness during the turning of Aluminium 6061. The study employs Response Surface Methodology in conjunction with a Central Composite Design to identify the optimal parameter combination. These methods were used to optimize two primary variables, including the composition of Kesambi oil and the depth of cut during machining. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester, and a comprehensive quadratic regression equation was analyzed to elucidate its characteristics. The best configuration, comprising 19.57% Kesambi oil and a cutting depth …

Finite Element Analysis Of The Construction Strength Of Semi-Submarine Glass-Bottom Catamaran, Berliana Ayarent Puteri, Aldias Bahatmaka, Widya Aryadi, Musdika Bagas Satria Putrananda, Christian Imanuel Hutagalung

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Indonesia's extraordinary marine tourism potential requires innovation in how to enjoy it. This study discusses the innovative design of a semi-submarine glass-bottom ship for the development of marine tourism in Indonesia, which allows tourists to enjoy the beauty of the underwater world safely and comfortably. This catamaran is designed with two hulls that provide high stability and optimal deck area for tourism needs. The study focuses on analyzing the ship's frame structure using the finite element analysis method, especially on using sandwich panels that combine wood and carbon fiber materials to achieve the optimal combination of structural strength, weight, and …

Steam Supply Evaluation For Carbon Capture And Storage In A Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Plant, Veri Hendrayawan, Anggit Raksajati, Sanggono Adisasmito, Firman Bagja Juangsa

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

The aim of this study is to analyze the implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in coal-fired power plants (CFPP) in Indonesia by determining the reboiler energy demand through steam source analysis. The study uses a representative 3×330 MW subcritical coal-fired power plant (CFPP), with an emission intensity of 1.02 tCO₂/MWh and flue gas CO₂ concentration of 13.8%. CCS modeling shows the reboiler requires about 2.9×10⁹ kJ/h energy, supplied by steam extracted from the plant’s steam cycle. A steam cycle model was developed to evaluate the impact of steam extraction. Potential tapping points analyzed include main steam, cold reheat, …

Harnessing The Role Of Carbon Black: A New Frontier For Energy-Density Supercapacitor Electrodes, Ana Yuli Komariyah, Ishmah Luthfiyah, Ida Vaeruza Albadi’Ah, Nasikhudin Nasikhudin, Worawat Meevasana, Markus Diantoro

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

The performance of activated carbon (AC)-based supercapacitor electrodes is often limited by poor electrical conductivity, prompting interest in conductive additives such as carbon black (CB). This study explores the transformative potential of CB as a conductive additive in AC-based supercapacitor electrodes and systematically investigates CB mass loadings of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, using styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as the binder. The findings in this study demonstrate that 10% CB is the optimal loading, offering a balanced performance in terms of structure, morphology, and capacitance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals a distinct structural evolution at 10% CB, characterized by the …

Surface Analysis Of Bacterial Cellulose Membrane Made From Biowaste Added With Zno Nanopowder, Naufal Rizky Amasda, Heru Suryanto, Uun Yanuhar, Aminnudin Aminnudin, Fajar Nusantara, Quota Alief Sias

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Utilization of pineapple biowaste is important to increase the value added to biowaste and solve the environmental problem. So, the study objective is to synthesize membranes of bacterial cellulose made from pineapple biowaste and characterize the surface morphology and porosity of the membrane after being added with ZnO nanopowder. The study starts with extracting biowaste as a bacterial cellulose culture medium for the fermentation process. The obtained pellicle was crushed and homogenized with the added ZnO nanopowder in the presence of ultrasonic waves. The membrane is dried in the oven. The membrane morphology was monitored using scanning electron microscope and …

Simulation Of Magnet Thickness And Angle Of Attack On Magnetic Force For Magnetic Turbine Design, Eka Pratama, Wirawan Wirawan

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Electric motors play a vital role across various industries. As their electricity demand grows, improving efficiency has become a priority. One area of innovation involves the use of magnetic strips for improving performance. This study aims to determine the magnet thickness and the angle of attack position in producing the strongest repulsive force in the magnetic turbine. The study used a simulation using SOLIDWORKS and EMS software, applying neodymium N52 magnets with varying sizes and angles of attack. The results indicate that the most efficient magnetic turbine configuration utilizes rotor and stator magnets with dimensions of Ø10 × 20 mm …

Development Of Power Management On Unmanned Surface Vehicles To Measure Battery Voltage And Power, Diana Alia, Henna Nurdiansari, Akhmad Kasan Gupron, Amelia Greacy Talenta Siregar

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

This research focuses on designing an electrical system for unmanned surface vehicles (USV) to ensure optimal performance during survey operations. This USV ship is a catamaran-type ship with a Sonar Deeper depth sensor to know the depth of the water and is equipped with long range (LoRa) as a data transmitter. The USV electrical system design incorporates the use of a 4050 mAh 11.1 V LiPo battery and an iMAX B6AC charger, with evaluations covering battery charging, power consumption, and voltage stability. The trials showed that the battery supported the operation of the USV for approximately 47.8 minutes at a …

Utilization Of Biomass From Kerai Payung Trees And Waste Paper Through Pyrolysis Technology To Support The Zero-Waste Concept, Anggita Putri Indadari, Nurfa Anisa, Asih Budi Santoso

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Wisnuwardhana University is a private institution with a green campus environment surrounded by Kerai Payung trees. This environment produces organic waste from trees and inorganic waste such as used paper from campus activities. This study aims to achieve zero-waste processing by using pyrolysis technology to process campus waste, ensuring minimal residue. The experimental method involves comparing waste processing outcomes between conventional combustion and pyrolysis, the data was analyzed by comparing the results of pyrolysis with conventional combustion. The results of biochar from the pyrolysis process of used paper, Kerai Payung leaves, and nagging Kerai Payung tree are 76 g, 250 …

Dynamic Analysis And Fatigue Life Evaluation Of Single Herringbone Planetary Gear System With Crack Fault, Dongping Sheng, Jie Yang, Chun Su

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

The herringbone planetary gear transmission is widely used due to its exquisite compact structure, excellent load-bearing capacity, and stable transmission characteristics. However, root crack is one of the most common failure modes of gears. A cracked herringbone planetary gear system is taken as research object. The sun gear with crack fault is studied from the aspect of modal and transient dynamic analysis, and the related results are compared with the healthy gear. Based on the transient dynamic analysis of the herringbone teeth with cracks, a fatigue life evaluation is conducted. Firstly, the results show that no significant difference between the …

Investigation Of The Influence Of Warhead Shape And Type Of Missile Weapon Material Counter-Training Tank Weapons Simulation Approach, Transisma Budiarta, Haris Puspito Buwono, Radhi Nurvian Amrullah

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

This study analyzes the effect of warhead shape and material variations on pressure, temperature, and lift on training missiles using CAD-based simulation methods. The variations of warhead shapes tested include flat, flat radius, and tapered, while the materials used are rubber, ABS, and PE. The simulation results show that the tapered warhead shape with PE material produces the lowest pressure (50.3 MPa) due to more efficient pressure release and low friction properties. Conversely, the Flat shape produces the highest pressure (69.1 MPa) on all materials due to flow stagnation. In terms of temperature, the Flat Radius warhead with PE and …

Investigation Of Drag Force And Downforce On Two Racing Motorcycles In Slipstream Conditions, Muhamad Hanifudin, Gaguk Jatisukamto, Mahros Darsin, Muh. Nurkoyim Kustanto, Azmi Saleh, Suprihadi Prasetyono, Catur Suko Sarwono

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

The performance of modern racing motorcycles is greatly influenced by their aerodynamics. Slipstreaming occurs during a race when a rider closely follows another, especially on a straight track. The effect can reduce aerodynamic drag and increase the overall speed of the rider behind. This study investigates the aerodynamic effects of slipstreaming on a racing motorcycle using computational fluid dynamics. This study also considers its effect on both drag force and downforce, which affects motorcycle stability. A 3D CAD model of a racing motorcycle and a rider in a crouching position was used as the object of research. CFD simulations were …

Characterization Of Curcumin As A Coating Material For Polymer-Free Stents Interms Of Morphology And Release, Ameliyana R.S.P.A. Yani, Muhammad Kusumawan Herliansyah

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

The use of bare metal stents over the long term often leads to the re-narrowing of blood vessels, prompting a shift to drug-eluting stents (DES). However, the use of polymers in DES has been known to trigger inflammation and thrombosis in the arteries. As an alternative, polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) have emerged as a safer option. In this study, curcumin was selected as the primary coating material for PFDES using the electrophoretic deposition method. The effects of varying curcumin concentrations (125 µg/ml, 250 µg/ml, and 500 µg/ml) were examined to understand their impact on deposition morphology, coating weight, chemical bonding …

Influence Of Different Nanoparticles On Thermophysical Properties And Wear Resistance Of Corn Oil-Based Cutting Fluid In Mql-Cnc Milling Machining, M Nuril Anwar Habiby, Poppy Puspitasari, Aminnudin Aminnudin, Diki Dwi Pramono, Ahmad Atif Fikri, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Vegetable oil-based cutting fluids have emerged as a promising innovation in machining operations, supporting the advancement of sustainable and eco-friendly manufacturing practices. This study delves into the development of a biolubricant derived from corn oil, enriched with 0.15% mass fractions of various nanoparticles, including calcium carbonate (CaCO3), copper oxide (CuO), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). These nano-cutting fluids were applied through the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method during CNC milling of AISI 1045 steel. The investigation focused on evaluating thermophysical properties, including density, thermal conductivity, and dynamic viscosity, as well as tool wear performance. The results demonstrated that CuO nanoparticles …