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Articles 181 - 210 of 454
Full-Text Articles in Signal Processing
Stochastic Feature Selection With Distributed Feature Spacing For Hyperspectral Data, Jeffrey D. Clark, Michael J. Mendenhall, Gilbert L. Peterson
Stochastic Feature Selection With Distributed Feature Spacing For Hyperspectral Data, Jeffrey D. Clark, Michael J. Mendenhall, Gilbert L. Peterson
Faculty Publications
Feature subset selection is a well studied problem in machine learning. One short-coming of many methods is the selection of highly correlated features; a characteristic of hyperspectral data. A novel stochastic feature selection method with three major components is presented. First, we present an optimized feature selection method that maximizes a heuristic using a simulated annealing search which increases the chance of avoiding locally optimum solutions. Second, we exploit local cross correlation pair-wise amongst classes of interest to select suitable features for class discrimination. Third, we adopt the concept of distributed spacing from the multi-objective optimization community to distribute features …
A Locally Adaptable Iterative Rx Detector, Yuri P. Taitano, Brian G. Geier, Kenneth W. Bauer
A Locally Adaptable Iterative Rx Detector, Yuri P. Taitano, Brian G. Geier, Kenneth W. Bauer
Faculty Publications
We present an unsupervised anomaly detection method for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) based on data characteristics inherit in HSI. A locally adaptive technique of iteratively refining the well-known RX detector (LAIRX) is developed. The technique is motivated by the need for better first- and second-order statistic estimation via avoidance of anomaly presence. Overall, experiments show favorable Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves when compared to a global anomaly detector based upon the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) algorithm, the conventional RX detector, and decomposed versions of the LAIRX detector. Furthermore, the utilization of parallel and distributed processing allows fast processing time making …
Pulse Shape Correlation For Laser Detection And Ranging (Ladar), Brian T. Deas
Pulse Shape Correlation For Laser Detection And Ranging (Ladar), Brian T. Deas
Theses and Dissertations
Radar systems provide an important remote sensing capability, and are crucial to the layered sensing vision; a concept of operation that aims to apply the right number of the right types of sensors, in the right places, at the right times for superior battle space situational awareness. The layered sensing vision poses a range of technical challenges, including radar, that are yet to be addressed. To address the radar-specific design challenges, the research community responded with waveform diversity; a relatively new field of study which aims reduce the cost of remote sensing while improving performance. Early work suggests that the …
Development And Evaluation Of A Multistatic Ultrawideband Random Noise Radar, Matthew E. Nelms
Development And Evaluation Of A Multistatic Ultrawideband Random Noise Radar, Matthew E. Nelms
Theses and Dissertations
This research studies the AFIT noise network (NoNET) radar node design and the feasibility in processing the bistatic channel information of a cluster of widely distributed noise radar nodes. A system characterization is used to predict theoretical localization performance metrics. Design and integration of a distributed and central signal and data processing architecture enables the Matlab®-driven signal data acquisition, digital processing and multi-sensor image fusion. Experimental evaluation of the monostatic localization performance reveals its range measurement error standard deviation is 4.8 cm with a range resolution of 87.2(±5.9) cm. The 16-channel multistatic solution results in a 2-dimensional localization error of …
Spectrally-Temporally Adapted Spectrally Modulated Spectrally Encoded (Smse) Waveform Design For Coexistent Cr-Based Sdr Applications, Eric C. Like
Theses and Dissertations
This work expands the applicability of the Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded (SMSE) framework by developing a waveform optimization process that enables intelligent waveform design. The resultant waveforms are capable of adapting to a spectrally diverse transmission channel while meeting coexistent constraints. SMSE waveform design is investigated with respect to two different forms of coexisting signal constraints, including those based on resultant interference levels and those based on resultant power spectrum shape. As demonstrated, the SMSE framework is well-suited for waveform optimization given its ability to allow independent design of spectral parameters. This utility is greatly enhanced when soft decision selection …
Effects Of Channel Mismatches On Beamforming And Signal Detection, Christopher I. Allen
Effects Of Channel Mismatches On Beamforming And Signal Detection, Christopher I. Allen
Theses and Dissertations
Tuner gain measurements of a multichannel receiver are reported. A linear regression model is used to characterize the gain, as a function of channel number, tuner set-on frequency, and intermediate frequency. Residual errors of this model are characterized by a t distribution. Very strong autocorrelation of tuner gain at various frequencies is noted. Tuner performance from one channel to the next is diverse; several defects at specific frequencies are noted. The Wilcoxon signed rank test is used to test normality of tuner gain among devices; normality is rejected. Antenna directivity and phase pattern measurements are also reported. An antenna element …
An Approach To Large Scale Radar-Based Modeling And Simulation, Lester C. Long Iv
An Approach To Large Scale Radar-Based Modeling And Simulation, Lester C. Long Iv
Theses and Dissertations
This research presents a method of aggregating, or reducing the resolution, of a commonly available Department of Defense (DoD) simulation. It addresses the differences between varying levels of resolution and scope used in the DoD’s hierarchy of models pyramid. A data representation that aggregates engagement-level simulation data to use at a lower resolution level, the mission-level, is presented and analyzed. Two formats of implementing this data representation are developed and compared: the rigid cylinder format and the expanding tables format. The rigid cylinder format provides an intuitive way to visualize the data and is used to develop the theory. The …
The Effect Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Resolution On Target Discrimination, John E. Mcgowan
The Effect Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Resolution On Target Discrimination, John E. Mcgowan
Theses and Dissertations
This research details the effect of spatial resolution on target discrimination in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Multiple SAR image chips containing targets and non-targets are used to test a baseline Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) system with reduced spatial resolution. Spatial resolution is reduced by lowering the pixel count or synthesizing a degraded image by filtering and reducing the pixel count. A two-parameter Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detector is tested, and three feature sets, size, contrast, and texture, are used to train a linear classifier and to estimate probability density functions for the two classes. The results are scored …
Aiding Gps With Additional Satellite Navigation Services, Yasin A. Mutlu
Aiding Gps With Additional Satellite Navigation Services, Yasin A. Mutlu
Theses and Dissertations
In modern warfare navigation services are very important. GPS is currently providing service for accurate navigation, except in some areas, especially urban areas, where GPS signals cannot always be tracked by users. In these cases some additional navigation support could be provided by other global navigation satellite systems. If GPS is combined with other navigation systems than the navigation gap will be minor. In this thesis, the effect of combining GPS with other satellite navigation systems, specifically GLONASS, Galileo and Compass, is evaluated in terms of availability and position dilution of precision (PDOP) values. First, satellite constellations are simulated in …
Design Of A Monocular Multi-Spectral Skin Detection, Melanin Estimation, And False-Alarm Suppression System, Keith R. Peskosky
Design Of A Monocular Multi-Spectral Skin Detection, Melanin Estimation, And False-Alarm Suppression System, Keith R. Peskosky
Theses and Dissertations
A real-time skin detection, false-alarm reduction, and melanin estimation system is designed targeting search and rescue (SAR) with application to special operations for manhunting and human measurement and signatures intelligence. A mathematical model of the system is developed and used to determine how the physical system performs under illumination, target-to-sensor distance, and target-type scenarios. This aspect is important to the SAR community to gain an understanding of the deployability in different operating environments. A multi-spectral approach is developed and consists of two short-wave infrared cameras and two visible cameras. Through an optical chain of lenses, custom designed and fabricated dichroic …
Digital Delay Device, Guna Seetharaman, Paul E. Kladitis
Digital Delay Device, Guna Seetharaman, Paul E. Kladitis
AFIT Patents
A digitally controlled optical delay apparatus providing optical signal delays electrically selectable in the picosecond to nanosecond range by way of selectable signal path lengths. Path lengths are incremented in physical length and path delay time according to digital ratios. The delay element includes micro-miniature path changing mirrors controlled in path length selecting positioning by input signals of logic level magnitude. Fiber optic coupling of signals to and from the delay element and a combination of fixed position and movable mirror included optical signal path lengths are included.
Phase Unwrapping In The Presence Of Strong Turbulence, Casey J. Pellizzari
Phase Unwrapping In The Presence Of Strong Turbulence, Casey J. Pellizzari
Theses and Dissertations
Phase unwrapping in the presence of branch points using a least-squares wave-front reconstructor requires the use of a Postprocessing Congruence Operation (PCO). Branch cuts in the unwrapped phase are altered by the addition of a constant parameter h to the rotational component when applying the PCO. Past research has shown that selecting a value of h which minimizes the proportion of irradiance in the pupil plane adjacent to branch cuts helps to maximize performance of adaptive-optics (AO) systems in strong turbulence. In continuation of this objective, this research focuses on optimizing the PCO while accounting for the cumulative effects of …
Signal Classification In Fading Channels Using Cyclic Spectral Analysis, Zhiqiang Wu, Eric C. Like, Vasu D. Chakravarthy, Paul Ratazzi
Signal Classification In Fading Channels Using Cyclic Spectral Analysis, Zhiqiang Wu, Eric C. Like, Vasu D. Chakravarthy, Paul Ratazzi
Student Publications
Cognitive Radio (CR), a hierarchical Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) model, has been considered as a strong candidate for future communication systems improving spectrum efficiency utilizing unused spectrum of opportunity. However, to ensure the effectiveness of dynamic spectrum access, accurate signal classification in fading channels at low signal to noise ratio is essential. In this paper, a hierarchical cyclostationary-based classifier is proposed to reliably identify the signal type of a wide range of unknown signals. The proposed system assumes no a priori knowledge of critical signal statistics such as carrier frequency, carrier phase, or symbol rate. The system is designed with …
Abstracting Gis Layers From Hyperspectral Imagery, Torsten E. Howard, Michael J. Mendenhall, Gilbert L. Peterson
Abstracting Gis Layers From Hyperspectral Imagery, Torsten E. Howard, Michael J. Mendenhall, Gilbert L. Peterson
Faculty Publications
The spectral-spatial relationship of materials in a hyperspectral image cube is exploited to partially automate the creation of Geographic Information System (GIS) layers. The topological neighborhood preservation property of the Self Organizing Map (SOM) is clustered into six (partially overlapping) neighborhoods that are mapped into the image domain to locate in-scene structures of similar material type. GIS layers are abstracted through spatial logical and morphological operations on the six image domain material maps and a novel road finding algorithm connects road segments under significant tree-occlusion resulting in a contiguous road network. It is assumed that specific knowledge of the scene …
Time Domain Equalizer Design Using Bit Error Rate Minimization For Uwb Systems, Syed Imtiaz Husain, Jinhong Yuan, Jian Zhang, Richard K. Martin
Time Domain Equalizer Design Using Bit Error Rate Minimization For Uwb Systems, Syed Imtiaz Husain, Jinhong Yuan, Jian Zhang, Richard K. Martin
Faculty Publications
Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems occupy huge bandwidths with very low power spectral densities. This feature makes the UWB channels highly rich in resolvable multipaths. To exploit the temporal diversity, the receiver is commonly implemented through a Rake. The aim to capture enough signal energy to maintain an acceptable output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) dictates a very complicated Rake structure with a large number of fingers. Channel shortening or time domain equalizer (TEQ) can simplify the Rake receiver design by reducing the number of significant taps in the effective channel. In this paper, we first derive the bit error rate (BER) of …
Frequency Diversity For Improving Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging, Jawad L. Farooq
Frequency Diversity For Improving Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging, Jawad L. Farooq
Theses and Dissertations
In this work, a novel theoretical framework is presented for using recent advances in frequency diversity arrays (FDAs). Unlike a conventional array, the FDA simultaneously transmits a unique frequency from each element in the array. As a result, special time and space properties of the radiation pattern are exploited to improve cross-range resolution. The idealized FDA radiation pattern is compared with and validated against a full-wave electromagnetic solver, and it is shown that the conventional array is a special case of the FDA. A new signal model, based on the FDA, is used to simulate SAR imagery of ideal point …
Application Of Time-Frequency Representation To Non-Stationary Radar Cross Section, John D. Mcshane
Application Of Time-Frequency Representation To Non-Stationary Radar Cross Section, John D. Mcshane
Theses and Dissertations
Radar Cross Section (RCS) imaging of a non-wide sense stationary signal poses significant problems in identifying scattering centers in the post processed radar- generated image. A non-wide sense stationary RCS is typically encountered when moving parts on the target impress a phase shift into the backscatter signal that is uncorrelated to the previous return pulse. When the Fourier transform of the phase shifted complex signal is taken, range and cross range information on scattering centers are misplaced. Time Frequency Representations (TFR) must be used to help locate these scattering centers so they can be properly treated to reduce the target’s …
Bit-Error-Rate-Minimizing Channel Shortening Using Post-Feq Diversity Combining And A Genetic Algorithm, Gokhan Altin
Bit-Error-Rate-Minimizing Channel Shortening Using Post-Feq Diversity Combining And A Genetic Algorithm, Gokhan Altin
Theses and Dissertations
In advanced wireline or wireless communication systems, i.e., DSL, IEEE 802.11a/g, HIPERLAN/2, etc., a cyclic prefix which is proportional to the channel impulse response is needed to append a multicarrier modulation (MCM) frame for operating the MCM accurately. This prefix is used to combat inter symbol interference (ISI). In some cases, the channel impulse response can be longer than the cyclic prefix (CP). One of the most useful techniques to mitigate this problem is reuse of a Channel Shortening Equalizer (CSE) as a linear preprocessor before the MCM receiver in order to shorten the effective channel length. Channel shortening filter …
Two Dimensional Scattering Analysis Of Data-Linked Support Strings For Bistatic Measurement Systems, William Keichel
Two Dimensional Scattering Analysis Of Data-Linked Support Strings For Bistatic Measurement Systems, William Keichel
Theses and Dissertations
Use of data-linked strings to support a bistatic antenna is being considered as a possible improvement to indoor bistatic radar cross section measurement systems. Analysis of candidate data-linked strings is required to understand the potential clutter contribution posed by such a system. The main objective of this research is to determine the scattering properties of four data-linked support string samples. An- other goal is to determine the material properties of the string material through nondestructive means if possible. The final goal is to model the samples as a single wire coated with a dielectric material and determine the validity of …
Full-Wave Based Validation Of Stripline Field Applicator For Low Frequency Material Measurements, James H. Crane Ii
Full-Wave Based Validation Of Stripline Field Applicator For Low Frequency Material Measurements, James H. Crane Ii
Theses and Dissertations
This research presents the analysis and verification of a stripline designed by Air Force Research Laboratory for use in measuring the electrical properties of materials at low frequencies and high temperature. It is designed to operate in the TEM mode up to 4 Ghz and have a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. A full wave base method is used to analyze the structure. The parallel plate waveguide dyadic Green's function is developed for a current immersed in a PEC parallel plate environment. It is used to formulate a pair of coupled electric field integral equations (CIE). These CIEs are solved …
Blind Deconvolution Through Polarization Diversity Of Long Exposure Imagery, Steven P. James
Blind Deconvolution Through Polarization Diversity Of Long Exposure Imagery, Steven P. James
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the algorithm developed in this thesis was to create a post processing method that could resolve objects at low signal levels using polarization diversity and no knowledge of the atmospheric seeing conditions. The process uses a two-channel system, one unpolarized image and one linearly polarized image, in a GEM algorithm to reconstruct the object. Previous work done by Strong showed that a two-channel system using polarization diversity on short exposure imagery could produce images up to twice the diffraction limit. In this research, long exposure images were simulated and a simple Kolmogorov model used. This allowed for …
Detecting Near-Earth Objects Using Cross-Correlation With A Point Spread Function, Anthony P. O'Dell
Detecting Near-Earth Objects Using Cross-Correlation With A Point Spread Function, Anthony P. O'Dell
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis describes a process to help discover Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) of larger than 140 meters in diameter from ground based telescopes. The process involves using Nyquist sampling rate to take data from a ground-based telescope and measuring the atmospheric seeing parameter, r0, at the time of data collection. r0 is then used to create a point spread function (PSF) for a NEO at the visual magnitude limit of the telescope and exposure time. This PSF is cross-correlated with the Nyquist sampling rate image from the telescope to reduce the noise and therefore increase the detection probability of …
Failure Detection Of A Pseudolite-Based Reference System Using Residual Monitoring, Michael A. Ciampa
Failure Detection Of A Pseudolite-Based Reference System Using Residual Monitoring, Michael A. Ciampa
Theses and Dissertations
The 746th TS uses a flight reference system referred to as the Central Inertial and GPS Test Facility (CIGTF) Reference System (CRS). Currently the CRS is the modern standard flight reference system for navigation testing, but high accuracy is dependent on the availability of GPS. A pseudolite system is currently being developed to augment the CRS and supply the capability to maintain high accuracy navigation under normal and jamming conditions. Pseudolite measurements typically contain cycle slips and other errors (such as multipath, tropospheric error, measurement noise) that can affect reliability. Past work relied on the receiver-reported signal-to-noise (SNR) value to …
Using Shadows To Detect Targets In Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Brian P. Donnell
Using Shadows To Detect Targets In Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Brian P. Donnell
Theses and Dissertations
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can generate high resolution imagery of re- mote scenes by combining the phase information of multiple radar pulses along a given path. SAR based Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) has the advantage over optical ISR that it can provide usable imagery in adverse weather or nighttime conditions. Certain radar frequencies can even result in foliage or limited soil penetration, enabling imagery to be created of objects of interest that would otherwise be hidden from optical surveillance systems. This thesis demonstrates the capability of locating stationary targets of interest based on the locations of their shadows and …
Fusion Of Inertial Sensors And Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (Ofdm) Signals Of Opportunity For Unassisted Navigation, Jason G. Crosby
Fusion Of Inertial Sensors And Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (Ofdm) Signals Of Opportunity For Unassisted Navigation, Jason G. Crosby
Theses and Dissertations
The advent of the global positioning system (GPS) has provided worldwide high-accuracy position measurements. However, GPS may be rendered unavailable by jamming, disruption of satellites, or simply by signal shadowing in urban environments. Thus, this thesis considers fusion of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) signals of opportunity (SOOP) for navigation. Typical signal of opportunity navigation involves the use of a reference receiver and uses time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements. However, by exploiting the block structure of OFDM communication signals, the need for the reference receiver is reduced or possibly removed entirely. This research uses …
Radar Imaging With A Network Of Digital Noise Radar Systems, Ashley L. Schmitt
Radar Imaging With A Network Of Digital Noise Radar Systems, Ashley L. Schmitt
Theses and Dissertations
Today's battlefield consists of a blend of humans and machines working together to locate and monitor the enemy. Due to the threat of terrorism, today's enemy can be anyone and they can exist anywhere even in populated cities. Monitoring human activities in an urban environment is a difficult problem due to walls, clutter, and other obstructions. This thesis focused on developing a network of digital noise radar sensors that could operate simultaneously to track humans and non-human targets inside rooms and through walls. The theory, application, and results are discussed throughout this thesis. A noise radar works by cross correlating …
Abstracting Gis Layers From Hyperspectral Imagery, Torsten E. Howard
Abstracting Gis Layers From Hyperspectral Imagery, Torsten E. Howard
Theses and Dissertations
Modern warfare methods in the urban environment necessitates the use of multiple layers of sensors to manage the battle space. Hyperspectral imagers are one possible sensor modality to provide remotely sensed images that can be converted into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers. GIS layers abstract knowledge of roads, buildings, and scene content and contain shape files that outline and highlight scene features. Creating shape files is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. The availability of shape files that reflect the current configuration of an area of interest significantly enhances Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB). The solution presented in this thesis …
Utilizing Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems) Micro-Shutter Designs For Adaptive Coded Aperture Imaging (Acai) Technologies, Mary M. Ledet
Utilizing Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems) Micro-Shutter Designs For Adaptive Coded Aperture Imaging (Acai) Technologies, Mary M. Ledet
Theses and Dissertations
The Air Force has long relied on surveillance for intelligence and strategic purposes. Most surveillance systems rely on a lensing system to acquire their images, most of which are in either the visible or infrared wavelengths. Because lensing systems can be expensive, obtrusive, or hard to maintain, researchers have designed adaptive coded aperture imaging (ACAI) as a replacement system. Coded aperture imaging (CAI) has been used in both the astronomical and medical communities for years due to its ability to image light at short wavelengths and thus replacing conventional lenses. Where CAI is limited, researchers have discovered that adaptive coded …
Evaluation Of Performance Of A Maximum Likelihood Estimator For Tracking Purposes In The Presence Of Speckle Noise, Adrian Brett Monz
Evaluation Of Performance Of A Maximum Likelihood Estimator For Tracking Purposes In The Presence Of Speckle Noise, Adrian Brett Monz
Theses and Dissertations
In many cases, optical tracking systems do not have cooperative beacons avail- able. This is particularly true for the case involving tracking a laser illuminated target such as a missile seeker head, where the object of interest is an extended source. Furthermore the extended source is often observed in the presence of noise such as shot and speckle noise as well as atmospheric turbulence which further degrades the signal. This research effort presents the evaluation of an existing algorithm based on the maximum-likelihood technique for tilt estimation in the presence of extended sources and speckle noise, with particular application to …
Subjective Audio Quality Over A Secure Ieee 802.11n Draft 2.0 Wireless Local Area Network, Benjamin W. Ramsey
Subjective Audio Quality Over A Secure Ieee 802.11n Draft 2.0 Wireless Local Area Network, Benjamin W. Ramsey
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the quality of audio generated by a G.711 codec and transmission over an IEEE 802.11n draft 2.0 wireless local area network (WLAN). Decline in audio quality due to additional calls or by securing the WLAN with transport mode Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is quantified. Audio quality over an IEEE 802.11n draft 2.0 WLAN is also compared to that of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g WLANs under the same conditions. Audio quality is evaluated by following International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Recommendation P.800, where human subjects rate audio clips recorded during various WLAN configurations. The Mean …