Hydraulic Engineering Commons^™

Assessment Of Equilibrium Scour By A Submerged Circular Turbulent Impinging Jet In Cohesive Soils, Mahmud Rashedul Amin, Kerry Mazurek

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

In this paper, results from a study where detailed measurements of the time development of the scour holes produced by a submerged circular vertical impinging jet in cohesive soils from long-term scour tests are presented. This type of jet is the one used in the ASTM standard Jet Erodiblity Test, which relies on measurements of the time development of scour for prediction of soil erodibility parameters. In the experiments, measurements of the entire scour hole were taken on a 2 mm grid using a computer-controlled laser displacement meter after scouring times of 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, …

Articulating Concrete Blocks: The Long And Winding Road, J. A. Nadeau

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

This paper will provide an overview of Articulating Concrete Blocks (ACB’s) from three perspectives: 1. the Manufacturer, 2. The Engineer and 3. The Researcher and how these independent entities interact with each other and the regulatory community to further the scientific understanding and use of ACB systems. ACB’s, since their development in the late 1970’s, represent a growing choice of design engineers in economically solving their critical erosion prevention problems as well as a variety of other non-hydraulic applications. Typical applications of ACB’s are found in protecting channels and canals, dam spillways and embankments, bridge piers and abutments, river bank …

Scouring Processes Downstream A Crossbar Block Ramp, M. Oertel, Daniel Bung

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Crossbar block ramps are hydraulic structures to conquer large river bottom steps via several pool-step-systems. Due to reduced velocities and increased flow depths, fish climb capability can be given. Several authors investigated crossbar block ramp variations to determine flow resistance, energy dissipation and bed stability features on the structure. But also the downstream end of the structure must be taken into account concerning scouring processes to guarantee the structure’s stability and to reduce damage during flood events. The present paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation program dealing with scouring processes downstream a crossbar block ramp. Influences by ramp slope, discharge …

Visual And Photogrammetric Observations Of An Internal Erosion Failure, T. L. Wahl, R. V. Rinehart, M. J. Klein, J. B. Rittgers

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

A 0.91-m (3-ft) high, homogeneous, silty clay embankment was tested to investigate erosion processes occurring during failure by internal erosion. The embankment was constructed in a 3.79-m (12.44-ft) wide test flume equipped with a clear acrylic viewing window at the abutment where failure was initiated. Failure was initiated at mid-height when an embedded 12-mm (½-inch) diameter rebar was removed from the embankment. The test lasted approximately 48 minutes, and during that time the erosion pipe enlarged dramatically. The test was stopped just before the collapse of the soil bridge over the enlarged pipe.

Erosion was visually monitored during the test …

Shear Stress Distribution Prediction In Circular Channels Using Tsallis Entropy, H. Bonakdari, Z. Sheikh Khozani

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Detailed knowledge of flow and shear stress distribution in channels is essential in accurately calculating the rates of sediment transport and deposition for geomorphic adjustment. Circular cross sections are usual in sewer channels and the sedimentation of suspended material is a significant matter in such sections. In this study, an analytical model is extended to predict the shear stress distribution in circular channels based Tsallis entropy concept. A new formula for estimating shear stress distribution in circular channels is derived by maximizing the Tsallis entropy subject to mass conservation. The distribution derived from the Tsallis entropy is examined using experimental …

Folsom Dam Auxiliary Spillway – Design Innovations And Construction Lessons Learned, C. Y. Wan, C. M. Nolan

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

The new Folsom Dam Auxiliary Spillway gated Control Structure, part of the overarching Joint Federal Project, was recently completed. To make operation and maintenance activities for this activity more user-friendly, this project implemented innovative designs, and a select few related to the tainter gate (seals, dogging system, and anchor inspection access) are presented in this paper. This project also provided additional monitoring capacity to the trunnion anchors, both during and post-construction, both physical and data, with great results. Further, this paper discusses some lessons learned on tainter gate specifications during gate construction and installation. Building and bridge construction specifications were …

Discharge Correlations For Spillways With Radial Gates, Gerald A. Schohl

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Equations used at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to compute free and gated (orifice) discharges through spillways with radial gates are presented along with correlations based on TVA model test data for discharge coefficients and submergence factors. The correlations and data may be applicable for estimating discharges through gated spillways that are similar to those at TVA and for which specific model test data are unavailable. Included in this paper, perhaps for the first time in the literature, are correlations and data indicating for given gate opening the headwater at which flow begins the transition from free discharge to gated …

State-Of-The-Practice Review Of Maintenance Closure Structures For Large Spillway Gates, C. M. Johnson, R. T. Indri, F. G. Snider, S. M. Planck, K. F. De Lapp

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Maintenance, remediation, and inspection of large spillway gates are best performed in a dry, dewatered state due to reduced overall cost, worker safety, and improved work quality. Provision for gate dewatering has become a key design consideration for new spillways. Unfortunately, many existing spillways were not originally constructed with gate dewatering capabilities. Therefore, maintenance and inspection work has often been scheduled during planned drawdowns or seasonally low reservoir levels. However, for operators of hydroelectric, flood control, water supply, and multi-purpose dams, artificial drawdowns can significantly impact operations, flood protection, downstream habitat, and revenue generation. Aging gates deteriorate and require significant …

Advanced Gate Operation Strategies In Hec-Ras 5.0, C. R. Goodell

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is designed for computing water surface profiles and inundation maps, but it is also able to handle flow through gated structures using a variety of equation sand techniques. HEC-RAS has a small selection of built-in gate types, representing some of the more common gates that are used for controlling flow at dams and canal structures. Each gate type in HEC-RAS has a set of empirical equations that are used to compute head loss through the structure for a given flow. There are also two operational schemes that can be chosen for gates: …

Designing A Steel Gate Dam Across An Ephemeral River – Tempe Town Lake Dam Design, Stewart S. Vaghti, Dean B. Durkee, Andrew J. Lynch

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

After the existing Tempe Town Lake downstream dam failed unexpectedly in 2010, the City of Tempe, AZ, USA was tasked with designing and constructing a replacement dam to maintain their lake, pass flows in the ephemeral Salt River, and deliberately lower to avert flooding. Through an alternatives evaluation process, a hydraulically operated steel gate system was selected from a field of twenty studied alternative configurations to replace the existing rubber bladder system.

The gate design produced eight 32.3 meter (106 foot) long, 6.4 meter (21 foot) tall, and 118,000 kilogram (260,000 pound) steel gates operated by single-acting hydraulic cylinders and …

Usace Portland District Spillway Gate Rehabilitation Program, Laurie Ebner, William Fortuny, David Hamernik, Matthew Hess, Mark Sawka

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Portland District has 90 spillway radial Tainter gates. There are 42 gates at the 11 Willamette Valley Basin projects, 5 gates at the two Rogue Basin projects and 43 gates at the two Columbia River projects. Since 2001 there have been various studies, inspections and incidents that have prompted the Portland District to become concerned about the structural integrity and mechanical and electrical reliability of these gates. In 2008, load induced buckling was observed on three of the four Tainter gate end frames at Foster Dam which led to emergency repairs. Additional observations …

Hydraulic Structures-The Future Of Design, Thomas North

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

The state of the art of design of hydraulic structures is changing rapidly. Although hydraulic structures include a broad spectrum of applications, there is an increasing need for specialization in planning, design, materials, construction, risk and hazard assessment, aging infrastructure, and lifecycle maintenance.

Today’s role of hydraulic structures involves improving water management practices, water quality, and environmental restoration and protection. Hydraulic design has expanded to include water planning as well as improvements in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of locks, dams, spillways, and outlet works. The challenges affecting planning and design involve understanding the role of government policies, economics, …

Numerical Investigation Of Usbr Type Iii Stilling Basin Performance Downstream Of Smooth And Stepped Spillways, Daniel Valero, Daniel Bung, Brian M. Crookston, Jorge Matos

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Recent systematic studies on air-water flows have included stepped spillways. However, to date little has been investigated about how the hydraulic conditions on the stepped spillway may affect the design of traditional energy dissipation structures. In this paper, both smooth chute and stepped chute configurations terminating with the USBR type III stilling basin are tested by means of numerical modelling, allowing a qualitative comparison. Unsteady RANS equations have been employed altogether with VOF and RNG k-ε for free surface tracking and turbulence modeling, respectively. Eight different Froude numbers (F) ranging from 3.1 to 9.5 have been analyzed for a type …

Baffle Designs To Facilitate Fish Passage In Box Culverts: A Preliminary Study, H. Chanson, W. Uys

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Waterway culverts and road crossings are very common design in water systems, ranging from rural roads to national highways and urban drainage networks. Engineers and biologists need better, more reliable prediction 'tools' during the design stages to compare the bio-engineering performances of a range of design options. Present expertise in environmental hydraulics of culverts is deficient because of the many empirically-based design guidelines which are sometimes outdated and often inadequate for fish passage. In all the cases, the turbulence of the flowing waters must be optimised efficiently to maximise fish migration. This project focused on the development of simple solutions …

Spillway Rock Scour Analysis - Composite Of Physical & Numerical Modelling, Paradise Dam, Australia, E. J. Lesleighter, E. F.R. Bollaert, B. L. Mcpherson, D. C. Scriven

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

A number of problems and solutions of rock scour downstream of spillways have been evaluated using a composite approach, based on the gathering of detailed data from a physical model and utilising those data in a sequence of calibration and application of numerical modelling of the scour. Our paper will describe the application of the Computational Scour Model (CSM - Bollaert, 2002 and subsequent) as the numerical procedure that makes the composite approach a proven methodology for such problems. The paper will focus on a case study application of the procedure based on the experiences of flooding and scour at …

Interaction Of Hydraulic Structures With Air, Water, And Rock: The Challenge Of Researchers And Designers, Anton J. Schleiss

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Since the last ten years, financial crisis has strongly impacted the global economy, which was mainly the result of un-controlled financial speculations at the stock markets highlighted by the revelations regarding offshore companies. Fortunately, the field of construction of large infrastructures, such as hydraulic schemes, has been left relatively untouched by this crisis. In order to stimulate their economies, many governments across the world have injected significant sums into sustainable infrastructures development.

Full Proceedings: Hydraulic Structures And Water System Management, International Association For Hydro-Environmental Engineering And Research, United States Society On Dams

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

No abstract provided.

Hydraulic Structures And Water System Management-Ishs2016 In Perspective, Brian M. Crookston, Blake Tullis

International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures

Hydraulic structures are vital features in our water infrastructure, as they help meet the diverse and challenging demands of society, including conveyance, flood protection, environmental and ecological impacts, and systems management. Indeed, there are a number of challenges facing engineers today. This 6^th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures (ISHS2016) brought together domestic and international expertise from research, practice, and implementation in a forum for knowledge exchange and networking discussion on critical issues related to hydraulic structure research, performance, operations, maintenance, and community implications. It continued the rich tradition of this series by stimulating interest on advancement in the …

Modeling Of Soybean Under Present And Future Climates In Mozambique, Manuel António Dina Talacuece, Flávio Barbosa Justino, Rafael De Ávila Rodrigues, Milton Edgar Pereira Flores, Jéssica Garcia Nascimento, Eduardo Eduardo Santos

Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications

This study aims to calibrate and validate the generic crop model (CROPGRO-Soybean) and estimate the soybean yield, considering simulations with different sowing times for the current period (1990–2013) and future climate scenario (2014–2030). The database used came from observed data, nine climate models of CORDEX (Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment)-Africa framework and MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications) reanalysis. The calibration and validation data for the model were acquired in field experiments, carried out in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons in the experimental area of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Angónia, Mozambique. The yield …

Ncma Groundwater Model Using Usgs Modflow-2005/Pest, Brian Matthew Wallace

Master's Theses

A numerical model for the NCMA aquifer complex is presented. The objective of the study is to develop a numerical groundwater model for the NCMA aquifer system to enhance the understanding of subsurface groundwater flow. Infiltration, streamflow, pumping, and return flows are implemented to characterize the aquifer complex over time. The numerical model is calibrated to municipal and monitoring well data, average monthly water balances, and hydraulic contours. Transient aquifer inflows and outflows are assessed in the results of the study and are compared to balance terms from previous studies. The 2007 Todd Engineers Study subsurface inflows and outflows generate …

Bathymetric Survey For Lakes Azuei And Enriquillo, Hispaniola, Michael Piasecki, Mahrokh Moknatian, Fred Moshary, Joseph Cleto, Yolanda Leon, Jorge Gonzalez, Daniel Comarazamy

Publications and Research

The two largest lakes on the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola, Lake Azuei in Haiti and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic, have experienced dramatic growth and surface area expansion over the past few years leading to severe flooding and loss of arable land around the lake perimeters. In order to better understand the reasons for this unprecedented rate of expansion and the resulting consequences a multi-disciplinary team comprised of researchers from Haiti, the DR, and the US have embarked on an extensive data collecting and hydrologic and climatological modeling campaign. While the sensor deployment entails stations that measure climatological data …

A Comparison Of Risk Assessment Models For Pipe Replacement And Rehabilitation In A Water Distribution System, Lyle John Nemeth

Master's Theses

A water distribution system is composed of thousands of pipes of varying materials, sizes, and ages. These pipes experience physical, environmental, and operational factors that cause deterioration and ultimately lead to their failure. Pipe deterioration results in increased break rates, decreased hydraulic capacity, and adverse effects on water quality. Pipe failures result in economic losses to the governing municipality due to loss of service, cost of pipe repair/replacement, damage incurred due to flooding, and disruptions to normal business operations. Inspecting the entire water distribution system for deterioration is difficult and economically unfeasible; therefore, it benefits municipalities to utilize a risk …

Multi-Regression Prediction Of Metal Partition Coefficients Under Various Physical/Chemical Conditions Design Of Experiments As, Cr, Cu, Ni And Zn, Eid A. Alkhatib, Danielle Grunzke, Trey Chabot

Chemistry & Physics Faculty Publications

The behavior of metals in surface water is complex and their partition coefficients can be impacted by many factors. Organic matter (OM) content in sediments, pH and salinity, are factors that may influence speciation and partitioning of metals. The difficulty in describing the impacts and relationships are that these processes are interconnected with no dominant associations among all. In this study, the partitioning of five metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) under different levels of salinity, pH, and OM content were investigated. A series of factorial design experiments are evaluated in which three levels of OM are tested each …

The Use Of Semi-Structured Interviews For The Characterisation Of Farmer Irrigation Practices, Jimmy O’Keeffe, Wouter Buytaert, Ana Mijic, N. Brozovic, Rajiv Sinha

Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications

For the development of sustainable and realistic water security, generating information on the behaviours, characteristics, and drivers of users, as well as on the resource itself, is essential. In this paper we present a methodology for collecting qualitative and quantitative data on water use practices through semi-structured interviews. This approach facilitates the collection of detailed information on actors’ decisions in a convenient and cost-effective manner. Semi-structured interviews are organised around a topic guide, which helps lead the conversation in a standardised way while allowing sufficient opportunity for relevant issues to emerge. In addition, they can be used to obtain certain …

Mapping Evapotranspiration With High-Resolution Aircraft Imagery Over Vineyards Using One- And Two-Source Modeling Schemes, Ting Xia, William P. Kustas, Martha C. Anderson, Joseph G. Alfieri, Feng Gao, Lynn Mckee, John H. Prueger, Hatim M.E. Geli, C.M.U. Neale, Luis Sanchez, Maria Mar Alsina, Zhongjing Wang

Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications

Thermal and multispectral remote sensing data from low-altitude aircraft can provide high spatial resolution necessary for sub-field ( 10 m) and plant canopy (1 m) scale evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring. In this study, highresolution (sub-meter-scale) thermal infrared and multispectral shortwave data from aircraft are used to map ET over vineyards in central California with the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model and with a simple model having operational immediate capabilities called DATTUTDUT (Deriving Atmosphere Turbulent Transport Useful To Dummies Using Temperature). The latter uses contextual information within the image to scale between radiometric land surface temperature (TR) values representing hydrologic limits of …

De La Salle Sensor, Shayla Adams, Geraldine Hernandez, Gloria Joseph, Elias Taylor, Elli Cooney

PSU High School Innovation Challenge

There is a huge amount of water being wasted and with climate change causing widespread water shortages, it is important that the people of Portland become more water conscious. With the our product, it will help you become aware of your water bill and the amount of water you use with a built in calculator.

Larc: Local Agricultural Resource Conservation, Dash Justice, Josh Davis, Sid Crumble, Ashlie Kinney

PSU High School Innovation Challenge

In America today, over 75% of the nation’s water is used in the irrigation of agriculture. The main users -- and abusers -- of water in the United States are farmers. In addition, many areas in the U.S. are facing drought conditions, especially in western states. Also, while the drought conditions in California are receding, water shortage as an issue demands a long term solution.

Small Scale Water Filtration Project, Elaine Yang, Lang Ming, Alex Tees, Lauren Galle, Tristan Coffey, Andria Tattersfield, Colin Brock

PSU High School Innovation Challenge

Access to clean drinking water is a large problem that our world is facing today. Consuming contaminated water can lead to the spread of water-borne illnesses. Populations without the security of water struggle to develop, as seen predominately in Africa. As Oregonians prepare for life after a major earthquake which could devastate the infrastructure that delivers clean water to our homes, a water filtration system should be part of a family’s emergency preparedness plan.

There are a large variety of processes for achieving fresh water. Combining all of the necessary components to lead to clean water is a complex process, …

Puddl: Gamifying Water Conservation, Quince Assenberg, Jack Chen, Denny Glenn, Jessica Lam

PSU High School Innovation Challenge

As the global population surges, the demand for fresh water will only increase. With no technological breakthrough on the horizon, it is more important than ever to conserve water and not waste this precious resource. Water conservation is a serious issue, and will only become more severe as global warming worsens. As the global temperature increases, and rainfall becomes more sporadic, it will be important for communities to find new ways to save water. This push has already been made in certain areas in the united states, California, where they were forced to reduce their water consumption by 25%.

Through …

A Genetic Approach To Designing A Novel Biological Sensor To Monitor Water Contamination, Cynthia Bui, Anissa Rosbaugh, Israel Gonzalez, Julie Lu, Colin Kuhns, Joel Crandall, Alyssa Faulk, Miriam Nguyen

PSU High School Innovation Challenge

Many cities across the country have experienced extreme water problems. The City of Portland has issued several water boiling advisories due to E. coli contamination. Additionally, there has been incidents of serious contaminants like lead leaching in water systems (Flint, Michigan). The Portland Water Bureau does not use a water treatment plant due to the quality of our water sources; a chlorination plant is used to chlorinate the water from the Bull Run Watershed (our main water source). Not having a water treatment plant makes Oregon more prone to a prolonged absence of potable water should the supply be contaminated. …