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2004

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Articles 121 - 150 of 351

Full-Text Articles in Geotechnical Engineering

Settlement Of Shallow Foundations Constructed Over Reinforced Soil: Design Estimates Vs. Measurements, Michael Majchrzak, Marshall Lew, Ken Sorensen, Tom Farrell Apr 2004

Settlement Of Shallow Foundations Constructed Over Reinforced Soil: Design Estimates Vs. Measurements, Michael Majchrzak, Marshall Lew, Ken Sorensen, Tom Farrell

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Faced with difficult soil conditions for the support of two 6-story office towers in Dublin, CA and of a 6-story parking garage in Sacramento, CA, engineers recommended the use of Geopier Rammed Aggregate Piers to reinforce the soil for the support of high bearing capacity spread footings instead of deep foundations. Foundation selection for both sites was influenced by long-term settlement performance, schedule and cost savings, and seismic uplift resistance. Rammed aggregate piers were installed to strengthen upper weak and compressible soil layers resulting in a substantially stiffer soil layer on which shallow, high bearing capacity spread footings were constructed. …


A Case History Of Site Instability Due To The Presence Of A Shale Layer Above Sloping Bedrock, Sanjeev Kumar, Braja M. Das, Michael L. Hall Apr 2004

A Case History Of Site Instability Due To The Presence Of A Shale Layer Above Sloping Bedrock, Sanjeev Kumar, Braja M. Das, Michael L. Hall

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A study conducted for St. Louis County of Missouri, United States of America classified several areas of the county as unstable for any type of construction because of the presence of high plastic shaley clay or clayey shale on sloping bedrock. These areas are considered to have a potential for site instability to occur due to any change in natural conditions that may increase the moisture content of the high plastic shaley clay or clayey shale. A two-story parking garage, founded on shallow foundations, constructed in one of the potentially unstable zones, showed some movement after several years of its …


Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction In Low-Rise Buildings From Seismic Records, Kazuya Mitsuji, Madan B. Karkee, Yoshihiro Sugimura Apr 2004

Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction In Low-Rise Buildings From Seismic Records, Kazuya Mitsuji, Madan B. Karkee, Yoshihiro Sugimura

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This case study involves analysis of seismic records observation at two adjacent buildings, similarly constructed except that one is fitted with the base isolation system, to investigate the nature of soil-structure interaction mechanism involved. Altogether 19 earthquake records with maximum acceleration of over 10 cm/s2 are selected for the analyses. The south face of the building site slopes downward at an angle of about 20 degrees, which may contribute to topographical effect in wave propagation through the ground. Effects of the surface irregularity to the observed records are also discussed based on the interrelation between peak values of acceleration, …


Emergency Underpinning And Repositioning Of A Four-Story Office Building, Jesús Gómez, Russ Preuss, Allen Cadden Apr 2004

Emergency Underpinning And Repositioning Of A Four-Story Office Building, Jesús Gómez, Russ Preuss, Allen Cadden

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A three-story office building was located above a 35-ft slope and was supported on spread footings. The corner of the building nearest the crest of the slope experienced several inches of settlement. A subsurface exploration revealed that this portion of the building was founded on recently placed, soft fill soils. Apart from being easily noticeable on the brick veneer façade, the distress also caused serious concerns on the part of the occupants and owner regarding the continuous operability of the structure, which served as a main hub for wireless communications. A repair plan was developed that consisted of installation of …


Investigations Of Settlement Of Piled Raft Foundation, A. Tejchman, K. Gwizdała, A. Słabek Apr 2004

Investigations Of Settlement Of Piled Raft Foundation, A. Tejchman, K. Gwizdała, A. Słabek

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

On the Tychy Brewery site a set of 6 tanks of the diameter varying from 5.4 m to 17 m was designed. The tanks are elements of Sewage Treatment Plant. Due to unfavourable soil conditions (plastic clay) the tanks were founded on 15 m long CFA piles with the diameter of 400 and 600 mm. In order to save construction costs piled raft foundation system was proposed. Based on the analysis and respective calculations it was assumed that raft foundations, founded of gravel fill under each tank, would bear up to 20 % to 30% of total load. The assumption …


Foundation Works For Aktau Port, I. Rasin Duzceer Apr 2004

Foundation Works For Aktau Port, I. Rasin Duzceer

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The purpose of this paper is to review the design, installation and performance of steel tubular piles and steel sheet piles in the Port of Aktan, Kazakhstan. Due to steady increase in the level of Caspian Sea since 1977, the level of the exisitng quay was increased. The workd consisted of rehabilitation of quay frontage including general raising of the port working areas by about 2 meters. The subsoil consiste of 5m medium dense to dense fine sand underlain by 6m thick very stiff silty clay. Fractured limestone were encountered at a depth of 14m. A total 592 vertical and …


Mathematical Modeling And Field Evaluation Of Embankment Stabilized With Vertical Drains Incorporating Vacuum Preloading, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn Apr 2004

Mathematical Modeling And Field Evaluation Of Embankment Stabilized With Vertical Drains Incorporating Vacuum Preloading, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This study presents the analytical modeling of vertical drains incorporating vacuum preloading in both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. The effectiveness of vacuum pressure (i.e. both constant vacuum pressure and varied vacuum pressure) applied along the drain is considered. A multidrain plane strain model is employed to analyse an embankment at the site of Second Bangkok International Airport (SBIA) stabilised with prefabricated vertical drains. At this site, a significantly reduced height of sand surcharge was applied by reducing the pore pressures through vacuum preloading. The results of FEM analysis confirm the efficiency of vacuum preloading in comparison with the conventional …


Investigation And Treatment Analysis Of Barikan Landslide, Nader Shariatmadari, Masoud Samimi, Mohammad Rezania Apr 2004

Investigation And Treatment Analysis Of Barikan Landslide, Nader Shariatmadari, Masoud Samimi, Mohammad Rezania

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In last several years periodic reports indicating damages toward resident;s homes due to ground movements in Barikan region, 120km far from tehran, have been issued. The earth movements are demonstrated by tension cracks and scraps on ground surfaces and walls of in site homes and gardens. Since the slow and continuous earth movements were observed in the site, a course of site investigation consisted of the monitoring of surface and deep earth movements has been considered to study the affecting factors and the extent of of landslide. In addition to ground movement measurements, by using the geotechnical properties of different …


Evaluation Of Alternatives For Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Of An Embankment Dam In Kansas, Vlad Perlea, David Mathews, William Empson Apr 2004

Evaluation Of Alternatives For Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Of An Embankment Dam In Kansas, Vlad Perlea, David Mathews, William Empson

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A major embankment dam, approximately 140 feet high and over one mile long, is located in a zone of moderate seismicity in Eastern Kansas. It was determined that slightly cohesive soils and fine sands in the foundation are vulnerable to significant loss of strength by liquefaction during a potential strong earthquake. Numerous seismic retrofit solutions were studied, including the extreme options of “no action” and “replace embankment”. The recommended solution, which is currently designed in detail, considers jet grouting for foundation soil stabilization under the upstream slope and deep soil mixing under the downstream slope.


3-D Seismic Response Analysis For Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam, Gang Luo, Jian-Min Zhang Apr 2004

3-D Seismic Response Analysis For Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam, Gang Luo, Jian-Min Zhang

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Zipingpu concrete faced rockfill dam is located at upstream of Min River in Yangtze River drainage basin. It is the main body of Zipingpu hinge who governs irrigating, water supplying, generating electricity, preventing flood and so on. The dam is 156 meters high and 663.8 meters long. And the normal water level is 148 meters high. Investigations indicate the peak ground accelerations is 0.26g and the characteristic period of the ground is 0.17 second. Three-dimensional seismic response analysis was carried out for this dam. Improved equivalent visco-elastic model was adopted in FEM analysis. And the method of equal node force …


Case Study On Failure Mechanism Of Flood Embankments Due To Rapid Sand Boiling On Alluvial Flood Plains And The Identification Of Vulnerable Levee Sections, Sándor Tóth Apr 2004

Case Study On Failure Mechanism Of Flood Embankments Due To Rapid Sand Boiling On Alluvial Flood Plains And The Identification Of Vulnerable Levee Sections, Sándor Tóth

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Hungary is situated in the deepest part of the Carpathian basin. The majority of the country is alluvial plain. Rivers crossing these plains filled the basin with their sediments and meandered on the deposited sediment during the geological ages. Thus the continuous levee systems developed in the second half of the 19th century, replacing the earlier, rather local defenses, intersected at a number of locations the unforgotten and invisible ancient riverbeds. Experience showed that as the height of the levees was raised to follow the rising tendency of the flood crests, the number of failures due to foundation stability loss …


Treatment For A Full Weathering Rock Dam Foundation, Yisen Wang, Sihong Liu Apr 2004

Treatment For A Full Weathering Rock Dam Foundation, Yisen Wang, Sihong Liu

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The main dam for the upper reservoir of the Tianhuanping pumped storage power station is a rockfill dam with an asphalt concrete impervious lining on the upstream face constructed on a full weathering rock foundation. In this paper, we present the case study on the treatment for this full weathering rock dam foundation. The treatment includes the partial excavation of the full weathering rock at the main dam foundation, the increase of the transition curvature at the parts where the lining is extended from the upstream face to the reservoir bottom and turned to both the left and the right …


Suction Anchors For Deepwater Moorings At Nkossa And Girassol In 200 And 1,400m Of Water, Jean-Louis Colliat, Hedi Dendani Apr 2004

Suction Anchors For Deepwater Moorings At Nkossa And Girassol In 200 And 1,400m Of Water, Jean-Louis Colliat, Hedi Dendani

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A new type of anchor, composed of steel caissons installed into the soil by suction under-pressure, presently finds a strong interest in the offshore oil industry, in particular for deepwater sites because of its vertical loading capability in taut-leg moorings, and the reduced installation equipment required. Two case histories are presented in the paper, describing the installation of the moorings for the Nkossa barge in Congo in 1995 and for the Girassol FPSO in Angola in 2001. In both cases, the paper gives the general soil conditions and design assumptions, together with the results of the installation operations, with a …


An Unstable Deep Canal Cut In Fat Clay – A Case History Of Slope Failures On The Mcclusky Canal, North Dakota, Mark C. Gemperline Apr 2004

An Unstable Deep Canal Cut In Fat Clay – A Case History Of Slope Failures On The Mcclusky Canal, North Dakota, Mark C. Gemperline

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The McClusky Canal, located in central North Dakota, crosses the divide between the Hudson Bay and Gulf of Mexico drainages. The 74 mile (120 km) long canal has a maximum cut depth of approximately 115 feet (35.1 m) and an average cut depth of 40 ft (12.2 m). Slope failures in deep cuts of high plasticity clay have occurred sporadically since its construction in the 1970s. In addition, a large number of deep failures occurred during construction and recently. The slope failures are examples of the classic problems of construction slope instability and progressive failure. This paper chronicles half a …


Stability And Serviceability Of Tailing Heaps With Visco-Plastic Materials, Rolf Katzenbach, Johannes Giere, Matthias Seip Apr 2004

Stability And Serviceability Of Tailing Heaps With Visco-Plastic Materials, Rolf Katzenbach, Johannes Giere, Matthias Seip

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The tailings of potash mining are piled up in huge heaps with heights of up to more than 200 m and a ground area of often more than a square km. The material behaviour of the salt is strongly visco-plastic, so that the slopes of the heaps are moving constantly at slow rates. As the strength of the salt is rate-dependent, structural analysis of the slope stability has to consider the deformations and deformation rates and the interaction of subsoil and slope. Due to the complex material behaviour the structural analysis is accompanied by an extensive measuring programme within the …


Static And Dynamic Response Analysis Of A High Rock-Fill Dam With A Clay Core, Gang Wang, Bing-Yin Zhang, Jian-Min Zhang Apr 2004

Static And Dynamic Response Analysis Of A High Rock-Fill Dam With A Clay Core, Gang Wang, Bing-Yin Zhang, Jian-Min Zhang

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Stress strain analysis based on Biot’s consolidation theory is performed for Nuozhadu dam, which is a high rock-fill clay-core dam located in the Langcangjiang River in Yunnan province, China. Attention is mainly focused on arching effect and possibility of hydraulic fracturing of the core. Equivalent linear approach is employed to evaluate the seismic response of the dam under design earthquakes, and two empirical formulas relating residual shear and volumetric strain to cyclic stress and strain history are proposed to evaluate the permanent deformation. It is found that: 1) the modulus ratio of the clay in the core to rockfills around …


Geotechnical Investigation Of The Hollóháza Landslide Case, I. Szabó, A. Szabó, T. Madarász Apr 2004

Geotechnical Investigation Of The Hollóháza Landslide Case, I. Szabó, A. Szabó, T. Madarász

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Hollóháza is a little mountain village in North-East Hungary. Following a long wet period in 1999 the largest mass-wasting event of the 20th century occurred. The total volume of mobilized earth material was over 1.5 million m3. One major concern of problem management was that the value of the damaged infrastructure was less than the total costs of restoration and stabilization, while the natural potential of the settlement is outstanding. After investigating the causes of the landslide the cheapest effective solution had to be found. Hollóháza is surrounded with the residuals of a 4-6 km diameter volcanic caldera. The settlement …


Stože Landslide – A Case History, Stanislav Lenart Apr 2004

Stože Landslide – A Case History, Stanislav Lenart

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper describes the Stože landslide that occurred in western Slovenia in November, 2000. It presents the landslide particularities and laboratory tests results. A numerical analysis of the slope failure was performed. It indicated the important role of the ground water level, and the dependence of slope stability upon it. Special laboratory equipment, a large-scale shear cell, was constructed in order to test the landslide material and to indicate the roles of the water content and loading velocities on the residual shear strength of material. A testing method is presented. It was assumed that the behaviour of material with a …


Landslide Stabilization At Missouri Route K Bridge Over Blackwater River, Scott M. Olson, Alan Miller, Kenneth M. Berry, Jay Bestgen Apr 2004

Landslide Stabilization At Missouri Route K Bridge Over Blackwater River, Scott M. Olson, Alan Miller, Kenneth M. Berry, Jay Bestgen

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In May 2002, a landslide on the south bank of the Blackwater River damaged the Missouri Route K bridge that crosses it. A flood on the river triggered the landslide. Based on the field investigation and stability back-analysis, it appeared that the landslide actually consisted of two separate slides – a shallow slide triggered by rapid drawdown of the river and a deep slide triggered by artesian water pressures in a subsurface gravel layer. A rock berm that was keyed into the gravel was constructed to stabilize the slope. The rock toe berm was designed to resist both the shallow …


Lessons Learned From A Full-Scale Dyke Failure Test, André R. Koelewijn, Gijs J. C. M. Hoffmans, Meindert A. Van Apr 2004

Lessons Learned From A Full-Scale Dyke Failure Test, André R. Koelewijn, Gijs J. C. M. Hoffmans, Meindert A. Van

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A full-scale failure test has been performed on an old river dyke in the Netherlands, to determine its actual strength against failure due to the uplift mechanism and to validate the Van model for the stability analysis of dykes prone to uplift induced failure. The test has been a success and clearly showed the relevance and significance of the uplift mechanism. In combination with earlier verifications, the Van model was found to be suitable, which has already lead to significant reductions on dyke reinforcement projects. The large gap between the actual strength and the calculated strength was confirmed. This gap …


Numerical Analyses Of The Performance Of The Drtijščica Earth Dam, Mojca Ravnikar Turk, Janko Logar Apr 2004

Numerical Analyses Of The Performance Of The Drtijščica Earth Dam, Mojca Ravnikar Turk, Janko Logar

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A regulating dam named Drtijščica was constructed in 2002. This earth dam consists of a clay core, a random fill of silty and coarse material on the downstream side, and of rock fill on the upstream side. The crest length is 265m and the dam base thickness is 150 m. The height above the lowest foundation level is around 20 metres. The subsoil consists of a layer of loose, highly compressible clayeysilty material, three to five meters thick, overlying bedrock made of tectonically altered clayey shists and siltstones. During construction of the dam, settlements of the subsoil were measured at …


Drake Lake Dam — A Performance Case History, Ted D. Bushell, William Butler, William H. Walton, Ravi Mathur Apr 2004

Drake Lake Dam — A Performance Case History, Ted D. Bushell, William Butler, William H. Walton, Ravi Mathur

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Drake Lake Dam was constructed during the summer of 2000 as part of the development of the Jim Edgar/Panther Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area in Cass County, Illinois. The earthen dam on a natural soil foundation has a length of 450 feet and a height of 45 feet with 3H:1V upstream and downstream slopes. The dam has a principal spillway structure consisting of a cast-in-place concrete drop inlet tower, a 36-inch reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) outlet pipe, and an impact-basin-type energy dissipater/outlet structure. Construction of the earthen embankment began in July 2000 and ended in September 2000. During the …


Construction Of Filled Hill For Downhill Ski Racing Complex In Moscow, Yu. Bagdasarov, V. Krutov, I. Popsuenko Apr 2004

Construction Of Filled Hill For Downhill Ski Racing Complex In Moscow, Yu. Bagdasarov, V. Krutov, I. Popsuenko

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In 1997-2002 large scope soil excavations for construction of Business Center ‘Moscow-City’, Third Highway Circle and other large structures with deep foundations were carried out in Moscow. The soil excavated out of 180,000.00 m³ pits was dumped on a disposal site originally designed as a temporary soil storage site in the Southwestern suburbs of Moscow. Snow, ice and clots of frozen soil were left untouched and piling was effected over the frozen surface. This spoil heap was a mass of exceedingly wet sandy clay heterogeneous as to composition and density with low strength and deformation properties, including crushed concrete and …


Seismogenic Landslides In Himalaya With Special Reference To Uttaranchal, Kishor Kumar, Dinesh Sati Apr 2004

Seismogenic Landslides In Himalaya With Special Reference To Uttaranchal, Kishor Kumar, Dinesh Sati

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The continued compression between Indian and Asian continental plates which ultimately led to the collision of the two, is regarded as the most likely phenomenon responsible for the emergence of Himalaya. The stress build up across the strike of the orogen produced regional north-south compressional structures including two major tectonic boundaries/ discontinuities namely the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). In the mountain building process the seismic outbursts (earthquakes) and tectonic adjustments are indicators of strain release. In the last century, this region has experienced four major earthquakes measuring above 8 in the Richter Scale besides …


Three Dimensional Dynamic Analysis Of Alborz Dam With Asphalt And Clay Cores, M. H. Baziar, C. M. Merrifield, Sh. Salemi, T. Heidari Apr 2004

Three Dimensional Dynamic Analysis Of Alborz Dam With Asphalt And Clay Cores, M. H. Baziar, C. M. Merrifield, Sh. Salemi, T. Heidari

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Alborz rockfill dam with a clay core is under construction in North of Iran, an area of heavy rainfall. Because of the difficulties in the construction of a clay core in a wet area, an alternative for the watertight element (asphalt core) was considered. During the design of Alborz dam, a dynamic response analysis of the asphalt core was performed using two-dimensional modeling based on the equivalent linear method. Considering the shortage of study on the seismic behavior of asphalt core dams and also the high level of risk of earthquakes in Iran, it was necessary that the dynamic behavior …


Analysis And Field Monitoring Of Slope Stability In Unsaturated Pyroclastic Soil Slopes In Napoli, Italy, Aldo Evangelista, Anna Scotto Di Santolo Apr 2004

Analysis And Field Monitoring Of Slope Stability In Unsaturated Pyroclastic Soil Slopes In Napoli, Italy, Aldo Evangelista, Anna Scotto Di Santolo

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The hills rising in the urban area of Napoli (Italy ) are the products of eruptive activity in the volcanic areas of Campi Flegrei and Somma Vesuvio. The unsaturated pyroclastic cover, weathered and interbedded with paleosols , is frequently affected by instabilityphenomena that have slight thickness and extension. The observed landslides can be classified as complex phenomena: the movements start as a translational or rotational sliding or as a rock-fall and evolve as the debris flows. 90% of the cases occur during or after severe rainfalls. As is well known , the stability of slopes is affected by climatic conditions, …


Numerical Assessment Of An Estimated Slip Surface, Locke Island Landslides, Columbia River, South-Central Washington State, Usa, Ashok K. Chugh, Robert L. Schuster, Peter M. Rohrer Apr 2004

Numerical Assessment Of An Estimated Slip Surface, Locke Island Landslides, Columbia River, South-Central Washington State, Usa, Ashok K. Chugh, Robert L. Schuster, Peter M. Rohrer

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Results of slope stability analyses for an inferred slip surface in a landslide along the Columbia River in the State of Washington are presented. The numerical analyses were made using limit-equilibrium-based computer program SSTAB2 and a commercially available continuum-mechanics-based computer program, FLAC. For the known and best understood/estimated field conditions, results of SSTAB2 analyses indicate validity of the inferred slip surface. However, the same is not true with the results of FLAC. Reasons for the differences in results from the two essentially independent methods of analysis are discussed. Preference for use of one method over the other in studying occurrence …


Dutch Dike Breach, Wilnis 2003, S. Van Baars Apr 2004

Dutch Dike Breach, Wilnis 2003, S. Van Baars

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

In August 2003, after a very dry and warm summer, one of the dikes along a canal in The Netherlands failed at night. Because of this dike breach, the water in the canal started to run into a housing quarter of the village Wilnis, which is about 30 km Southeast of Amsterdam. A local contractor immediately started to close off the canal. By the time this was finished, 600 houses were already half a meter under water. The 2000 residents were evacuated in the early morning. Almost all residents could return to their homes the same evening after the water …


Slope Failure And Piping Potential Due To Root Decomposition In An Aged Embankment Dam, Ali M. Oskoorouchi, Philip J. Lane Apr 2004

Slope Failure And Piping Potential Due To Root Decomposition In An Aged Embankment Dam, Ali M. Oskoorouchi, Philip J. Lane

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Lake Storey Embankment Dam originally built in 1929 to provide water for steam locomotives. This 133-acre public lake is located near Galesburg in Knox County, Illinois. The dam is a zoned embankment (with clay cores on each side of a concrete core wall, 12 inches thick), 51 ft high above the streambed, approximately 850 ft long, with a concrete free ogee spillway. Numerous minor to moderate damaged spots including a moderate size downstream slope failure have been detected during the dam inspection of Year 2000. This paper discusses the results of the investigation to identify the problems and the proposed …


Comparison Of Soil Classification Methods Using Cpt Results, M. H. Baziar, M. Esna-Ashari, H. Saleh Zadeh Apr 2004

Comparison Of Soil Classification Methods Using Cpt Results, M. H. Baziar, M. Esna-Ashari, H. Saleh Zadeh

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A series of cone penetration test were conducted in the southeast of Tehran to assess the liquefaction potential in this area. At the same time, after sounding of each cone penetration test, soil samples were also taken from different depths of boreholes to visually verify the soil classification. Seventy four samples from twenty boreholes were taken and their soil characteristics were obtained. To classify the soil layers, using recorded data, two various soil behaviour classification charts proposed by Robertson and Wride (1988), and Marr (1981) were examined which for some cases different results were obtained. In this paper validity of …