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Articles 151 - 180 of 185
Full-Text Articles in Environmental Engineering
Application Of A Risk Model To Quantify Relative Risk Of Remedial Actions, Timothy L. Fuller
Application Of A Risk Model To Quantify Relative Risk Of Remedial Actions, Timothy L. Fuller
Theses and Dissertations
To properly manage the Installation Restoration Program (IRP) in the future, Air Force remedial project managers (RPMs) need a metric to assist in the selection of remedial alternatives for the safe and effective clean up of waste contamination sites. If the baseline site risk assessment indicates that it is necessary to remediate a waste contamination site, it is important to the RPM that the selection process for remediation alternatives considers the potential human health and ecological risks associated with the proposed remediation process. In some instances, the risks may be significant when compared to the baseline conditions. The Air Force …
Development Of An Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Model For Siting Of Municipal Solid Waste Facilities, Dimasalang F. Junio
Development Of An Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Model For Siting Of Municipal Solid Waste Facilities, Dimasalang F. Junio
Theses and Dissertations
Deciding on locations for municipal solid waste facilities is a difficult problem where qualitative criteria compete with quantitative economic and engineering criteria, in an environment that is highly political and emotional. State guidelines often describe different methodologies but fall short in offering a solution or a methodology in arriving at a solution. This study develops a decision modeling procedure, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), that can be used by public sector decision makers to locate and site municipal solid waste facilities. The applicability of the procedure is demonstrated at the City of Springfield, Clark County, Ohio. Research efforts …
Modeling Trihalomethane Formation Potential From Wastewater Chlorination, Carol A. Mccormick
Modeling Trihalomethane Formation Potential From Wastewater Chlorination, Carol A. Mccormick
Theses and Dissertations
The deletion of federally mandated fecal coliform limits has led many states to review and modify their wastewater disinfection requirements. One issue in analyzing wastewater disinfection is the discharge of potentially carcinogenic halogenated organics formed during the chlorination process. This research investigates the formation of one class of the halogenated organics, the trihalomethanes. The applicability of using drinking water trihalomethane formation models for use with wastewater effluent is examined. Three models are compared for predictive capability by using measured trihalomethane values from previous research data. The results show that a previously developed model is applicable for use based on assumptions …
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Usaf Wastewater Treatment Plants In Ozone Nonattainment Areas, Brian A. Ouellette
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Usaf Wastewater Treatment Plants In Ozone Nonattainment Areas, Brian A. Ouellette
Theses and Dissertations
In accordance with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments CAAA, this research conducts an evaluation of the potential emission of volatile organic compounds VOCs from selected Air Force wastewater treatment plants. Using a conservative mass balance analysis and process specific simulation models, volatile organic emission estimates are calculated for four individual facilities--Edwards AFB, Luke AFB, McGuire AFB, and McClellan AFB--which represent a cross section of the current inventory of USAF wastewater plants in ozone nonattainment areas. From these calculations, maximum facility emissions are determined which represent the upper limit for the potential VOC emissions from these wastewater plants. Based on …
Evaluation Of Alternative Methods For Wastewater Disinfection, David C. Piech
Evaluation Of Alternative Methods For Wastewater Disinfection, David C. Piech
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the alternative methods of wastewater disinfection. Areas of interest included methods of operation, ease of maintenance, and effectiveness for various types of wastewater. A literature search revealed three major disinfection options, which include chlorination dechlorination, ultraviolet light, and ozone. A questionnaire was sent to the active duty Air Force installations that operate wastewater treatment plants, requesting permit limitations and monthly averages for a variety of wastewater parameters. The majority of Air Force wastewater treatment plants use chlorine for disinfection. Using the data obtained from the questionnaire responses and established wastewater parameters from other research, the basic design …
Optimal Utilization Of Field Generated Analytical Data For Site Characterization And Remedial Decision Making, Ronald J. Lester
Optimal Utilization Of Field Generated Analytical Data For Site Characterization And Remedial Decision Making, Ronald J. Lester
Theses and Dissertations
This study developed data quality standards for assessing environmental analytical data quality and its use in remedial decision making, specifically in risk assessment calculations. The primary purpose was to increase the use of field generated data in environmental site investigations versus the continued reliance on costly and time consuming EPA Contract Lab Program data. Increased reliance on field lab data could significantly reduce remedial investigation costs. The standards developed are based on regulatory criteria for data useability, achievable quality in a CLP lab setting, and basic statistical methods. The standards were applied to sets of Volatile Organic Compound data in …
An Analysis Of Alternative Methods Of Measuring Hazardous Waste Reduction Progress At The Air Force Materiel Command's Air Logistic Centers, Edward C. Finke
An Analysis Of Alternative Methods Of Measuring Hazardous Waste Reduction Progress At The Air Force Materiel Command's Air Logistic Centers, Edward C. Finke
Theses and Dissertations
his study investigated the relationship between aircraft related maintenance activity and the amount of hazardous waste (HW) disposed of by Air Force Materiel Command's (AFMC) Air Logistic Centers (ALC). These ALCS, along with the Aircraft Guidance and Meteorology Center, generate approximately 76 percent of the HW generated by the Air Force. The activity indexing and least squares curve fitting methods were used to predict the amount of HW that would have been disposed of based on the relative level of aircraft related maintenance activity had no pollution prevention efforts been implemented. These predictions were then compared to what historically occurred …
Standardization Of Protocol For The Sampling, Testing And Abatement Of Asbestos Containing Joint Compound, Gary J. Schneider
Standardization Of Protocol For The Sampling, Testing And Abatement Of Asbestos Containing Joint Compound, Gary J. Schneider
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the differing regulatory guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency concerning the abatement of Asbestos Containing Joint Compound (ACJC). The specific interest was whether or not adequate protection was being afforded demolition workers when exposed to working with ACJC materials that contain less than 1.0 percent asbestos. A spreadsheet was written to estimate the exposure scenario which might be experienced within a given room size on a demolition or renovation jobsite. Spreadsheets were calculated for ACJC with an asbestos content of 0.1 to 0.9 percent in 0.1 increments for rooms ranging …
A Preliminary System Dynamics Model Of A Constructed Wetland For The Mitigation Of Metals In Usaf Storm Water, Mark P. Smekrud
A Preliminary System Dynamics Model Of A Constructed Wetland For The Mitigation Of Metals In Usaf Storm Water, Mark P. Smekrud
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis determines the potential removal and corresponding accumulation of trace metals from Air Force storm water in a constructed wetland through the use of a System Dynamics model. The goal is to determine whether constructed wetlands used as storm water best management practices provide efficient metal removal while creating only benign accumulations of such pollutants. Its purpose is to allow Base Civil Engineers and Environmental Managers a better tool to assess the long-term effects of a constructed wetland used as a storm water mitigation technique. The research is limited to the assessment of typical metal concentrations found in Air …
Solvent Substitution Methodology Using Multiattribute Utility Theory And The Analytical Hierarchical Process, Jaimie S. Tiley
Solvent Substitution Methodology Using Multiattribute Utility Theory And The Analytical Hierarchical Process, Jaimie S. Tiley
Theses and Dissertations
This study developed a multicriteria decision making methodology for the ranking of solvent cleaning process alternatives. This includes development of univariate value functions and criteria and the incorporation or required alternative attributes. It also compares the Analytical Hierarchical Process and Multiattribute Utility Theory in reference to a cleaning substitution process. An actual Air Force cleaning process evaluation problem is considered to verify the research. The test problem ranks several cleaning alternatives for the replacement of a hazardous solvent used in the general cleaning of aircraft engine components.
Developing An Emission Factor For Hazardous Air Pollutants For An F-16 Using Jp-8 Fuel, Donald J. Van Schaack
Developing An Emission Factor For Hazardous Air Pollutants For An F-16 Using Jp-8 Fuel, Donald J. Van Schaack
Theses and Dissertations
The 1990 Clean Air Act amendments drastically changed the legislation of hazardous air pollutants HAPs or air toxics. Title 3 of the act which specifically addresses HAPs now lists 189 substances which may require regulation as air toxics. Consequently, the reporting of HAP emissions from all Air Force operations will be required in the future. However, the Department of Defense DoD does not have methods available to report this information. This thesis develops emission factors for selected HAPs from an F-16 CD aircraft F110 engine operating on JP-8 fuel. The methodology included determining which HAPs should be selected, using past …
A Quantitative Method For Screening Pollution Prevention Program Options At United States Air Force Installations, Wayne M. Williams
A Quantitative Method For Screening Pollution Prevention Program Options At United States Air Force Installations, Wayne M. Williams
Theses and Dissertations
US Air Force installations worldwide are required to implement pollution prevention (PP) programs designed to reduce the release of pollutants to the environment, and the Air Force uses opportunity assessments (OAs) to identify and evaluate waste producing processes that could benefit from a PP project. The OA process guidance provides extensive details on how to identify potential projects and on how to economically evaluate a project selected for implementation. However, it provides only cursory information about how to decide which projects should be selected for this evaluation. This thesis bridges that gap by providing a quantitative model to be used …
Decision Support Model To Compare Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Process Alternatives, Christopher E. Findall
Decision Support Model To Compare Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Process Alternatives, Christopher E. Findall
Theses and Dissertations
This research focuses on the development of a decision support model to identify the preferred methods of site characterization and treatment technology identification using the principles of decision analysis theory. The model provides an effective decision making tool to evaluate and compare the feasibility of using alternative methods of completing the RIFS process. Given a specific site remediation project, the users of this model can enter site- specific cost, duration and likelihood values to determine the expected value for various alternative processes. This thesis postulates that the alternative having the highest expected value is considered the preferred alternative. In calculating …
Status Of Storm Water Pollution In The United States, Lynne A. Urquhart
Status Of Storm Water Pollution In The United States, Lynne A. Urquhart
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of storm water pollution in the United States Air Force. This is important since most AF bases are now required to have applied for a NPDES storm water permit. The objectives of the study were to: evaluate the sampling rates used at AF bases; determine the pollutants tested for by the AF bases; compare the pollutant concentrations of the AF bases to an EPA water quality standard; and determine if there were any trends in sampling or pollutant concentrations due to seasonal changes or across AF Commands or EPA Regions. …
Simulation Of Hydrologic Influences On Wetland Ecosystem Succession, Robert A. Pompilio
Simulation Of Hydrologic Influences On Wetland Ecosystem Succession, Robert A. Pompilio
Theses and Dissertations
This research focuses on the development of a simulation model to determine the effects of hydrological influences on a wetland ecosystem. The model allows perturbations to the inputs of various wetland data which in turn, influences the successional development of the ecosystem. This research consisted of converting a grassland ecosystem model to one which simulates wetland conditions. The critical factor in determining the success of wetland creation is the hydrology of the system. There are four of the areas of the original model which are affected by the hydrology. The model measures the health or success of the ecosystem through …
Modeling Of Ground Water Aquifer Remediation By Pulsed Pumping When Contaminant Transport Is Affected By Physical, Non-Equilibrium Sorption And Desorption, Jeffrey L. Caspers
Modeling Of Ground Water Aquifer Remediation By Pulsed Pumping When Contaminant Transport Is Affected By Physical, Non-Equilibrium Sorption And Desorption, Jeffrey L. Caspers
Theses and Dissertations
This research postulates and demonstrates a modification incorporating rate-limited sorption effects in the USGS SUTRA code for cleanup of a hypothetical sandy aquifer by pump-and-treat remediation methods. Contaminant transport is assumed to be affected by advection, dispersion, and rate-limited sorption/desorption. Sorption is assumed to be either equilibrium or rate-limited, with the rate-limitation described by either a first-order law, or by Fickian diffusion of contaminant through a spherical immobile pore region. Solutions are arrived at by split operator methods for the transport and one-dimensional Galerkin solutions for the solute concentration equations. The resulting model is tested against an analytical Laplace transform …
Use Of Infrared Spectrometry To Determine The Effect Of Trichloroethylene Resident Time On Desorption Rates From Flint Clay, Peter T. Lapuma
Use Of Infrared Spectrometry To Determine The Effect Of Trichloroethylene Resident Time On Desorption Rates From Flint Clay, Peter T. Lapuma
Theses and Dissertations
This laboratory based thesis investigated the desorption rate of trichloroethylene (TCE) from flint clay while varying the resident time of TCE exposed to the clay. It is thought that in long contaminated soil, a majority of contaminant mass will become entrained within the interior of the soil particles to slowly desorb out of the soil over long periods of time. Recent studies suggest that the longer a contaminant is resident in soil, the longer the contaminant will take to desorb from the soil. To understand more about soil desorption, this experiment was developed using infrared spectroscopy to detect TCE vapor …
The Application Of Nepa Requirements To Cercla Remedial Actions, Connie L. Strobbe
The Application Of Nepa Requirements To Cercla Remedial Actions, Connie L. Strobbe
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the application of National Environmental Policy Act NEPA requirements to Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERCLA actions. Similarities in the documentation and public participation requirements of NEPA and CERCLA include identification and evaluation of alternatives and public participation. Differences include document contents and timing of public participation. This study presented four options for ensuring NEPA compliance at CERCLA sites. Option one included a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement PEIS with subsequent combined FSEIS report for each subunit. Option two eliminated the PEIS, but retained a stand-alone NEPA document for each CERCLA subunit. Option three included a …
Development Of Computer Software To Aid Environmental Decision Makers In The Education And Training Of Air Force Remedial Project Managers, Roger R. Ouellette, Bruce K. Lyman
Development Of Computer Software To Aid Environmental Decision Makers In The Education And Training Of Air Force Remedial Project Managers, Roger R. Ouellette, Bruce K. Lyman
Theses and Dissertations
By the end of Fiscal Year 1991, the Air Force had identified 4,354 contaminated sites. Much like the 177 toxic sites at McClellan AFB, bases across the country and throughput the world are filled with chrome, lead, paint solvents and many other toxics that are rendering water supplies unusable and endangering the health of millions of people living in and around these bases. Air Force officials continue to identify contaminated sites with no end in sight. Since the cleanup of these toxic materials involves diverse, complex activities, the Air Force created the duty position of Remedial Project Manager to manage …
A Guide To Implementing Reclamation Processes At Department Of Defense Municipal Solid Waste And Construction Debris Landfills, Gregory L. Tures
A Guide To Implementing Reclamation Processes At Department Of Defense Municipal Solid Waste And Construction Debris Landfills, Gregory L. Tures
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis serves as a guide for implementing landfill reclamation techniques on municipal solid waste or construction debris landfills owned, operated, or used by the DoD. The research describes historical and current methods for disposing of solid waste including open dumping, sanitary landfilling, and the development of state-of-the-art sanitary landfill cell technology. The thesis also identifies the factors which have led to the need for new methods of managing municipal solid waste. The vast majority of the study is devoted to identifying actions which should be taken before, during, and after implementation of a landfill reclamation project. These actions include …
Analysis Of Best Management Practices For Storm Water Compliance At Air Force Airfields, Peter A. Ridilla, Bradley T. Hoagland
Analysis Of Best Management Practices For Storm Water Compliance At Air Force Airfields, Peter A. Ridilla, Bradley T. Hoagland
Theses and Dissertations
This research analyzed storm water best management practices (BMPs) that may a Base Civil Engineers/Environmental Managers in complying with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) storm water discharge requirements for Air Force airfield pavements. As a result of recent storm water regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency, increased emphasis has been placed on preventing and controlling the discharge of pollutants into surface waters of the United States. Based on the results of an American Association of Airport Executives' survey of civilian airports, the types and levels of airfield pollutants were identified. Typical NPDES storm water permit standards were then …
A Study Of Investigation-Derived Waste Management Options, Barry C. Mountain
A Study Of Investigation-Derived Waste Management Options, Barry C. Mountain
Theses and Dissertations
USAF is dedicated to the clean up of past releases of hazardous substances at its bases under the Installation Restoration Program (IRP) . Clean up decisions are based upon data produced from investigations. Large amounts of waste may be derived from investigations. Investigation-derived waste (IDW), especially that with a hazardous component, may pose significant health protection and regulatory compliance problems if neglected. This study identifies the status and the need for improvement of IDW management to avoid those problems. Information on the background of IDW management was collected through a review of environmental laws, waste management regulations, and existing guidance. …
Application Of The Simplified Dow Chemical Company Relative Ranking Hazard Assessment Method For Air Combat Command Bases, Raymond A. Sable
Application Of The Simplified Dow Chemical Company Relative Ranking Hazard Assessment Method For Air Combat Command Bases, Raymond A. Sable
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigates the possibility of determining the hazard potential of chemicals on Air Force bases using a relative ranking hazard assessment method. Hazard assessment includes identification of hazards and evaluation of the hazards. Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 requires hazard assessments by all facilities with extremely hazardous substances to prepare release prevention plans. The purpose of the hazard assessments is to provide information to improve the spill prevention, control and countermeasures plans and to identify the substances with the highest hazard potential. Using the results from the hazard assessments, bases cam prepare plans …
A Feasibility Study Of Burning Waste Paper In Coal-Fired Boilers On Air Force Installations, Kenneth P. Smith
A Feasibility Study Of Burning Waste Paper In Coal-Fired Boilers On Air Force Installations, Kenneth P. Smith
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examined the feasibility of using waste paper derived fuel in coal-fired boilers on Air Force installations in an attempt to help solve air pollution and solid waste disposal problems. The implementation of waste paper derived fuel was examined from both a technical acceptability and an economic feasibility viewpoint. The majority of data for this study was obtained through literature reviews and personal interviews. Waste paper was found to be technically acceptable for use as fuel. However, waste paper has certain characteristics that may create problems during combustion and therefore further research is required. These problems included the possibility …
Development Of An Effectiveness Model Or Metric For The Air Force Environmental Compliance Assessment And Management Program (Ecamp), Craig B. Dezell
Development Of An Effectiveness Model Or Metric For The Air Force Environmental Compliance Assessment And Management Program (Ecamp), Craig B. Dezell
Theses and Dissertations
The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Air Force (AF) are committed to being national leaders in protecting and enhancing the environment and achieving environmental compliance. This commitment is exemplified by the Air Force Chief of Staff's goal of no notices of violation (NOVs). However, the number of AF NOVs from 1990-1992 rose from 103 to 178 an increase of 73 percent. A July 1992 AF Inspector General Report also concluded that Environmental Compliance Assessment and Management Program (ECAMP) findings were not being effectively utilized by the Major Commands (MAJCOM). To aid AF leaders in solving these problems, and protecting …
A Strategy For Combining The Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment With The Environmental Compliance Assessment And Management Program, Stacy E. Gent
Theses and Dissertations
This research develops a method to allow an installation environmental function to satisfy the assessment requirements of both the Air Force Pollution Prevention and the Environmental Compliance Assessment and Management Program with the implementation of one assessment process. The model developed is designed to achieve the goals of both programs while increasing the efficiency of implementation. The resulting assessment model formulated within this research is applied on a theoretical level to yield preliminary results. These results indicate that the combination of the Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment and the environmental compliance assessment required by the Environmental Compliance Assessment and Management Program …
Analytical Modeling Of Aquifer Decontamination By Pulsed Pumping When Contaminant Transport Is Affected By Rate-Limited Sorption And Desorption, Thomas A. Adams, Robert C. Viramontes
Analytical Modeling Of Aquifer Decontamination By Pulsed Pumping When Contaminant Transport Is Affected By Rate-Limited Sorption And Desorption, Thomas A. Adams, Robert C. Viramontes
Theses and Dissertations
This research explores radially convergent contaminated transport in an aquifer towards an extraction well. This thesis presents the equations governing the transport of a contaminant during aquifer remediation by pulsed pumping. Contaminant transport is assumed to be affected by radial advection, dispersion, and sorption/desorption. Sorption is assumed to be either equilibrium or rate-limited, with the rate-limitation described by either a first-order law, or by Fickian diffusion of contaminant through layered, cylindrical, or spherical immobile water regions. The equations are derived using an arbitrary initial distribution of contaminant in both the mobile and immobile regions, and they are analytically solved in …
Evaluation Of The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Standard For Cleanup Of Petroleum Contaminated Sites, Rick A. Blaisdell, Mark E. Smallwood
Evaluation Of The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Standard For Cleanup Of Petroleum Contaminated Sites, Rick A. Blaisdell, Mark E. Smallwood
Theses and Dissertations
This study evaluated the TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) cleanup standard for petroleum contaminated soils (PCS). A survey of 13 state regulators was performed to characterize current standards and regulatory viewpoints on the use of a TPH versus a BTEX cleanup standard. The regulatory community considers the BTEX constituents the greatest threat to groundwater, yet expressed concern that the use of a compound specific standard, without an accompanying analysis for TPH, might result in residual soil contamination that may present risk. This study also evaluated the ratio of BTEX TPH in soil over time. Based on JP-4 contaminated site soil data, …
Development Of A Multicriteria Decision Model For Prioritizing Air Force Environmental Restoration Program Projects, Thomas E. Ellingson, T. G. Gallogly
Development Of A Multicriteria Decision Model For Prioritizing Air Force Environmental Restoration Program Projects, Thomas E. Ellingson, T. G. Gallogly
Theses and Dissertations
Cleaning up hazardous and toxic wastes left from past activities has become one of the major goals of the Department of Defense. Within the Air Force, individual major commands (MAJCOMs) annually review numerous projects submitted under the Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP) and forward these projects to HQ USAF/CEVR for funding. Until recently, adequate resources have been available to fully fund all projects. However, within the last two years, funding shortfalls have been experienced, and projects have received only partial funding. The Air Force needs a decision support system that will assist in determining funding priorities for these projects. This …
Capabilities Of Air Force Wastewater Treatment Plants In Complying With Projected Regulatory Requirements, Steven R. Ford
Capabilities Of Air Force Wastewater Treatment Plants In Complying With Projected Regulatory Requirements, Steven R. Ford
Theses and Dissertations
One of the major environmental regulations that directly affects the Air Force is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). The 1972 FWPCA amendments set forth a series of national goals regarding water quality. The main mechanism for achieving these goals was the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). NPDES is a program requiring dischargers to limit the quantity of pollutants discharged into the receiving waters. This research effort predicts changes in future NPDES permit requirements, and evaluated the capabilities of Air Force wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in meeting those future requirements. It was found that future permit requirements will …