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2014

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Articles 1351 - 1380 of 1522

Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Dishwashing Water Recycling System And Related Water Quality Standards For Military Use, Jared Church Jan 2014

Dishwashing Water Recycling System And Related Water Quality Standards For Military Use, Jared Church

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

As the demand for reliable and safe water supplies increases, both water quality and available quantity are being challenged by population growth and climate change. Greywater reuse is becoming a common practice worldwide; however, in remote locations of limited water supply, such as those encountered in military installations, it is desirable to expand its classification to include dishwashing water to maximize the conservation of fresh water. Given that no standards for dishwashing greywater reuse by the military are currently available, the current study determined a specific set of water quality standards for dishwater recycling systems for U.S military field operations. …


Traffic Safety Assessment Of Different Toll Collection Systems On Expressways Using Multiple Analytical Techniques, Muamer Abuzwidah Jan 2014

Traffic Safety Assessment Of Different Toll Collection Systems On Expressways Using Multiple Analytical Techniques, Muamer Abuzwidah

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Traffic safety has been considered one of the most important issues in the transportation field. Crashes have caused extensive human and economic losses. With the objective of reducing crash occurrence and alleviating crash injury severity, major efforts have been dedicated to reveal the hazardous factors that affect crash occurrence. With these consistent efforts, both fatalities and fatality rates from road traffic crashes in many countries have been steadily declining over the last ten years. Nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization, the world still lost 1.24 million lives from road traffic crashes in the year of 2013. And without action, …


Urban Expressway Safety And Efficiency Evaluation And Improvement Using Big Data, Qi Shi Jan 2014

Urban Expressway Safety And Efficiency Evaluation And Improvement Using Big Data, Qi Shi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In an age of data explosion, almost every aspect of social activities is impacted by the abundance of information. The information, characterized by alarming volume, velocity and variety, is often referred to as "Big Data". As one fundamental elements of human life, transportation also confronts the promises and challenges brought about by the Big Data era. Big Data in the transportation arena, enabled by the rapid popularization of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the past few decades, are often collected continuously from different sources over vast geographical scale. Huge in size and rich in information, the seemingly disorganized data could …


Green Technologies And Sensor Networks For Bmp Evaluation In Stormwater Retention Ponds And Wetlands., Anthony Crawford Jan 2014

Green Technologies And Sensor Networks For Bmp Evaluation In Stormwater Retention Ponds And Wetlands., Anthony Crawford

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The aim of this thesis is to examine and develop new techniques in stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) for nutrient and erosion reduction and monitoring by incorporation of low impact green technologies and sensor networks. Previous research has found excessive nutrient loading of nitrogen and phosphorus species from urban stormwater runoff can lead to ecological degradation and eutrophication of receiving lakes and rivers (Fareed and Abid, 2005). In response, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) has set forth reduction goals as established in Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) reports to reduce nutrient loading and restore, or maintain, Florida water …


Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Conversion Of Traditional Five Section Head Signal To Flashing Yellow Arrow (Fya) Signal, Meshal Almoshaogeh Jan 2014

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Conversion Of Traditional Five Section Head Signal To Flashing Yellow Arrow (Fya) Signal, Meshal Almoshaogeh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In the United States, there are two schemes of operating traffic signal controls for permitted protected left turns (PPLT) namely the traditional five-section head system (known as Dog-House) and the flashing yellow arrow system (FYA). Past studies have agreed that these controls lead to decrease the average delay per left turn vehicle, decrease the protected green time, increase the left turn capacity, and enhance the intersection overall operation. The flashing yellow arrow (FYA) has been approved by the Federal Highway Administration as the national standard for the PPLT operations at signalized intersections. So, the Florida Department of Transportation also approved …


Utilization Of Simulated Ground Motions For Engineering Performance Assessment Of Tall Buildings, Nenad Bijelic, Ting Lin, Gregory Deierlein Jan 2014

Utilization Of Simulated Ground Motions For Engineering Performance Assessment Of Tall Buildings, Nenad Bijelic, Ting Lin, Gregory Deierlein

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.


Non-Hydrostatic Models For Wave Propagation, Breaking, And Run-Up, Zhangping Wei Jan 2014

Non-Hydrostatic Models For Wave Propagation, Breaking, And Run-Up, Zhangping Wei

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation develops a series of non-hydrostatic pressure wave models based on the finite element free surface flow model, CCHE2D, for simulating propagation, breaking, and run-up of coastal wave processes. The first non-hydrostatic formulation presented in this dissertation directly introduces a non-hydrostatic pressure module into CCHE2D. An edge-based pressure allocation method is implemented, and a depth-integrated vertical momentum equation is introduced. The depth-integrated horizontal momentum equations are solved for a provisional velocity field, and then the non-hydrostatic pressure is obtained by satisfying the divergence-free velocity field condition, subsequently the velocity field is corrected by the non-hydrostatic pressure. Finally the free …


During And After Event Analysis Of Cell Phone Talking And Texting-A Driving Simulator Study, Raju Thapa Jan 2014

During And After Event Analysis Of Cell Phone Talking And Texting-A Driving Simulator Study, Raju Thapa

LSU Master's Theses

A number of studies have been done in the field of driver distraction, specifically on the use of cell phone for either conversation or texting while driving. However, till now, researchers have focused on the driving performance of drivers when they were actually engaged in the task, i.e. during the texting or phone conversation event. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the post event effect of cell phone usage in order to verify whether the distracting effect lingers on after the actual event had ceased. The research utilizes a driving simulator study of thirty-six participants to test …


Assimilation, A Biological Nitrogen Removal Strategy For Freshwater Ornamental Fish Hatcheries, Fatemehsadat Fahandezhsadi Jan 2014

Assimilation, A Biological Nitrogen Removal Strategy For Freshwater Ornamental Fish Hatcheries, Fatemehsadat Fahandezhsadi

LSU Master's Theses

Freshwater ornamental fish production is a major component of aquaculture in the southeastern United States. Closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) allow freshwater ornamental fish hatcheries to mimic native water quality conditions for sensitive species. Total ammonia-N (TAN) removal is the major concern for closed RASs. Biological nitrification is the common method to control TAN. However, the nitrification process might be impaired in acidic water condition with pH<7. Another issue of using the nitrification process for TAN removal is that the nitrification is not sufficient to compensate for the amount of ammonia released in larval production systems because of slow growth rate of nitrifying bacteria. To address these issues, this study suggests an aerobic assimilation strategy in which fast growing heterotrophic bacteria directly convert TAN into microbial biomass. The heterotrophic bacteria needs an external carbon source. This study employed polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) that is a solid insoluble bioplastic, as a carbon source in the aerobic assimilation process to avoid releasing carbon into the system. In order to understand the applicability of an assimilation process instead of nitrification, this study compared the ammonia-N removal rate by aerobic assimilation biofilters operating @ pH 8 and 6.5 in a batch system. The study also quantified the performance of an aerobic assimilation strategy under different continuous nitrogen loading regimes. This investigation can be used to establish the biofilter air pulsing frequency, which is the optimized air pulsing frequency that avoids clogging in the system. The results showed that there was no apparent release of carbon in the water tank. Unlike nitrification, assimilation strategy for TAN removal was not significantly different in two pH of 8 and 6.5 @ 28 ° C. The average consumption rate of the PHB was found as 21.93± 0.43 grams of PHB consumed per gram of TAN. The results from the continuous system, at a continuous feeding rate of 350 mg-N/d, suggested that the optimum air pulsing frequency through the PHB bed for releasing the excess biosolids was about 6-hour. In general, the study found that the aerobic assimilation using polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a carbon source is an applicable method for ammonia-N removal particularly for freshwater ornamental fish production systems. The drawback against this approach is that the PHB beads are expensive. However, our investigations show that the average cost of the PHB beads have been decreased dramatically during the last few years. This might indicate that the assimilation using PHB beads can be a reasonable choice for ammonia-N removal particularly for freshwater ornamental fish production systems.


Iron Removal Using Electro- Coagulation Followed By Floating Bead Bed Filtration, Asmita Anil Phadke Jan 2014

Iron Removal Using Electro- Coagulation Followed By Floating Bead Bed Filtration, Asmita Anil Phadke

LSU Master's Theses

High iron concentrations in the water used for aquaculture results in stock losses. It is necessary to drop down the iron concentrations to levels which can be handled by the fish. Electrocoagulation followed by floating bead bed filtration was used to remove iron from water. Electrocoagulation was carried out using aluminum electrodes. The flocs formed in the coagulation tank were then filtered out using 2-3 mm polyethylene floating beads having specific gravity of 0.92 gm/cm3. Proper retention time of ≥ 10 min, pH of 6±0.2, Al3+ coagulant dosage of about 9 mg-Al3+/ L and flow rate ≤ 0.4 gpm resulted …


Evaluation Of Physico-Mechanical Properties Of Clayey Soils Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique, Golam Kibria Jan 2014

Evaluation Of Physico-Mechanical Properties Of Clayey Soils Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique, Golam Kibria

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Resistivity imaging (RI) is a promising approach to obtaining continuous profile of soil subsurface. This method offers simple technique to identify moisture variation and heterogeneity of the investigated area. However, at present, only qualitative information of subsurface can be obtained using RI. A study on the quantification of geotechnical properties has become important for rigorous use of this method in the evaluation of geohazard potential and construction quality control of landfill liner system. Several studies have been performed to describe electrical resistivity of soil as a function of pore fluid conductivity and surface conductance. However, characterization tests on pore water …


Biodegradation Of Mc252 Crude Oil After Mobilization By Washover Events On Coastal Headland Beaches, David Nelson Curtis Jan 2014

Biodegradation Of Mc252 Crude Oil After Mobilization By Washover Events On Coastal Headland Beaches, David Nelson Curtis

LSU Master's Theses

Washover events on coastal headland beaches occur when storm surge from cold fronts, high tides, tropical storms, and hurricanes move across the beach, reworking and depositing sand in the back marshes and shallow mudflat areas. On Fourchon Beach, Louisiana, a 9-mile coastal headland beach impacted by the Deep Water Horizon oil spill, these washover events have intermittently moved oil from the subtidal and intertidal portion of the beach to the supratidal mudflats and marsh areas. In order to determine the impacts of washover events on oil fate, 3 complementary studies were undertaken. First, washover areas (N=59) have been mapped and …


Evaluation Of Ireland’S Potential To Expand Its Hydro Electrical Power Facilities Through The Construction Of A Seawater Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Scheme, James Herley Jan 2014

Evaluation Of Ireland’S Potential To Expand Its Hydro Electrical Power Facilities Through The Construction Of A Seawater Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Scheme, James Herley

Theses

The National Renewable Energy Action Plan for Ireland has detailed that 40% of Irelands total energy consumption from the electricity sector must come from renewable sources by 2020. In 2012 this figure was at 11.4%, it is unlikely these targets will be met by 2020. The important role that hydro power can play in achieving these targets was examined. Research into hydropower in general was carried out in order to attain an understanding of the principles and terminology used. Many traditional hydro schemes have been previously developed in Ireland. However due to increased population, there are no longer suitable locations …


Non-Destructive Sasw Evaluation Of Controlled Low Strength Material As A Pipeline Bedding Material, Rathna Phanindra Mothkuri Jan 2014

Non-Destructive Sasw Evaluation Of Controlled Low Strength Material As A Pipeline Bedding Material, Rathna Phanindra Mothkuri

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Evaluation of stiffness properties of subsurface soil layers provides vital insight into the performance of a geotechnical entity. Stiffness properties can be determined by both field and laboratory tests. Owing to their advantages over laboratory tests, the field tests are often given priority. non-destructive seismic method Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) has been implemented in the current research to investigate the stiffness properties of buried materials.The SASW technique works on the principle of wave propagation. The surface wave velocity obtained through the test is used to determine the shear modulus, and thus the stiffness, of the geotechnical entity. In …


Development Of A Nebraska Culvert Aquatic Organism Passage Screening Tool, W. Wyatt Hoback, Jeremy Grauf, Erik Prenosil Jan 2014

Development Of A Nebraska Culvert Aquatic Organism Passage Screening Tool, W. Wyatt Hoback, Jeremy Grauf, Erik Prenosil

Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports

No abstract provided.


Investigation Of Rural/Suburban High-Speed Multilane Roundabouts, Aemal Khattak, Eric Thompson, Shanshan Zhao Jan 2014

Investigation Of Rural/Suburban High-Speed Multilane Roundabouts, Aemal Khattak, Eric Thompson, Shanshan Zhao

Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports

This research was focused on two issues related to multilane roundabouts on high-speed highways (speed limit 45 mph or greater) in rural and suburban areas. The first was the tradeoff between converting a traditional stop-controlled or signalized intersection to a multilane roundabout while the second was the safety of newly constructed high-speed multilane roundabouts in rural and suburban areas. The research team reviewed information from diverse published documents and conducted a survey of state and local transportation agencies. Crash data on multilane rural roundabouts were not available for this research. Therefore, the research team relied on crash and other data …


Method For Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging Of Biofilms In Porous Media, Corey Matthew Klibert Jan 2014

Method For Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging Of Biofilms In Porous Media, Corey Matthew Klibert

LSU Master's Theses

Modeling of biofilms in porous media at pore scale resolution has been hindered by the lack of available experimental techniques to non-destructively image biofilm structure at these resolutions. Researchers have relied upon simulation rather than experimentation to produce pore-scale biofilm models, using simplifying assumptions governing microbial growth such as Monod kinetics and random biofilm seeding locations to generate biofilms in simulated environments. This study investigated the use of absorption-edge synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (SXCMT) in combination with a contrast agent, Lugol’s iodine solution (10% KI/5% I2), to nondestructively obtain three-dimensional images of biofilms at pore-scale resolution. The study examined and …


Integrating Recycled Glass Cullet In Asphalt Roof Shingles To Mitigate Heat Island Effect, Micah Kiletico Jan 2014

Integrating Recycled Glass Cullet In Asphalt Roof Shingles To Mitigate Heat Island Effect, Micah Kiletico

LSU Master's Theses

As an approach to mitigate the harmful effects of Urban Heat Island (UHI), the use of glass cullet in the production of asphalt roof shingles has the potential to be employed as a cool roof strategy. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the use of recycled glass increases solar reflectance index (SRI) without affecting the performance of asphalt roof shingles. In order to evaluate the feasibility of recycled glass for alternative uses, the engineering properties of glass cullet were investigated and compared to conventional aggregates used in the production of asphalt roof shingles. Laboratory samples …


Pah Degradation In Wetland Soils As Influenced By Redox Potential, Haoxuan Zhang Jan 2014

Pah Degradation In Wetland Soils As Influenced By Redox Potential, Haoxuan Zhang

LSU Master's Theses

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common contaminant in wetland soils. They are a group of compounds widely distributed in the environment and tend to accumulate in soils. Major contribution to removal of PAHs is biological degradation. For investigating the biodegradation potential of PAHs influenced by tidal actions, equipment was built for simulating the tidal actions, and concentrations of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[e]pyrene were added to the soils samples which were collected from wetland. Experiments were then conducted over 120 days. Redox potentials and PAHs concentrations were measured and analyzed. Results are concluded: 1) influenced by tidal action, phenanthrene, pyrene, …


Analysis Of Data Selection And Inclusion For Highway Safety Manual Model Calibration, Bridget Scheyd Robicheaux Jan 2014

Analysis Of Data Selection And Inclusion For Highway Safety Manual Model Calibration, Bridget Scheyd Robicheaux

LSU Master's Theses

The application of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) Highway Safety Manual (HSM) to Louisiana roads is a key component to the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development’s (LA DOTD) plan to improve safety on state highways and reach the goal of “Destination Zero Deaths.” To apply the HSM the research sought to develop state-specific HSM calibration factors for eight facility types. During the development process, the data-intensive computational procedure followed to compute the calibration factors revealed numerous issues associated with the inclusion and definitions of various data elements required by the HSM. These included coding …


Mechanical Behavior Of Frp-Confined Self-Healing Concrete, Yueqiang Sui Jan 2014

Mechanical Behavior Of Frp-Confined Self-Healing Concrete, Yueqiang Sui

LSU Master's Theses

This research study is motivated by the need to reduce the costs of maintenance and repair of the aging transportation infrastructure in the US. The proposed approach is to use self-healing concrete. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that composite action due to fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement of cylindrical concrete specimens may improve the self-repairing properties of self-healing concrete materials. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) is utilized as healing agent in this research. Concrete cylinders with 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% of sodium silicate (SS) by weight of cement were cast and tested to evaluate the effectiveness …


Framework Development For A Performance-Based Specifications For Asphaltic Concrete Pavements, Harshavardhan Challa Jan 2014

Framework Development For A Performance-Based Specifications For Asphaltic Concrete Pavements, Harshavardhan Challa

LSU Master's Theses

The objective of this study was to develop a framework for performance-based specifications (PBS) which rely on the fundamental mechanistic asphalt mixture properties as performance predictors, verified to actual field performance, to compliment current QC/QA specifications for Louisiana. Nine asphalt paving projects were selected across the state with a total of 14 pavement sections that included 21 asphalt mixtures. A suite of laboratory tests using the Hamburg loaded-wheel tracking (LWT) test and the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) were performed to evaluate the rutting and cracking resistance, respectively. In addition, the Indirect tensile dynamic modulus test (IDT E*) was conducted to evaluate …


Laboratory Evaluation Of Asphalt Mixtures And Binders With Reclaimed Asphalt Shingle Prepared Using The Wet Process, Alejandro Jose Alvergue Jan 2014

Laboratory Evaluation Of Asphalt Mixtures And Binders With Reclaimed Asphalt Shingle Prepared Using The Wet Process, Alejandro Jose Alvergue

LSU Master's Theses

The objective of this study is to conduct a laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures and binders containing RAS prepared using the newly-developed wet process. In the proposed wet process, RAS material is blended with the binder at high temperature prior to mixing with the aggregates. The proposed wet process offers the potential to better control the Superpave Performance Grade (PG) of the binder blend, to stimulate chemical and physical interactions taking place in the blend between asphalt binder in shingles and virgin asphalt binder in the mix, and to reduce maintenance issues at the plant due to the high content …


Effect Of Different Alarm Interfaces On Controller Response, Aritra Datta Jan 2014

Effect Of Different Alarm Interfaces On Controller Response, Aritra Datta

LSU Master's Theses

Pipelines transport millions of barrels of petroleum products every day. Oil and gas pipelines have become important assets of the economic development of almost any country. Government regulations or internal policies regulate the safety of the assets for the population and environment where these pipelines run. Various strategies and technologies have been introduced for monitoring pipelines, but the most common technology to protect pipelines from occasional hazardous incidents is Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM). This technique collects and gathers information from the field related to pressures, flows, and temperatures to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Using the …


A Sustainable Remediation Approach For Complete Destruction Of Chloroethanes In Groundwater, Michael Joseph Cheatham Jan 2014

A Sustainable Remediation Approach For Complete Destruction Of Chloroethanes In Groundwater, Michael Joseph Cheatham

LSU Master's Theses

An up-flow column study was operated in a greenhouse composed of a sand/peat mixed media to investigate the effectiveness of an aerobic zone on the disappearances of chloroethane. The oxygen was supplied by mean of porous Silastic tubing under pressure with a breathing air gas cylinder. Chloroethane was generated via reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA) in anaerobic bioreactors (ABRs). The columns study was conducted with two duplicate reactors (operated in parallel) that underwent separate perturbations of breathing air introduction. Aqueous samples were collected in 160 mL microcosm bottles and analyzed on a GC equipped with a Flame …


Uptake And Deposition Of Pyrogenic And Petrogenic Pahs On Spartina Alterniflora, Yasmin Mohammad Jan 2014

Uptake And Deposition Of Pyrogenic And Petrogenic Pahs On Spartina Alterniflora, Yasmin Mohammad

LSU Master's Theses

Saline marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora were impacted by MC252 crude oil along Louisiana’s shoreline. Two locations were evaluated in this study; a lightly oiled, saline marsh near Port Fourchon, LA and a less saline, heavily oiled marsh near Bay Jimmy in the Barataria Basin, LA. Objectives of this study were to develop a method to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Spartina leaves and to compare and contrast the relative uptake and deposition of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs in Spartina leaves. A three-step sequential extraction procedure was developed for the extraction and analysis of PAHs on Spartina leaves. In …


Travel Time Reliability And Level Of Service, Marlene Beverley Russell Jan 2014

Travel Time Reliability And Level Of Service, Marlene Beverley Russell

LSU Master's Theses

Travel time reliability (TTR) is familiar to travelers, and its indices are useful measures of the quality of a freeway’s service. Technical groups such as highway agencies are more familiar with a freeway’s level of service (LOS), but the LOS does not capture the variability in travel time. Similar to Pu (2011) this thesis introduces a modified buffer index (BI) incorporating a median rather than average travel time as a new travel time reliability measure. Current research by the SHRP 2 L08 Project Team defines freeway reliability LOS by determining equivalent travel time index for similar travel speed ranges shown …


Evaluating The Influence Of Moisture Variation On Resilient Modulus For Unsaturated Pavement Subgrades, Ayan Mehrotra Jan 2014

Evaluating The Influence Of Moisture Variation On Resilient Modulus For Unsaturated Pavement Subgrades, Ayan Mehrotra

LSU Master's Theses

The cost of repairing pavements that fail before the end of their service life is enormous in the United States and it is continuously rising. Premature pavement failure is often associated with loss of support in the subgrade layer, especially in regions with fine-grained subgrade soils. Resilient modulus (Mr) is analogous to the stiffness of a subgrade and a key design parameter for pavements. Due to seasonal variation, Mr varies periodically due to changes in moisture content. However, Mr depends not only on moisture content but also the stress state of the subgrade, which for unsaturated soils is dependent on …


Accounting For Travel Time Reliability, Trip Purpose And Departure Time Choice In An Agent-Based Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Approach, Wan Li Jan 2014

Accounting For Travel Time Reliability, Trip Purpose And Departure Time Choice In An Agent-Based Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Approach, Wan Li

LSU Master's Theses

The primary goal of this study is to modify the original strategy developed by Cheng and Ishak (2013) into an agent-based dynamic feedback-control toll pricing strategy that accounts for the trip purpose, travel time reliability, departure time choice and level of income such that the toll revenue is maximized while maintaining a minimum desired level of service on the managed lanes. An external module was developed to execute the modified strategy. An agent-based modeling was applied to simulate drivers’ learning process based on their previous commuting experience. The study also analyzed how driver’s heterogeneity in value of time, value of …


Identifying Local Transit Resources For Evacuation, Alaa Shams Jan 2014

Identifying Local Transit Resources For Evacuation, Alaa Shams

LSU Master's Theses

The objective of this thesis is to establish a GIS that can be used to identify local human-services and special-needs transit resources in Louisiana’s 20 coastal parishes. The intention is that the system be used to identify and then call upon local transit services to assist in the evacuation of an area during an emergency. ArcGIS Online was selected as the platform on which to establish the GIS for this purpose. Socio-economic and transit vehicle data were collected from a variety of official sources and loaded on to the ArcGIS Online portal at LSU. The development of the system is …