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3-D Modeling Of Liquefaction Phenomenon Using Distinct Element Method, N. Ravichandran, Kimiro Meguro

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Liquefaction is one of the most important, complex and controversial topics in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Since Niigata earthquake in 1964, it has been popularly recognized that the liquefaction induced ground failures cause severe damage to the built environment. To take measures against such damage, understanding the mechanism of liquefaction and its associated phenomena from macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints is very important. There are two approaches, which are experimental and numerical ones, to study them. Although discussion from the macroscopic viewpoints can be done by experiments, it is not so easy to perform experiment to obtain microscopic information on liquefaction and …

Liquefaction Analysis Of A Petroleum Tank-Ground-Pile Ring System In Reclaimed Ground Near Seashore, A. Yashima, F. Zhang, K. Sawada, R. Uzuoka

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, liquefaction analysis (LIQCA2D, LIQCA3D) of a petroleum tank-ground-foundation system is conducted using a dynamic finite element-finite difference method. The nonlinearity of the ground is simulated with a kinematic hardening elastoplastic model, which has been verified by a series of hollow cylindrical torsional shear tests and been proved that it can well predict the behaviors of soils such as the liquefaction strength curve, the stress-strain relation as well as the effective stress paths during cyclic loading. In the numerical analyses, an FEM-DEM analytical method is adopted to the soil-water coupled analysis. The petroleum tank is built on a …

Modeling Uncertainty In Seismic Stability And Earthquake Induced Displacement Of Earth Slopes Under Short Term Conditions, Azm S. Al-Homoud, Wisam W. Tahtamoni

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Different models were developed for evaluating the probabilistic three-dimensional (3-D) stability analysis of earth slopes and embankments under earthquake loading using both the safety factor and the displacement criteria of slope failure. These models are formulated and incorporated within a computer program (PTDDSSA). The probabilistic models evaluate the probability of failure under seismic loading considering the different sources of uncertainties involved in the problem. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the different parameters involved in the developed models by applying those models to a well-known landslides (Congress Street) under different levels of seismic hazard. The hypocentral distance and earthquake magnitude …

Model Tests On Mitigation Of Liquefaction-Induced Subsidence Of Dike By Using Embedded Sheet-Pile Walls, Taka-Aki Mizutani, Ikuo Towhata

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Several earthquakes in the 1990’s revealed the problem of significant subsidence of river dikes induced by subsoil liquefaction. Although soil improvement is the most reliable solution to avoid the onset of liquefaction, the substantial length of liquefaction-prone dikes together with the economical reasons does not allow this solution. It is aimed, therefore, to mitigate the subsidence to a certain extent so that a fatal flooding is avoided. The present study examines the possibility of installing sheet pile walls at toes of river dikes. Shaking table tests were conducted for this purpose and the effects of sheet pile walls were studied. …

Seismic Response Of Normally Consolidated Cohesive Soils In Gently Inclined Submerged Slopes, Giovanna Biscontin, Juan M. Pestana, Farrokh Nadim, Knut Andersen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The geological profile of submerged slopes on the continental shelf typically includes soft cohesive soils with layer thicknesses ranging from a few meters to tens or hundreds of meters. The response of these soils in simple shear tests is largely influenced by the presence of an initial consolidation shear stress, inducing anisotropic stress-strain-strength properties which depend also on the direction of shear. In this paper, a new simplified effective-stress-based model describing the behavior of normally to lightly overconsolidated cohesive soils is used in conjunction with a one-dimensional seismic site response analysis computer code to illustrate the importance of accounting for …

Effects Of Vertical Seismic Accelerations On Slope Displacements, Armando Lucio Simonelli, Pietro Di Stefano

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The behaviour of earth slopes under seismic conditions can be effectively studied by evaluating the suffered displacements, which are key parameters in the recent performance design approaches (Pianc/PTCII/WG34, 2001). Different methodologies have been developed to evaluate displacements (Whitman, 1993). Slope instabilities caused by yielding due to seismic inertial forces can be studied by methods based on the well-known model of a rigid block sliding on a plane surface (Newmark 1965). These methodologies utilise accelerometric time histories which allow to take into account the real characteristics of the seismic motion (Simonelli and Viggiani 1995). Displacement analyses are traditionally performed adopting only …

Definition Of Seismic Hazard Degree Of Dams And Their Territories, Armenia, Styopa Karapetyan, Tamara Babayan, Levon Manukyan

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The work is devoted to define the seismic hazard degree of four dams of Armenia: Azat, Tavshoot, Haldioom, and Joghaz. The problem required the execution of major geological-geophysical, seismological, tool and theoretical researches. Such studies of the dams in Armenia were carried out for the first time, on the complex of methods designed by us. All research was reduced to a solution of the primary problem, i.e. definition of expected maximum horizontal accelerations (EMHA) of seismic vibrations on the altitude of the investigated dams with compiling of the corresponding epyuras of the distribution of accelerations. For obtaining epyuras the values …

Seismic Stability And Rehabilitation Analysis Of A Hydraulic Fill Dam, Selami O. Tezcan, Shobha K. Bhatia, Stefan Fiegle

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper focuses on the seismic stability analysis of a hydraulic fill dam built in the mid-1920’s. The material properties of the dam were characterized using data from soil borings, standard penetration, cone penetration and shear wave velocity tests. An effective stress analysis approach was used for the analysis. A finite difference code, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAG), provided static and dynamic shear stresses, excess pore water pressures, and deformations. The results obtained from the effective stress analyses are compared to the results of liquefaction potential analyses based on SPT and CPT data. For seismic excitation, a real acceleration-time …

Effects Of Ground Improvement And Armored Embankment To The Displacements Of The Seawalls And Back Fill During Earthquake, Marmoru Kanatani, Hitoshi Tochigi, Tadashi Kawai, Hiroyuki Ishikawa

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Large shaking table tests of the caisson type seawalls under various conditions were conducted in order to investigate the effects of the armored embankment and the improvement of sandy seabed and backfill by densification to the deformation of the seawalls during earthquake. Main results obtained from the shaking table tests were as follows : (1) Seaward horizontal displacement and tilting of the caisson were drastically reduced by the existence of the armored embankment in front of the caisson. (2) Improvement of the sandy seabed by densification method just under the rubble mound was much effective to reduction of the displacements …

Seismic Analysis Of A Partially-Buried Drinking Water Reservoir, Sri T. Srithar, Upul D. Atukorala

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes the details of the seismic analyses undertaken to retrofit the Kersland drinking water reservoir in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The reservoir has a storage capacity of about 67 million litres, measures approximately 100 m by 150 m, and is partially buried. The walls are supported by above-ground soil berms. Seismic upgrading of the reservoir required an assessment of the loads imposed on the perimeter walls of the reservoir due to the design seismic event. The problem of soil-structure and structure-fluid interaction during seismic loading is complex, and could significantly increase the lateral forces on the reservoir wall. …

Numerical Simulation Of Sliding Of An Earth Dam During The 1995 Kobe Earthquake, Tomoya Iwashita

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Kobe Earthquake in Japan caused shallow sliding on the upstream slope below the water level of the Kitayama Dam. This paper briefly stated the results of post-earthquake surveys and tests of this earth dam. The FE model of the dam was prepared based on the detailed results of in-situ tests and laboratory material tests. The numerical analysis was performed by the effective stress analysis to simulate the performance of the dam during the Kobe Earthquake. The analysis resulted in that large residual deformation and shear strain occurred at the shallow area of the upstream slope below the water level. …

A Case History: Seismic Analysis Of The Retaining Wall Of The "Sacro Convento" In Assisi (Italy), Teresa Crespellani, Claduia Madiai, Giovanni Vannucchi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The aim of the present work is to analyse the seismic behaviour of the retaining wall of the square in front of the Basilica di San Francesco at Assisi that during a long seismic crisis occurred in September 1997 suffered some damage. Static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses have been carried out on four significant sections of the wall. The data for the analysis derive from the geometric survey of the structures, the survey of the state of the damage, the measurement of the rotation movements of the wall, the collection of stratigraphic and geotechnical data, as well as the accelerometric …

Foundation Sign Correction In Stochastic Analysis Procedures, K. Zand Parsa, H. Zamani Abyane

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

There are “ABS, SRSS, CQC, MSRSS…” methods in stochastic analysis of structures, that are based on the mean of the response squares. One of the most accurate stochastic methods is MSRSS, that is defined as equation (1).

E[y²]=∑_j=1^N R_j² + 2 ∑_k=j+1^NR_jk

The maximum modal responses are positive or singles, and therefore direction of the forces act on the foundation are alike. In these cases foundation analysis is not valid and the force sign correction must be used. In this paper, besides considering the stochastic methods shortly, a method for …

Seismic Evaluation And Retrofit Of A Major Natural Gas Transmission System, Dharma Wijewichreme, Allen Mitchell, Trevor Fitzell

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The performance of pipeline systems under seismic loading is an important consideration in regions subject to earthquakes. Experience from previous seismic events indicates that earthquake-induced permanent ground displacements are one of the key geotechnical hazards to pipelines. This paper briefly describes an evaluation of the vulnerability of a natural gas transmission system to seismic hazards, along with some of the remedial treatments that were implemented. The work was carried out for BC Gas Utility Ltd. in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Initially, a regional study was carried out to identify components of the gas pipeline system that are …

An Experimental Study Of Seismic Bearing Capacity Of Shallow Footings, Awad A. Al-Karni, Muniram Budhu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation on the response of model shallow footings to horizontal accelerations are presented. The experiments were conducted on square and rectangular footings resting on or embedded in a dry sand and shaken in a shake box. The shake box was designed to subject the soil to simple shear conditions during shaking. Model footings, constructed from lead, were used to study the seismic bearing capacity. The influence of the magnitude and frequency of the horizontal accelerations, the static bearing capacity safety factor, the footing shape, the depth of embedment, and the relative density …

Newmarkian Analysis Of Liquefied Flow In Centrifuge Model Earthquakes, S. K. Haigh, S. P. G. Madabhushi, K. Soga, Y. Taji, Y. Shamoto

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes the application of a modified Newmarkian analysis method to the estimation of slope deformations during liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The analysis method requires a pore-pressure history either predicted using a suitable constitutive model, or measured during a centrifuge or shaking-table test, to calculate the variation of threshold acceleration with time. Comparison of predicted displacements using this procedure and displacements measured in centrifuge mode1 tests with the same pore-pressure history shows good agreement.

Preliminary Test Results For Full Scale Drilled Shaft Under Cyclic Lateral Loading, Kerop Janoyan, Jonathan P. Stewart, John W. Wallace

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Preliminary results are presented of a field testing program for a full-scale, large diameter cast-in-drilled-hole (CIDH) shaft/column under cyclic lateral loading. The shaft was extensively instrumented to enable high precision, redundant section curvature measurements, measurements of pressure at the soil-shaft interface around the shaft perimeter, and in situ measurements of concrete quality. The principal objective of the testing was to characterize the soil-shaft interaction across a wide displacement range to gain insight into the adequacy of existing design guidelines (which are based principally on the testing of small diameter piles) for the large diameter shafts commonly used to support highway …

Analytical Evaluation For Seismic Behavior Of Shore Structures On Liquefied Area During Earthquakes, Kenji Hayashi, Tomonari Imono, Tamotsu Matsui, Kazuhiro Oda, Hitoshi Miyamoto

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, focusing on the caisson type quay wall, which is a typical gravity type of shore structures, the seismic behavior of the structures was discussed when the liquefaction occurs, by applying the dynamic response analysis and a simplified prediction method which was proposed by the authors. Firstly, a simplified and reasonable method for predicting the seismic behavior of shore structures during earthquakes was proposed. In the proposed analytical method, the structure is replaced by a simplified model, and the ground contacting the structure by subgrade springs. There are two types of subgrade springs employed as elasto-plastic spring and …

Consideration Of Earthquake Resistant Of Large Fill Dams, Shigeru Tani

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

There are two approaches for estimating the stability of fill dams during earthquakes. The first method determines the ultimate resistance of dams by using theoretical analyses, such as slide analysis and finite element method. In actuality, fill dams do not immediately collapse even when the safety factor by slide analysis is less than 1.0. The finite element method estimates safety based on displacement, which cannot be accurately determined with analytical methods. The second approach estimates the maximum seismic force fill dams can resist based on past earthquake damage to fill dams. In this study, we used this second method to …

Centrifuge Model Test On The Stability Of A Clayey Ground Improved By Deep Mixing Method With A Low Improvement Ratio, Noriyuki Horii, Yasuo Toyosawa, Satoshi Tamate, Hideo Hashizume

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this study, centrifuge model tests and numerical analysis were carried out to investigate effects of improvement by deep mixing method (DMM). Model grounds used in model tests were (1) unimproved ground (easel), (2) improved ground with vertical soil columns under toe of slopes (case2), (3) improved ground with vertical soil columns under shoulder of slopes (case3), (4) improved ground with inclined soil columns under toe of slopes (case4), and (5) improved ground with inclined soil columns under shoulder of slopes (case5). The improvement ratio was about 10% for all test cases except easel. The embankment was constructed by sand …

Evaluation Of A Soldier Pile-Tieback Wall At Carquinez Bridge, Mahmood Momenzadeh, Kenneth Jackura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Soldier pile tieback walls have been widely used by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for stabilizing deep landslides and retaining cuts into unstable slopes under static earth forces for several decades now. However, the seismic load-deformation behavior of this wall type is not well known even though several Caltrans designed walls have undergone moderate seismic shaking without notable signs of distress. This paper introduces a reasonably simple load-deformation process used in analyzing a proposed 20.9 m high temporary tieback wall (to be reduced to an 18 m permanent height) located approximately 32 kilometers north of the Oakland Bay Bridge …

Studying Of Medium Manifestations Aspects In Relation To Some Recent Earthquakes, I. G. Kerimov, A. N. Alizada

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In June 1991 on the International Conference on Induced Seismicity in Baku and in August 1991, at International Congress of Geophysics and Geodesics in Vienna we introduced materials about strongest changes of microseisms starting from January, 15, 1991 on the territory of Absheron peninsula (Azerbaijan) which were connected with military activity in Iraq at the distance as far as 1000 km. In Turkey, Caucasus, Iran and other countries from January to June 1991 in comparison with previous 5 years frequency of earthquakes considerably increased. It is possible to say that exactly the same situation appears after April, 20, 1999 when …

Performance Of Soil Improvement Techniques In Earthquakes, Elizabeth A. Hausler, Nicholar Sitar

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In the last four decades, there has been a steady trend toward the use of ground improvement as a countermeasure against the hazard of liquefaction. It is well understood that sites with ground improvement suffer less ground deformation and subsidence than adjacent, unimproved areas. However, the lack of quantitative performance data has inhibited the development of empirical relationships between site design parameters such as remediation zone depth and lateral extent and site performance parameters such as ground and building settlement for a given level of earthquake shaking. To date, we have compiled over 90 case histories on the performance of …

Geotechnical Aspect Of Damage In Adapazari City During The 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake, Nozomu Yoshida, Koji Tokimatsu, Takeji Kokusho, Susumu Yasuda, Takashi Okimura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This report summerizes detailed investigation on the structural damage and its geotechnical condition in the Adapazaý City, Turkey, during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake by the reconnaissance team of the Japanese Geotechnical Society. Damages to individual buildings were investigated along several streets in the downtown area. A little rough investigation was made almost all downtown area, in which damages were classified by its cause, i.e., inertia force or soil liquefaction. These investigations as well as hearing investigation and areal investigation by means of helicopters made clear the area where there was an island a few hundred years ago by which the …

Change Of Waterline And Water Depth At Izmit Bay Due To 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake In Turkey, Hiroyoshi Kiku, Kenji Ishihara, Mamoru Kanatani, Mamoru Mimura, Iwao Morimoto

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17,1999 hit the western part of Turkey causing very great damages. From a result of our investigation and survey, typical geotechnical damages on this earthquake were pointed up except structural damage due to inertia force. One was a settlement andfor tilting of buildings induced by the ground deformation such as soil liquefaction or bearing failure in Adapazari City. Another was a widespread land loss in the south of coast in Izmit Bay, induced by the fault movement. In this paper we deal with the widespread land loss around Izmit Bay. The authors check into …

Application Of Wavelet Theory In The Analysis Of Earthquake Motions Recorded During The Kocaeli Earthquake, Turkey 1999, Berrak Teymur, S. P. Gopal Madabhushi, David E. Newland

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Marmara region of Turkey was shaken by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in Golcuk on August 17, 1999. Structural damage of various degrees occurred in the region. In this paper the strong motion data acquired from this earthquake at various locations are closely inspected using Fourier transform and a time-frequency technique using harmonic wavelets developed at Cambridge, Newland (1993). The advantage of harmonic wavelet analysis when dealing with non-stationary signals like earthquakes is that one can plot the signal in a time-frequency space enabling the energy distribution in the signa4 to be observed. An introduction …

Topography Effects In The Athens 1999 Earthquake: The Case Of Hotel Dekelia, G. A. Athanasopoulos, P. C. Pelekis, V. C. Xenaki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The effects of surface topography on the seismic ground response of the site of Hotel DEKELIA, which partially collapsed in the Athens 1999 earthquake, is studied by the finite element method. The hotel site is located at the crest of a 40m high bank of a stream crossing the area. 2-D and I-D analyses of seismic ground response were conducted using five accelerograms recorded in past earthquakes (including the Athens 1999 earthquake) as input motion. Geotechnical data for the site were obtained from the results of a geotechnical investigation conducted at the hotel site whereas a V_SO vs. depth …

The Performance Of The Deep Foundation System Of A New Automobile Plant Under Construction In Gölcük, Turkey, During The August 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, Rasin Düzceer, Alp Gökalp, Erdogdu Savaşkan, Suat Yildirim

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This case history describes the design, installation, and mainly the performance of the deep foundation system of a new automobile plant and complex near Gölcük, Kocaeli, Turkey, which was under construction when the August 17, 1999 earthquake struck western Turkey. The plant is situated on geologically young deposits in a seismically active region, only 1 km to the epicenter of the M_S = 7.4 Kocaeli earthquake. With the awareness of this unfavorable setting, the original foundation system was designed to have combinations of bored, cast-in-place piles; jet grout columns; and displacement stone columns, after a series of pre-design field-testing. …

Effective Stress Analysis By Shear Strain Controllable Model And Its Application To Centrifuge Shaking Model Test, Hiroki Kurose, Masayuki Sato, Hitoshi Azuma, Katsumi Ozeki, Nozomu Yoshida

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Effective stress FEM which is able to control the growth of shear strains is proposed. Its validity is firstly confirmed through the simulation of undrained cyclic torsional shear tests. Then, it is applied to simulation of centrifuge shaking model tests; the experimental model consists of a caisson type quay wall and reclamation laid on the sand layer. Development of shear strain is shown to be controlled arbitrary keeping the excess porewater pressure generation unchanged through the simulation of undrained cyclic torsional shear test, which indicates that proposed model can be applicable to variety of soils with different density and fines …

General Report — Session 7: Seismic Analysis And Design Of Retaining And Marine Structures, Field Studies On Retaining Walls In California, Japan, And Around The World, Raj V. Siddharthan, Mohey El-Mously, Mamoru Kanatani, Jian-Min Zhang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

No abstract provided.