Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Characterization Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Diaphragm Response Under In-Plane Loading And Influence Of Non-Structural Gypsum Panels, Patrick Latreille, Violetta Nikolaidou, Colin A. Rogers, Dimitrios G. Lignos

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The in-plane response of CFS framed diaphragm structures subjected to seismic excitation is not well understood. At present, the North American AISI S400 Standard does not include a seismic design procedure for CFS framed diaphragms for use in Canada, and offers limited information for their use in the US. In addition, the effect of non-structural components on the lateral strength and stiffness of the diaphragm component has yet to be explored. In an effort to provide insight into the complex nature of the diaphragm structure and the influence of non- structural components an experimental program was initiated in the Jamieson …

Sheathing Overlapping And Attachment Methods For Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls With Corrugated Steel Sheathing, Mahsa Mahdavian, Wenying Zhang, Cheng Yu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel (CFS) shear walls sheathed with corrugated steel sheathing are a feasible solution to non-combustible high structural performance CFS shear walls in mid-rise buildings. Corrugated steel sheathings have high in-plane strength and stiffness due to the cross sectional shape of the sheet. This paper presents an experimental study on two specific issues: (1) the sheathing overlapping configurations and their impact to the shear wall performance, (2) the attachment method for sheathing to framing. For the overlapping issue, one overlap and two overlaps in the corrugated sheets were experimentally investigated, it was found that the overlap differences did not cause …

Simulating The Seismic Performance Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Buildings Using Corrugated Sheet Shear Walls, Wenying Zhang, Mahsa Mahdavian, Yuanqi Li, Cheng Yu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel framed shear wall sheathed with corrugated steel sheets is a promising shear wall system for low- and mid-rise constructions at high wind and seismic zones due to its advantages of non-combustibility, high shear strength, and high shear stiffness. A lot of work has been done on this subject. However, all the previous work is focused on the wall panel levels and more research work is needed on the entire building systems. The objective of this paper is to investigate the response of a cold-formed steel framed building with corrugated sheet sheathing subjected to earthquake excitation primarily through nonlinear …

Experimental Tests For The Seismic Response Evaluation Of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls Sheathed With Nailed Gypsum Boards, Luigi Fiorino, Vincenzo Macillo, Maria Teresa Terracciano, Tatiana Pali, Bianca Bucciero, Raffaele Landolfo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The European project named "Energy Efficient LIghtweight-Sustainable-SAfe- Steel Construction" (Project acronym: ELISSA) is devoted to the development and demonstration of cold-formed steel (CFS) modular systems. In particular, these systems are nano-enhanced prefabricated lightweight steel skeleton/dry wall construction with improved thermal, vibration/seismic and fire performance, resulting from the inherent thermal, damping and fire spread prevention properties. The different building performances are studied and improved by means of experimental and numerical activities organized on three scale levels: micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale. In particular, the evaluation of the seismic performance is carried out at the University of Naples by means tests on connections …

Development Of A Method To Generate A Simplified Finite Element Model For An Electrical Switchboard Cabinet, Edwin Lim, Barry J. Goodno, James I. Craig

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Electrical switchboards are one of the key pieces of equipment used in operations of most critical facilities such as hospitals and emergency services buildings. Unfortunately, past observations have shown that the switchboard cabinet and its contents may be vulnerable to damage or failure during an earthquake. An electrical switchboard cabinet is a complex structure typically constructed using cold-formed steel frame members enclosed by steel panels and containing a variety of switchgear and bus bars. The panels are usually fastened to the steel members by screws, and the steel members are connected together by bolts or screws. The structural behavior of …

Full-Scale Experimental And Numerical Study About Structural Behavior Of Thin-Walled Cold-Formed Steel Building Affected By Ground Settlements Due To Land Subsidence, Jose A. Ortiz-Lozano, Luis A. Hernández-Castillo, Martin Hernández-Marín, Jesús Pacheco-Martínez, Mario E. Zermeño-Deleón, Raúl Salinas-Salinas

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Land subsidence phenomenon due to ground water withdrawal is a current problem in many places around the world, particularly in the shallows of Mexico. This causes ground differential settlements that affect structures, mainly dwellings and buildings based on reinforced concrete and masonry. Eventually, these structural materials do not exhibit an adequate performance beyond a certain level of angular distortion. This work presents the experimental and numerical results about a study regarding the performance of a full-scale thin-walled cold-formed steel building affected by angular distortions simulating ground differential settlements due to land subsidence. The experimental stage consisted in the design and …

Design Method For Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Beams With Built-Up Box Section, Ying-Lei Li, Yuan-Qi Li

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Built-up sections has been extensively used in cold-formed thin-walled steel structures. The structural behaviour and moment capacity of built-up box beams, which is consisted of nested C and U-sections, are the major concerns in this paper. A finite element model for built-up box beams was firstly developed and validated by existing test results. The effects of screw configuration and the global buckling behaviour of built-up box beams were investigated by parametric analysis. Then, the simple superposition method and equivalent cross-section method were introduced and adopted to estimate the moment capacity of built-up box beams bending about major or minor axis. …

Design Of Industrial Cold-Formed Steel Rack Upright Frames For Loads In Cross-Aisle Direction, Francesc Roure, Teoman Peköz, M. Rosa Somalo, Jordi Bonada, M. Magdalena Pastor, Miquel Casafont

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper summarizes research on the cross-aisle stiffness and strength of industrial cold-formed steel rack upright frames for loads in cross-aisle direction. Tests were carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain on joints as well as entire upright frames. A possible rather simple analysis procedure is developed and described.

Behavior Of Steel Sheet Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Walls Subjected To Combined Lateral And Vertical Loads, Pengchun Jia, Wenying Zhang, Mahsa Mahdavian, Nathan Derrick, Cheng Yu

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) framed walls sheathed by steel sheets subjected to both lateral and gravity loads. The research focuses were on the collapse limit of the CFS shear wall using steel sheet sheathing and the shear resistance of CFS bearing walls. The test results showed that the gravity load has limited impact to the CFS shear wall’s behavior and performance. The CFS bearing wall could provide considerable shear resistance and it shall be considered in numerical modeling CFS buildings.

Material Properties Of Cold-Rolled Thin-Walled Steel Plates At Elevated Temperatures, Zhen Nie, Yuanqi Li

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

It is highly important to clarify the high temperature mechanical properties in the design of cold-formed steel structures under fire condition due to the unique deterioration feature in material properties under fire environment and associated reduction to the mechanical performance of members. This paper presents the material properties of coupons cut from raw cold-rolled thin-walled steel plates at elevated temperatures. A set of high temperature extensometer with a range of 12.5mm relative to 50mm gauge was employed in the experiments, which could collect more displacement data between the gauge scope before the coupon fail. The coupons were extracted from original …

On The Direct Strength Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Columns Falling In Local-Distortional Interactive Modes, André Dias Martins, Dinar Camotim, Pedro Borges Dinis

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper present and discusses proposals for the codification of efficient design approaches for cold-formed steel columns affected by local-distortional (L-D) interaction. These proposals, based on the Direct Strength Method (DSM), were developed, calibrated and validated on the basis of experimental and numerical (shell finite element) failure load data concerning columns with several cross-section shapes and obtained from investigations carried out by various researchers. Three types of L-D interaction are taken into account, namely “true L-D interaction”, “secondary local bifurcation L-D interaction” and “secondary distortional bifurcation L-D interaction”. Moreover, previously available DSM-based design approaches to handle column L-D interactive failures …

First-Order Generalized Beam Theory For Curved Members With Circular Axis, Nuno Peres, Rodrigo Gonçalves, Dinar Camotim

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents a first-order Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) formulation for thin-walled members with circular axis and undergoing complex global-distortional-local deformation. The fundamental equations are derived on the basis of the usual GBT kinematic assumptions (Kirchhoff, Vlasov and wall in-plane inextensibility), leading to a formulation able to retrieve accurate solutions with only a few cross-section deformation modes (cross-section DOFs). It is shown that the classic Winkler and Vlasov theories can be recovered from the derived formulation. A GBT-based finite element is use to analyze numerical examples illustrating the application and potential of the proposed formulation.

Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Duplex Stainless Steel Lipped-Channel Sections With Web Openings Subjected To Interior-One-Flange Loading, Amir M. Yousefi, James B. P. Lim, Asraf Uzzaman, Ying Lian, G. Charles Clifton, Ben Young

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed stainless steel sections are becoming more widely used in the residential and commercial sectors due to their high corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, their susceptibility to web crippling at points of concentrated loading is well-known to be an important design issue. In addition, web openings are also become popular, as they improve ease of installation of services. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effect of web crippling on cold-formed duplex stainless steel lipped channel-sections, having such openings, under the interior-one-flange (IOF) loading condition. 742 non-linear elasto-plastic finite element analyses are undertaken, with web …

A Finite Element Method For Distortional Buckling Analysis Of Thin-Walled Members, Sheng Jin, Xiao Jiana, Rui Chenga, Shidong Niea, Mingyue Chenga

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents a method for distortional buckling analysis of thin-walled members without assuming longitudinal shape of buckling modes. In this method, the pure distortional elastic buckling loads and deformation modes are achieved by performing a linear buckling analysis of a specially constrained finite element model of the thin-walled member in ANSYS. The constraints on each cross-section are applied independently and can be divided into two parts. The first part, by which distortional buckling can be distinguished from local buckling, depicts the transvers deformation of a cross-section, while the second part originated from longitudinal displacement patterns of distortional modes is …

Analyses Of Thin-Walled Sections Under Localised Loading For General End Boundary Conditions – Part I: Pre-Buckling, Van Vinh Nguyen, Gregory J. Hancock, Cao Hung Pham

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Semi-Analytical Finite Strip Method (SAFSM) for pre-buckling analysis of thin-walled sections under localised loading has been developed for general end boundary conditions. For different boundary conditions at supports and loading point, different displacement functions are required for both flexural and membrane displacements. As the stresses are not uniform along the member due to localised loading, the pre-buckling analysis also requires multiple series terms with orthogonal functions.

This paper briefly summaries the displacement functions used for different boundary conditions. In addition, the theory of the SAFSM for pre-buckling analysis of thin-walled sections under localised loading with general end boundary conditions …

Analyses Of Thin-Walled Sections Under Localised Loading For General End Boundary Conditions – Part Ii: Buckling, Van Vinh Nguyen, Gregory J. Hancock, Cao Hung Pham

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Thin-walled sections under localised loading may lead to buckling of the sections. This paper briefly introduces the development of the Semi-Analytical Finite Strip Method (SAFSM) for buckling analyses of thin-walled sections under localised loading for general end boundary conditions. This method is benchmarked against the Finite Element Method (FEM).

For different support and loading conditions, different functions are required for flexural and membrane displacements. In Part 1- Pre-buckling described in a companion paper at this conference, the analysis provides the computation of the stresses for use in the buckling analyses in this paper. Numerical examples of buckling analyses of thin-walled …

Measured Geometric Imperfections For Cee, Zee, And Built-Up Cold-Formed Steel Members, X. Zhao, B. W. Schafer

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Geometric imperfections play an important role in the performance and behavior of cold-formed steel members. The objective of this paper is to present recent results from measurements of cold-formed steel members conducted by a laser scanner. The measurements provide complete and precise three-dimensional point clouds of the specimens and can be processed to determine dimensional variations as well as variations within the plates. Processing of the data can range from simple: e.g., mean lip length, to complex: e.g., modal decomposition magnitudes of the measured imperfections. Three different shapes of cold-formed steel members are selected for study: Cee, Zee, and built-up …

Stability Analysis Of Thin-Walled Members With Curved Cross-Section Parts: Inelastic Behavior, D. Jobbágy, S. Ádány

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

In this paper the buckling behavior of thin-walled members with cross-sections with curved parts is investigated. Due to the curved parts, shell-like buckling is a potential mode of failure. The objective of the research is to understand whether shell-like buckling behavior might be governing in practical cold-formed steel members. For this aim, numerical studies have been carried out, involving linear buckling analysis as well as nonlinear analysis with imperfections, by considering various cross-sections. Based on the results it is concluded that shell-like behavior might be critical in certain cases.

Wei-Wen Yu International Specialty Conference On Cold-Formed Steel Structures 2016: Recent Research And Developments In Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Wei-Wen Yu Center For Cold-Formed Steel Structures

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

No abstract provided.

Numerical Simulations Of Solid And Slotted Cold-Formed Steel Channels With Different Boundary Conditions In Shear, Vitaliy V. Degtyarev, Natalia V. Degtyareva

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents results of a numerical study on the shear strength of cold-formed steel channels with solid and slotted webs. The effects of four different boundary conditions—test setup, realistic, and simply supported with free and restrained ends—on the elastic shear buckling load and the ultimate shear strength were considered. The study was performed on finite element models developed in ANSYS and validated against test data. The obtained results showed that the elastic shear buckling loads and the ultimate shear strengths of the slotted channels are more sensitive to the boundary conditions when compared with the solid channels. The simply …

Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Beams Under Bending And Torsion, Hong-Xia Wan, Mahen Mahendran

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This research is concerned with the buckling behaviour and design of cold-formed steel beams subject to combined bending and torsional actions. A finite element model considering the effects of initial geometrical imperfections and residual stresses was developed to simulate the combined bending and torsion of cold-formed steel beams. The finite element model was used to conduct analysis on cold-formed lipped channel sections, Z sections and hollow flange channel sections. Elastic buckling analysis was first conducted to study their buckling modes and buckling loads. Nonlinear analysis including the effects of large deformation and material yielding was conducted to obtain their ultimate …

Finite Element Investigations Of The Effect Of Residual Stress In Cold-Formed Sigma Beams, Feiliang Wang, Jian Yang

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Press braking is a cold forming operation used to fold the angle along the flat sheet between the top punch and bottom die. The residual stress will be induced in this process as a result of plastic deformation. In the welding process, a dynamic thermal cycle is introduced to generate a non-uniformly temperature distribution on the heat affected zone (HAZ), and the residual stress also occurs in the process as a result of uneven cooling along the welding bead. The existence of residual stress can superimpose onto the external loadings to affect the stiffness and load resistance capacity of the …

Incorporation Of Elastic Local Buckling In A Plain Channel Section Beam Subjected To Double-Curvature Bending: An Effective-Width Approach, Edwin Lim, Barry J. Goodno, James I. Craig

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

When electrical cabinets are subjected to lateral loads, such as earthquakes, the beams of the cabinet frame typically experience double-curvature bending deformation. These beams are usually constructed from cold-formed plain channel sections so they are vulnerable to elastic local buckling near their ends, where high stresses from applied loads are more likely to develop. To capture local buckling behavior, structural engineers typically use high-fidelity finite element models, but this approach can be complex and computationally expensive. A Timoshenko beam element model is simpler and less computationally costly but it is not capable of capturing local buckling behavior. In this paper, …

Tests Of Cold-Formed Ferritic Stainless Steel Beams, Lianghao Li, Ben Young

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Ferritic stainless steel is characterized by its low or even no nickel content, which provides a good alternative to a more commonly used austenitic stainless steel (with 8.0-10.0% nickel content) in structural application. The low nickel content attributes to low initial material cost and more stable price for ferritic stainless steel. A series of four-point bending tests was conducted on both square and rectangular hollow sections to investigate the flexural performance of cold-formed ferritic stainless steel hollow sections. The experimental results obtained from this test program and the available data in the literature on cold-formed ferritic stainless steel beams were …

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Of General Cold-Formed Steel Beams, Robert S. Glauz

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The design of unbraced cold-formed steel beams must consider lateral-torsional buckling due to the low torsional stiffness associated with open cross-sections. The American Iron and Steel Institute incorporated design equations for the critical elastic lateral-torsional buckling stress in the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Members. These equations are based on elastic theory for singly-symmetric and doubly-symmetric sections. However, the equation for point-symmetric sections is only a rough approximation. Furthermore, there are no provisions for lateral-torsional buckling of non-symmetric sections, or sections oriented to non-principal axes. This paper investigates and develops a general formulation of the lateral-torsional …

Unconstrained Cross-Sectional Shape Optimisation Of Cold-Formed Steel Beams And Beam-Columns, Bin Wang, Benoit P. Gilbert, Guillaume L. Bosco, Hong Guan, Lip H. Teh

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper is focused on optimising the cross-sectional shapes of simply-supported, singly-symmetric and open-section cold-formed steel (CFS) beams and beam-columns without manufacturing or assembly constraints. A previously developed Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in this study. Fully restrained and unrestrained beams against lateral deflection and twist, as well as unrestrained beam-columns are optimised, of which the nominal member capacities are determined by the Direct Strength Method (DSM). The optimised cross-sectional shapes are presented and the evolution of the unrestrained cross-sectional shapes for various combinations of axial load and bending moment is analysed and discussed.

Identifying Shear Buckling Coefficients For Channels With Rectangular Web Stiffeners Using The Generalised Cfsm, Morgan A. Rendall, Gregory J. Hancock, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Direct Strength Method (DSM) of design for cold-formed sections was recently extended in the North American Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (NAS S100:2012) to include members in shear. The method has largely been developed on the basis of work done on lipped channel sections. To utilise the method requires the critical shear buckling load of the section, which may be determined from a minimum point on the signature curve for the section in pure shear. However when longitudinal web stiffeners are added to the channel a minimum may not exist, or may occur at half-wavelengths where the critical …

A Direct Strength Method (Dsm) Of Design For Channel Sections In Shear With Square And Circular Web Holes, Song Hong Pham, Cao Hung Pham, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Direct Strength Method (DSM) design rules for cold-formed steel members in shear have been incorporated recently into the North American Specification (AISI S100-12) and are being implemented in the Australian standard (AS/NZS 4600:2005). The method, which was calibrated for unperforated members only, requires two inputs including the buckling load Vcr and the shear yielding load Vy. For members with square web cut-outs, Vcr can be computed by either the Spline Finite Strip Method (SFSM) or the tabulated values based on the shear buckling coefficients kv as studied by CH Pham or the Finite Element Method (FEM). However, Vy has …

New Sdi Diaphragm Design Manual, Larry Luttrell, John Mattingly, Walter Schultz, Thomas Sputo

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Steel Deck Institute (SDI) has released the new and long awaited 4th Edition of the Diaphragm Design Manual (DDM04). This new edition complies with the requirements of the ANSI/AISI S310-13 North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels. At 408 pages, the 4th Edition is larger than its predecessor and will be an invaluable resource to structural designers because of the background information, design examples, and extensive load tables.

The First Edition of the DDM, published in 1981, was authored by Dr. Larry Luttrell, P.E., the Technical Advisor to the SDI. The diaphragm design method developed …

Recent Developments In The Australian/New Zealand Standard As/Nzs 4600 For Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Gregory J. Hancock

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600 is currently under revision based in part on the latest edition of the North American Specification AISI S100:2012 and partly based on the latest research in Australia and New Zealand. The Direct Strength Method (DSM) of design has undergone substantial research since the 2005 edition of AS/NZS 4600 and this research is now incorporated in the revised edition. The new areas in the DSM include shear, combined bending and shear, combined bending and compression, sections with holes and inelastic reserve capacity. Further, the prequalified sections now include most sections with longitudinal web and flange …