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Articles 1501 - 1530 of 4011
Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Developing Road Infrastructure Route Planning: Increasing Feasibility Of Toll Road Project, Mohammed Ali Berawi, Teuku Yuri Zagloel, Perdana Miraj, Abdur Rohim Boy Berawi, Wellsi Titaheluw, Saipol Bari Bin Abd Karim
Developing Road Infrastructure Route Planning: Increasing Feasibility Of Toll Road Project, Mohammed Ali Berawi, Teuku Yuri Zagloel, Perdana Miraj, Abdur Rohim Boy Berawi, Wellsi Titaheluw, Saipol Bari Bin Abd Karim
Makara Journal of Technology
Indonesian government attempts to improve connectivity and to increase regional activities in Sumatera Island through the development of Trans Sumatera Toll Road (TSTR). However, despite its benefits to local economic development in Sumatera, the project shows low feasibility due to a low amount of investment. It can be attributed from the lack of planning in the initial phase to produce a comprehensive route that considers the various potentials of the regions. Thus, this research aims to investigate alternative route planning of Trans Sumatera Toll Road particularly in this paper for Central Sumatera by studying Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population …
Thermal And -Γ –Ray Irradiation Effects On The Ionic Conductivity Of (Licl)X(Montmorillonite)1-X, Safei Purnama, Aziz Khan Jahja, Takeshi Sakuma
Thermal And -Γ –Ray Irradiation Effects On The Ionic Conductivity Of (Licl)X(Montmorillonite)1-X, Safei Purnama, Aziz Khan Jahja, Takeshi Sakuma
Makara Journal of Technology
Compositesof montmorillonite (MMT) - lithium salts have been prepared using a simple process of powders mixing followed by heating. The powders resulting from this method are expected to beionic conductors with a high ionic conductivity characteristics. This characteristics is also further improved by employing gamma-ray irradiation technique at specified irradiation doses. The best results were obtained for the (LiCl)0.5(MMT)0.5 composite with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.192 mS/cm, which then increases to ~5 mS/cm after gamma irradiation at a dose of 400 kGy. This value is equivalent to the value of the ionic conductivity of current commercial rechargeable lithium …
Test Standard For Determining The Fastener-Sheathing Local Translational Stiffness Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies, 2017 Edition, American Iron And Steel Institute
Test Standard For Determining The Fastener-Sheathing Local Translational Stiffness Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies, 2017 Edition, American Iron And Steel Institute
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)
No abstract provided.
Test Standard For Determining The Fastener-Sheathing Rotational Stiffness Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies, 2017 Edition, American Iron And Steel Institute
Test Standard For Determining The Fastener-Sheathing Rotational Stiffness Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies, 2017 Edition, American Iron And Steel Institute
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)
No abstract provided.
Identifying Damage, Predicting Expansion, And Determining The Effectiveness Of Sealers On Concrete Affected By Alkali-Silica Reaction And Freeze-Thaw, Matthew Caleb Waidner
Identifying Damage, Predicting Expansion, And Determining The Effectiveness Of Sealers On Concrete Affected By Alkali-Silica Reaction And Freeze-Thaw, Matthew Caleb Waidner
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Premature cracking of the barrier wall and pavement on I-49 south of Fayetteville, Arkansas due to a combination of Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) and freeze-thaw has led to ASR and freeze-thaw research at the University of Arkansas. Potential for further expansion (PFET), Damage Rating Index (DRI), and mitigation of freeze-thaw and ASR with sealers testing and results are contained herein. PFET results indicated that the pavement will not continue to expand from ASR. With other interstate pavements deteriorating prematurely throughout Arkansas, DRI has shown that most are damaged not only by ASR but by freeze-thaw too. Recommendations for freeze-thaw’s inclusion into …
Smart Rock Technology For Real-Time Monitoring Of Bridge Scour And Riprap Effectiveness -- Design Guidelines And Visualization Tools, Genda Chen, Yan Tang, Yizheng Chen, Zhaochao Li, Chuanrui Guo, Liang Fan, Yi Bao, Xiuyan Hu, Matthew Klegseth
Smart Rock Technology For Real-Time Monitoring Of Bridge Scour And Riprap Effectiveness -- Design Guidelines And Visualization Tools, Genda Chen, Yan Tang, Yizheng Chen, Zhaochao Li, Chuanrui Guo, Liang Fan, Yi Bao, Xiuyan Hu, Matthew Klegseth
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This study aims to further develop and demonstrate the recently-proposed smart rock technology for scour depth and protection effectiveness monitoring. A smart rock is one or two stacked magnets encased in a concrete sphere with a specially-designed rotational mechanism. Design guidelines, rotational mechanisms, remote measurement tools and localization algorithms of smart rocks were developed and validated at three bridge sites. The effect of steel reinforcement in bridge piers/deck on the orientation of gravity-controlled magnets was negligible. The localization accuracy with a single smart rock met a general requirement of less than 0.5 m in engineering applications. The spherical smart rock …
Condition Factor Calibration For Load And Resistance Factor Rating Of Steel Girder Bridges, Pranav M. Shakya
Condition Factor Calibration For Load And Resistance Factor Rating Of Steel Girder Bridges, Pranav M. Shakya
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
The Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) is a reliability-based rating procedure complementary to the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). The intent of LRFR is to provide consistent reliability for all bridges regardless of in-situ condition. The primary difference between design and rating is the uncertain severity and location of deterioration, including the potential future loss of strength for an element already evidencing deterioration. Ostensibly, these uncertainties are accounted for by applying an additional strength reduction factor: the condition factor, ϕc. Currently, condition factors are nominally correlated to the condition of the member, which can be Good, …
Relaxation In Bolted Assemblies, Samuel Augustus Moeller
Relaxation In Bolted Assemblies, Samuel Augustus Moeller
Theses and Dissertations
The purposes of this investigation were to (a) extend previously developed elastic spring models for bolt assemblies to include simulating creep loss in the bolt and the threads and (b) to present an approach in which appropriate spring stiffness in the model are determined rationally. Previous efforts at modeling tension in bolts have been limited in that they were not readily applicable to analyses of realistic bolted connections. The simulated load distributions on the shank and the threads in a single-bolt assembly showed good comparison to the gathered experimental data as did the simulated, time dependent creep loss in the …
Industrial Cold-Formed Steel Rack Column Base Fixity And Strength, Francesc Roure, Teoman Peköz, M. Rosa Somalo, Jordi Bonada, M. Magdalena Pastor, Miquel Casafont, James Crews
Industrial Cold-Formed Steel Rack Column Base Fixity And Strength, Francesc Roure, Teoman Peköz, M. Rosa Somalo, Jordi Bonada, M. Magdalena Pastor, Miquel Casafont, James Crews
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper summarizes the testing done at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain and the possible use of the results in design for column base stiffness and strength. The test setup and procedure are adopted in the European rack design standards.
Reduced Order Models For Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, G. Bian, S. Torabian, B. W. Schafer
Reduced Order Models For Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, G. Bian, S. Torabian, B. W. Schafer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The objective of this paper is to provide progress on development and validation of reduced order models for the in plane strength and stiffness of profiled steel panels appropriate for use in structural models of an entire building. Profiled steel panels, i.e, metal deck, often serve as a key distribution element in building lateral force resisting systems. Acting largely as an in-plane shear diaphragm, metal deck as employed in walls, roofs, and floors plays a key role in creating and driving three-dimensional building response. As structural modeling evolves from two-dimensional frameworks to fully three-dimensional buildings, accurate and computationally efficient models …
Shear Resistance Of Cold-Formed Steel Framing Wall With X-Strap Bracing, Chi-Ling Pan, Chang-Chan Huang, Meng-Hsiu Tsao
Shear Resistance Of Cold-Formed Steel Framing Wall With X-Strap Bracing, Chi-Ling Pan, Chang-Chan Huang, Meng-Hsiu Tsao
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This research is concentrated on the study of structural strength and behavior of cold-formed steel frame with strap bracing subjected to horizontal loads. The wall specimens with and without calcium silicate board sheathing were tested to compare the differences of shear resistance. Based on the test data, the ultimate strength, stiffness, ductility ratio, and failure behavior were studied for each specimen, and the wall’s movements were also discussed in this paper. The cold-formed steel framing wall without bracing from previous study was introduced for the comparison purpose. As expected, the ultimate strength was increased for the cold-formed steel wall sheathed …
An Archetype Mid-Rise Building For Novel Complete Cold-Formed Steel Buildings, S. Torabian, Z. Saneei Nia, B. W. Schafer
An Archetype Mid-Rise Building For Novel Complete Cold-Formed Steel Buildings, S. Torabian, Z. Saneei Nia, B. W. Schafer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper introduces an archetype mid-rise cold-formed steel (CFS) building that aids in assessing the limits of current structural solutions, particularly lateral force resisting systems, and also in the development of new CFS technologies. A unified archetype building provides a platform for comparing the performance of new lateral force resisting systems to existing ones. The study herein provides quantitative evaluation of the design limitations of a typical “complete” cold-formed steel building (i.e. only cold-formed steel based elements are used for all gravity and lateral force resisting systems) at different heights (4 through 20 stories) located in a high seismic zone. …
Seismic Modeling And Incremental Dynamic Analysis Of The Cold-Formed Steel Framed Cfs-Nees Building, J. Leng, S. G. Buonopane, B. W. Schafer
Seismic Modeling And Incremental Dynamic Analysis Of The Cold-Formed Steel Framed Cfs-Nees Building, J. Leng, S. G. Buonopane, B. W. Schafer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The objective of this paper is to present seismic modeling of a two-story cold-formed steel (CFS) framed building. The selected building, known as the CFSNEES building, was designed to current U.S. standards and then subjected to full-scale shake table tests under the U.S. National Science Foundation Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) program. Test results showed that the building’s stiffness and capacity was considerably higher than expected and the building suffered only non-structural damage and no permanent drift, even at maximum considered earthquake (per ASCE 7 and the selected California site) level. Past modeling, including that of the authors, largely …
Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Screw Fastener Spacing On The Local And Distortional Buckling Behavior Of Built-Up Cold-Formed Steel Columns, David C. Fratamico, Shahabeddin Torabian, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Benjamin W. Schafer
Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Screw Fastener Spacing On The Local And Distortional Buckling Behavior Of Built-Up Cold-Formed Steel Columns, David C. Fratamico, Shahabeddin Torabian, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Benjamin W. Schafer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper addresses an ongoing experimental and computational effort on the buckling and strength of built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns. Specifically, two 6 in. (152 mm) deep lipped channel sections (i.e. the 600S137-54 and 600S162-54 using AISI S200-12 nomenclature) are studied here in a back-to-back, screw-connected form and were chosen for their local and distortional slenderness to study the effect of fastener spacing and layout on local and distortional buckling and collapse behavior. Thirty column tests are completed with concentric loading. The screw spacing is varied from L to L/6, where L is the column length, with and without varying …
Experimental Investigation Into Steel Storage Rack Beam-To-Upright Bolted Connections, Liusi Dai, Xianzhong Zhao, Chong Ren
Experimental Investigation Into Steel Storage Rack Beam-To-Upright Bolted Connections, Liusi Dai, Xianzhong Zhao, Chong Ren
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
For unbraced steel storage racks, the down-aisle stability depends largely on the performance of beam-to-upright connections and column bases. Boltless connections are generally used in order to make rack structures easy to assemble and feasible to adjust the storey height. Recently, storage racks are designed to carry large amounts of goods and they are therefore raise a considerable height, which makes the improvement of the structural stability to be sufficiently important. Under the circumstances, tab-connected beam-to-upright connections with bolts are gradually used in steel storage racks. Compared with boltless connections, the stiffness, strength and ductility of the bolted connections are …
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses With Concentric And Eccentric Joint Arrangements Using The Howick Rivet Connector, Amin Ahmadi, Colin K. L. Yee, Harry J. S. Shepherd, G. Charles Clifton, Raj Das, James B. P. Lim
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses With Concentric And Eccentric Joint Arrangements Using The Howick Rivet Connector, Amin Ahmadi, Colin K. L. Yee, Harry J. S. Shepherd, G. Charles Clifton, Raj Das, James B. P. Lim
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper considers the behaviour of a cold-formed steel truss system that uses a novel pinned connector for the joints, to be referred to as the Howick Rivet connector (HRC). Use of the HRC allows a pinned concentric joint arrangement to be formed, as well as the more usual eccentric joint arrangement used in tests described in the literature. However, with the concentric joint arrangement, it is necessary to remove part of the lips of the channel-sections being connected, thus creating a discontinuity in the lips. This paper assesses the effect of this discontinuity. Full-scale truss tests are first described. …
Design Of New Cold Rolled Purlins By Experimental Testing And Direct Strength Method, V. B. Nguyen, B. Cartwright, M. A. English
Design Of New Cold Rolled Purlins By Experimental Testing And Direct Strength Method, V. B. Nguyen, B. Cartwright, M. A. English
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
New cold roll formed channel and zed sections for purlins, namely UltraBEAMTM2 and UltraZEDTM2, have been developed by Hadley Industries plc using a combined approach of experimental testing, finite element modelling and optimisation techniques. The new sections have improved strength to weight ratio by increasing the section’s strength by using stiffeners in the section webs. The European standards, Eurocode 3, use a traditional Effective Width Method to determine the strength of a cold formed steel member. However, the design of the new sections UltraBEAMTM2 and UltraZEDTM2 using this method is very complicated in calculating the effective section properties as these …
Seismic Performance Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Walls With Steel Sheathing, Feng Ruo-Qiang, Xu Peng-Hui
Seismic Performance Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Shear Walls With Steel Sheathing, Feng Ruo-Qiang, Xu Peng-Hui
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel (CFS) framed shear walls with steel sheet sheathing can achieve higher shear resistance compared to conventional CFS framed shear walls. Experimental and numerical investigation of seismic behavior was present on two CFS shear walls sheathed with steel sheet for the base layer combined with gypsum wallboards for the face layer on both sides. Monotonic shear and cyclic loading tests were conducted on wall specimens. The failure mechanism, bearing capacity, stiffness and ductility of specimens were obtained. On the basis of rational simplification of CFS framed shear walls, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the monotonic …
An Improved Two-Stage Seismic Analysis Procedure For Mid-Rise Buildings With Vertical Combination Of Cold-Formed Steel And Concrete Framing, X. Yuan, L. Xu
An Improved Two-Stage Seismic Analysis Procedure For Mid-Rise Buildings With Vertical Combination Of Cold-Formed Steel And Concrete Framing, X. Yuan, L. Xu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Presented in this paper is an improved two-stage analysis procedure for evaluating the seismic load of the mid-rise buildings with vertical combination of cold-formed steel and concrete framing. By comparing the improved procedure to the one prescribed in ASCE 7, it is found the stiffness requirement of the two-stage analysis procedure stated in ASCE 7 may be over-relaxed, which may consequently result in the underestimation of the base shear of the upper structure in certain cases. Furthermore, the lateral load at the top storey of the upper structure evaluated by ASCE 7 two-stage analysis procedure may also be considerably underestimated. …
Resistance Of Arc Spot Welds – Update To Provisions, B. Paige Blackburn, Thomas Sputo
Resistance Of Arc Spot Welds – Update To Provisions, B. Paige Blackburn, Thomas Sputo
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The AISI S100-12 provisions for arc spot welds have not be reviewed since 1999. This study performs a comprehensive analysis of the entire arc spot weld data base including data from four new research studies and reconsiders AISI S100-12 resistance equations with data from 450 specimens. Most AISI S100-12 equations were found to be conservative, particularly for sheet tearing failure modes. However, the equation for arc spot weld fracture under tensile load was found to poorly predict the data base test results. AISI S100-12 provision improvements are recommended not only for the resistance equations and factors, but also for the …
Tilt Bearing Capacity Of Single-Shear Bolted Connections Without Washers, Mehmet E. Uz, Lip H. Teh
Tilt Bearing Capacity Of Single-Shear Bolted Connections Without Washers, Mehmet E. Uz, Lip H. Teh
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper examines the accuracy of design equations specified in the North American and European codes for cold-formed steel structures in determining the ultimate tilt bearing capacity of single-shear single-row bolted connections without washers in flat steel sheets. It points out that the code equations do not properly distinguish the tilt bearing failure mode from the conventional bearing failure mode, which is typical of double-shear connections and single-shear connections with washers. The tilt bearing capacity is affected by the width of the connected sheet, and its capacity does not vary linearly with either the sheet thickness or the bolt diameter. …
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Semi Rigid Connections, Ruby Freya, R. Senthil, W. Jeoffray Merin, R. Saravanakumar, Krishna Kuber, M. Gowtham
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Steel Semi Rigid Connections, Ruby Freya, R. Senthil, W. Jeoffray Merin, R. Saravanakumar, Krishna Kuber, M. Gowtham
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Ductility and inelastic performance are important considerations in aseismic design of buildings. The dissipation of energy due to inelastic deformation is predominantly required in the connections like beam column joints. It is necessary to design these joints as semi rigid for its economic and structural benefits. Semi-rigid connections have highly nonlinear behaviour that makes the analysis and design of frames difficult and complicated. Steel structures are highly regarded for their seismic performance. It is required to understand and study the inelastic behavior of steel connections which would help in an economical and simpler design. This paper involves the modeling of …
Shear Behavior Of Screw Connection Between Cold-Formed Steel And Gypsum Sheathing At Elevated Temperatures, Wei Chen, Yihong Ye
Shear Behavior Of Screw Connection Between Cold-Formed Steel And Gypsum Sheathing At Elevated Temperatures, Wei Chen, Yihong Ye
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The screw connections between cold-formed steel (CFS) and gypsum sheathing play an important role in the axial and lateral performance of CFS wall panels. Previous researches were mainly focus on the shear behavior of such screw connections at room temperature. This paper carried out a preliminary experimental investigation on the mechanical performance of screw connections with single layer gypsum sheathing at elevated temperatures. Limited to the cavity dimension of the furnace, the single-lap test of CFS coupon -fastener-sheathing connection was adopted and compared with the previous test results of sheathing-to-profile screw connections at room temperature. The failure of screw connections …
Monotonic And Cyclic Backbone Response Of Single Shear Sheathing-To- Cold-Formed Steel Screw-Fastened Connections, F. Tao, R. Cole, C. D. Moen
Monotonic And Cyclic Backbone Response Of Single Shear Sheathing-To- Cold-Formed Steel Screw-Fastened Connections, F. Tao, R. Cole, C. D. Moen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Monotonic and cyclic backbone load-deformation response models for single shear plywood, oriented-strand board, and gypsum board sheathing to cold-formed steel screw-fastened connections are developed with support from an experimental program. Connection strength, stiffness, and the probability of screw shear failure are correlated to fastener bearing strength of the two connected plies. Cyclic strength and stiffness degradation was negligible. Cyclic excursions resulted in increased connection stiffness from the screw bearing hardening the ply material and locking in the plies.
Characterizing The Load Deformation Behaviour Of Steel Deck Diaphragms, P. O'Brien, S. Florig, C. D. Moen, M. R. Eatherton
Characterizing The Load Deformation Behaviour Of Steel Deck Diaphragms, P. O'Brien, S. Florig, C. D. Moen, M. R. Eatherton
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Lateral loads flow through a building’s horizontal roof and floor diaphragms before being transferred to the vertical lateral force resisting system (e.g. braced frames, moment frames or shear walls). These diaphragms are therefore a critical structural component in the resistance of lateral loads. A review of the literature shows that a large number of experimental programs have been performed to obtain the in-plane load-deformation behavior of steel deck and concrete on steel deck diaphragms. The tested diaphragm behavior was found to be dependent on a set of factors including loading protocol, fastener type, fastener size and spacing, and more. There …
Experiments On Column Base Stiffness Of Long-Span Cold-Formed Steel Portal Frames Composed Of Double Channels, H. B. Blum, K. J. R. Rasmussen
Experiments On Column Base Stiffness Of Long-Span Cold-Formed Steel Portal Frames Composed Of Double Channels, H. B. Blum, K. J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel haunched portal frames are popular structures in industrial and housing applications. They are mostly used as sheds, garages, and shelters, and are common in rural areas. Cold-formed steel portal frames with spans of up to 30m (100 ft) are now being constructed in Australia. As these large structures are fairly new to the market, there is limited data on their feasibility and design recommendations. An experimental program was carried out on a series of portal frame systems composed of back-to-back channels for the columns, rafters, and knee braces. The system consisted of three frames connected in parallel with …
Application Of The Direct Strength Method To Steel Deck, Randall Keith Dudenbostel, Thomas Sputo
Application Of The Direct Strength Method To Steel Deck, Randall Keith Dudenbostel, Thomas Sputo
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
With the reorganization of the AISI S100 Standard, the Direct Strength Method (DSM) takes a position of equal footing with the Equivalent Width Method (EWM) for calculating the strength of cold-formed steel cross sections. The majority of previous DSM studies focused on C and Z profiles, while little study of panel sections, especially steel deck sections, has been performed. A study was undertaken to determine and compare the behavior and usable strength of existing floor and roof deck sections with both DSM and EWM. The Cornell University – Finite Strip Method (CUFSM) software was used for the elastic buckling analysis, …
Finite Element Modeling Of Concrete Shrinkage In Composite Deck Slabs, Vitaliy V. Degtyarev
Finite Element Modeling Of Concrete Shrinkage In Composite Deck Slabs, Vitaliy V. Degtyarev
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents finite element models of composite deck slabs subjected to restrained concrete shrinkage. The models created in ANSYS and validated against test data were based on the assumption of the full shear interaction between the deck and the concrete and accounted for concrete creep, cracking, and nonlinear stress-strain relationship. Concrete shrinkage was modeled by temperature changes applied to concrete. The effects of different shrinkage profiles, concrete creep, and deck slab properties on the long-term concrete and deck strains are presented. Future research work is outlined.
A Combined Direct Analysis And Direct Strength Approach To Predict The Flexural Strength Of Z-Purlins With Paired Torsion Braces, Michael W. Seek, Chris Ramseyer, Ian Kaplan
A Combined Direct Analysis And Direct Strength Approach To Predict The Flexural Strength Of Z-Purlins With Paired Torsion Braces, Michael W. Seek, Chris Ramseyer, Ian Kaplan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of 12 Base Tests for Z-section purlins with paired interior torsional braces and one flange attached to a flexible horizontal diaphragm are evaluated with the Direct Strength Method. Rather than use the conventional constrained bending stress approximation, a direct analysis philosophy is adopted where cross section stress distributions are calculated using a displacement compatibility approach. With a flexible diaphragm typical of a standing seam roof system, these stresses can deviate substantially from the constrained bending approximation and can significantly impact predicted local and distortional buckling behavior. The displacement compatibility approach incorporates estimates of load imbalances and second order …
Advanced Modeling Of Cold-Formed Steel Walls Under Fire, J. C. Batista Abreu, N. Punati, K. R. Prasad, B. W. Schafer
Advanced Modeling Of Cold-Formed Steel Walls Under Fire, J. C. Batista Abreu, N. Punati, K. R. Prasad, B. W. Schafer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper discusses an advanced finite element model able to simulate the structural response of cold-formed steel walls during standard fire tests. The model includes experimental thermo-mechanical properties of materials, geometric imperfections, and temperature distributions on studs and sheathing boards. The model is capable of reasonably predicting the thermal bowing of walls, and estimating the shape, size and amount of joint openings between gypsum boards over time of fire exposure. Numerical results validated with experimental data indicate that the maximum out-of-plane displacements due to thermal gradients occur near the wall mid-height. Early in the heating process, joint openings develop on …