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Articles 121 - 150 of 194
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran
Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cancer is a disease that is the central focus of many a researcher's attention. As it is a disease that can spread very rapidly and can be fatal in many cases, its early detection and early treatment can dramatically change mortality. Towards the early detection of the disease, antibodies are most commonly used for the detection of cancer biomarkers. The use of antibodies in diagnostics has proven fruitful in the past. But advancements in molecular biology have introduced aptamers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Aptamers are oligonucleotides or peptides that are usually synthesized by a selective process called SELEX. Aptamers …
Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye
Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Limb lengthening procedures are used commonly to correct limb length discrepancies. Current methods in limb lengthening require a distraction of 1 mm per day using an external fixation device. Although the underlying mechanisms of new bone growth have been studied and discussed extensively, they remain not fully understood. It is thought, however, that mechanoreceptor cells of the periosteum play an important role. In an attempt to understand the contribution of periosteum, the biaxial mechanical properties of the periosteum are studied. Freshly excised porcine periosteum was used to investigate the effects of preload on the material symmetry, and the effects of …
Analysis Of Oxygen Uptake During Blood Flow Through A Rectangular Microchannel: A Two Phase Eulerian Model With Oxygen-Hemoglobin Reaction, Jamie Wright
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The evolution of oxygenator design has culminated in the current strategy of utilizing micro-porous membranes to separate blood and oxygen phases while utilizing extra-luminal blood flow orientations to promote passive and active secondary mixing of the blood to inhibit the build up of concentration boundary layers near oxygen transfer surfaces that impede efficiency. Advances in fabrication techniques could allow for the manufacturing of oxygenators employing microchannels to decrease the diffusion path between oxygen and the red blood cells, more closely mimicking the strategy employed by the body. Because blood is actually a complex suspension, it is difficult to model. Furthermore, …
Targeted Drug Delivery To Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Using Biodegradable Nanoparticles, Danyel Specht
Targeted Drug Delivery To Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Using Biodegradable Nanoparticles, Danyel Specht
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Restenosis is a common problem that can occur in angioplasty patients. In order to reduce the restentosis rate, various treatments such as glucocorticoids and drug eluting stents have been used for angioplasty patients. However, their limitations include the inefficient delivery of drugs to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation, a major cause of restenosis. Therefore, we propose the use of biodegradable nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for transporting a therapeutic agent to human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) to prevent their proliferation. In this study the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) was chosen as the therapeutic agent. A biodegradable polymer, poly (D,Llactide-co-glycolide) …
Subcellular Light Activation, Control And Manipulation Using A Dynamically Reconfigurable Nanopatterning System, Amruta Rajiv Joshi
Subcellular Light Activation, Control And Manipulation Using A Dynamically Reconfigurable Nanopatterning System, Amruta Rajiv Joshi
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cellular communication is the basis of all cellular activities and functions. Cell signaling is crucial in the processes of tissue maintenance, tissue development and homeostasis. Errors in transmission or interpretation of these signals can result in the onset of diseases like cancer. Efforts have been made to probe into the communication between cells, and the extracellular signals that cells transmit to each other. There is however, a necessity to understand cell communication within the cellular components themselves and to be able to perform a nanoscale analysis of the cell organelle behavior. Many cellular mechanisms involve processes at the subcellular level, …
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer For High Throughput Label Free Cell Analysis, Sajal Chirvi
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer For High Throughput Label Free Cell Analysis, Sajal Chirvi
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Microfluidic flow cytometer for high throughput label free cell analysis is proposed. Detection of cell morphology plays an important role in determination of state of health and diagnosis of many diseases such as sickle cell anemia, cancer, urine analysis, blood analysis etc. The platform proposed integrates label free cell analysis, microfluidic platform and high throughput imaging. Label free analysis helps in analyzing cells without altering cell/protein of interest and also allows biophysical characterization of living cells. Microfluidic platform used is fabricated from soft lithography. It mimics biological environment due to its channel confinement and is biocompatible. Being optically clear (PDMS), …
Cytotoxicity Evaluation Of Temperature Sensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery, Aniket Sharadrao Wadajkar
Cytotoxicity Evaluation Of Temperature Sensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery, Aniket Sharadrao Wadajkar
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The objective of this research project was to develop temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. These nanoparticles were formulated by a radical polymerization method, and their toxicity was studied in vitro using MTS assays and various cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Cytotoxicity results did not show a significant difference in cell survival when cells were exposed to different particle sizes (100, 300, and 500 nm). In addition, dose studies of 100 nm nanoparticles showed that the cells exposed to PNIPA nanoparticles at concentrations less than or equal to 5 mg/ml were …
Exploratory Study Of Gold Nanoshell As A Therapeutic Thermal Ablation Agent For Cancer Treatment Using Laboratory And Animal Tissue Phantoms, Yajuvendra Rathore
Exploratory Study Of Gold Nanoshell As A Therapeutic Thermal Ablation Agent For Cancer Treatment Using Laboratory And Animal Tissue Phantoms, Yajuvendra Rathore
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of male death from cancer. Surgical removal of the prostate is associated with high risks of surgical complications and consequences such as incontinence and sexual dysfunction. In my study, I have investigated a nanoparticle-assisted photothermal therapeutic method that may be used for treatment of prostate cancer in the future. This method is minimally-invasive and uses gold nano-shells as hyperthermia agents to treat localized necrosis of cancer cells. I have conducted a feasibility study for a new class of NIR absorbing nanoparticles called Gold …
Study Of Normobaric Hyperoxia Effects During Focal Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury In Mice Using Optical Spectroscopy Measurements, Shereen Mohideen
Study Of Normobaric Hyperoxia Effects During Focal Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury In Mice Using Optical Spectroscopy Measurements, Shereen Mohideen
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Optical spectroscopy has seen tremendous growth and development in recent years and has been extensively used to characterize the optical properties of biological tissues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the values of oxygen saturation and concentration of hemoglobin in mice with focal hypoxic ischemia after being recovered in normobaric hyperoxia. Mice at five different age levels were used for this purpose, in order to see the effects of hyperoxia at different developmental stages of the brain; ischemia was induced in them by ligating their right carotid artery and subjecting them to hypoxic (8% oxygen) environment for half …
Model Driven Analysis Of Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy For Detection Of Human Prostate And Kidney Cancers, Aditya Vivek Mathker
Model Driven Analysis Of Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy For Detection Of Human Prostate And Kidney Cancers, Aditya Vivek Mathker
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most common forms of kidney cancer originating from the renal tubule. During surgery, it is difficult for the surgeons to identify the cancer tissue from the normal tissue and also the benign tumor from malignant tumor. Moreover, prostate cancer is the leading cause of death amongst men in the United States. In this study, optical reflectance spectroscopy with short source-detector separation is used as a minimally invasive technique to differentiate normal tissues from tumor lesions and also to differentiate benign from malignant tissues in renal cell carcinoma. Clinical post-operative readings were obtained using …
Comparison Of Hemodynamic Response Non-Linearity Using Simultaneous Functional Near Infrared Spectrsoscopy And Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities, Renuka Parlapalli
Comparison Of Hemodynamic Response Non-Linearity Using Simultaneous Functional Near Infrared Spectrsoscopy And Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities, Renuka Parlapalli
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response, which is measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is known to be a combination of various vascular parameters, among which deoxy-hemoglobin is argued to be a major contributor. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) though limited in its spatial resolution provides a promising tool to study cortical activations, due to its specificity of independent measurement of blood parameters (Oxy, De-oxy and Total Hemoglobin), high temporal resolution and ease of use. To integrate the best aspects of two imaging modalities, it becomes important to study the close relationship between the two imaging modalities. A finger …
Surgical Fluorescence Imager For Visualizing Anteriorly Placed Biliary Structures, In-Vivo During Human Cholecystectomy, Santosh Hariharan
Surgical Fluorescence Imager For Visualizing Anteriorly Placed Biliary Structures, In-Vivo During Human Cholecystectomy, Santosh Hariharan
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cholecystectomy is one of the most common procedures occurring in United States to cure gall bladder diseases. There are two means of performing this procedure, Open Cholecystectomy and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, the later one being more frequent. The critical issue while performing Cholecystectomy is injury to Common Bile Duct (CBD) which could cause post procedural complications. Since the CBD is under fat layer it is important to image and locate the CBD during the procedure. The novel fluorescence imager developed in this project would help visualize the CBD by using the fluorescence properties of Indocyanine Green, to be injected into the …
Study Of Nirs Based Motor Cortex Activation Patterns In Cerebral Palsy Affected Kids Using Image Based Metrics, Nayan Jaikrishna Asanani
Study Of Nirs Based Motor Cortex Activation Patterns In Cerebral Palsy Affected Kids Using Image Based Metrics, Nayan Jaikrishna Asanani
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
In recent years the National Institutes of Health has placed great emphasis on addressing the emergent need to accelerate translation of laboratory discoveries into clinical practice. The proposed study is very much aligned with this NIH emphasis, targeting on the translation of near infrared (NIR) brain imaging to clinical assessment for children with cerebral palsy. Over ten million Americans are affected by central nervous system disorders that result in motor deficits. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disorder of central origin in childhood and affects at least 2 children per 1000 live births every year . One of …
Influence Of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia And Inspiratory Efforts On Sympathoexcitation During Apnea, Vikram Rao
Influence Of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia And Inspiratory Efforts On Sympathoexcitation During Apnea, Vikram Rao
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by frequent periods of apnea resulting in hypoxia, hypercapnia and fluctuations of intrathoracic pressure (inspiratory efforts). Hypoxia, hypercapnia and inspiratory efforts lead to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors, central chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, respectively, which in turn influence Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity (MSNA). We hypothesized that hypoxia and hypercapnia result in an elevated MSNA response, while inspiratory efforts result in a reduced MSNA response during apnea. To test the hypothesis, we determined the contributions of hypoxia (at 12% O2), hypercapnia (at 3% CO2) and inspiratory efforts (mueller maneuvers at 20 mmHg) to MSNA (using microneurographic techniques) …
A Novel Approach For Mri Image Classification And Image Retrieval, Ankit Vinod Master
A Novel Approach For Mri Image Classification And Image Retrieval, Ankit Vinod Master
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
OBJECTIVE: Classification of MRI image data based on its attribute characteristics is very important for storing the image data and its efficient retrieval. This project aims to find a solution to the problem of classification of the images that are stored on a hard drive and image retrieval from the image database with optimum automation in a user friendly way. METHOD: Matlab was used to create a software tool for image classification and, Java and SQL were used to create a software tool for image retrieval. RESULTS: Image classification tool could read multiple files, extract attribute values from the files …
Biodegradable Fluorescent Polymers, Santosh Gautam
Biodegradable Fluorescent Polymers, Santosh Gautam
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Most of the works done on fluorescent polymers are focused on their potential applications in lighting industries. Much less interest has been paid for their potential application in the field of biology and biomedical engineering. Although multiple biological uses of green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) have been addressed by different groups, their potential for biomedical applications is hampered by their tendency to photobleach rapidly and their short fluorescence lifetime. Quantum dots have emerged as a potential substitute for those applications, but their cytotoxicity and lack of biodegradability restrict their use in a biological system. An ideal fluorescent material that could be …
Visible Versus Near-Infrared Light Penetration Depth Analysis In An Intralipid Suspension As It Relates To Clinical Hyperspectral Images, Tinsy John Perumanoor
Visible Versus Near-Infrared Light Penetration Depth Analysis In An Intralipid Suspension As It Relates To Clinical Hyperspectral Images, Tinsy John Perumanoor
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
We determine the penetration depth of near-infrared and visible light in a tissue phantom model using various image processing techniques and chemometrics and use these results to demonstrate the application of a multimodal hyperspectral imaging system for monitoring blood perfusion in amputation wounds. It is capable of performing a noninvasive, in vivo, quantitative analysis of human tissue in a clinical environment, in terms of the percent saturation of oxyhemoglobin. The instrument majorly consists of near-infrared and visible charge coupled devices (CCDs), lenses, liquid crystal tunable filters (LCTFs) for both the CCDs attached to their respective lenses, and a broad band …
Regenerative Peripheral Neurointerfacing Of Upper Extremity Prostheses, Kshitija Garde
Regenerative Peripheral Neurointerfacing Of Upper Extremity Prostheses, Kshitija Garde
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Current robotic prosthetic devices provide limited functionality to the user as they rely on gross myogenic control and lack critical sensory feedback needed for fine movement control. Interfacing the nervous system with the robotic prosthesis would facilitate amputees to control them naturally, in resemblance to the human hand. Functional neuro-electrode connections have been demonstrated in the brain and peripheral nervous system; however, gliosis, micro hemorrhages, axonopathy and excessive inflammation limit their long-term use. We evaluated the possibility of enticing peripheral nerve regeneration through a multi-electrode array with an open architecture as an alternative to enhance longevity of nerve-electrode interface. Regenerative …
Biaxial Mechanical Characterization Of Porcine Periosteum, Phillip Daniel Warren
Biaxial Mechanical Characterization Of Porcine Periosteum, Phillip Daniel Warren
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Periosteum is multipotent tissue responsible for cortical bone deposition and is important in fracture repair. Research indicates the periosteum is mediated by similar mechanical signals to those that mediate bone growth and remodeling. Therefore, biaxial mechanical characterization of periosteum can be very informative, indeed. This paper presents the results of the first such examination. The porcine periosteum herein has at least three distinct layers - a cellular layer, an elastin-rich layer, and a collagen-rich layer - the latter two providing structural integrity. Not surprisingly then, the general biaxial mechanical characteristics of periosteum resemble those of other collagen and/or elastin-rich membranes. …
Determining The Flow Characteristics Of A Perfusion Device For Donor Heart Transport, Michael Louis Cobert
Determining The Flow Characteristics Of A Perfusion Device For Donor Heart Transport, Michael Louis Cobert
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Current technology has limits organ transport for transplantation to static storage, thereby reducing the reasonable distance of travel. Continuous machine perfusion has been proposed as a viable alternative to improving function and outcome. A series of studies with such a device have been developed to elucidate the method by which optimal results can be achieved. Adult mongrel dog hearts were established in a device that provided continuous perfusion of oxygenated fluid and enabled precise control of flow rate, oxygenation, and fluid temperature. The first series of experiments sought to determine an optimal flow rate for tissue perfusion at one of …
Optimization Of Reconstruction Parameters In Brain Activation Studies, Aswini Kanneganti
Optimization Of Reconstruction Parameters In Brain Activation Studies, Aswini Kanneganti
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI) is being extensively used in brain activation studies for the quantification of hemodynamic changes in the cerebral cortex. Many investigators have utilized the commercially available CW5 DOI device to attain cortical activation maps. However, the localization and spatial resolution in the resulting activation images remains poor. These limitations arise due to the large source detector separations required for light to reach the brain's surface and the limited number of detector channels in the CW5 system, which result in sparse spatial sampling of the cortical activation regions. In this thesis we assess the feasibility of using denser …
Feasibility Study Of An Ultra Fast Gated Camera To Image Biliary Tree Embedded In Adipose Tissue Using Laboratory Phantoms And Monte Carlo Simulations, Nimit Lalitkumar Patel
Feasibility Study Of An Ultra Fast Gated Camera To Image Biliary Tree Embedded In Adipose Tissue Using Laboratory Phantoms And Monte Carlo Simulations, Nimit Lalitkumar Patel
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Every year, approximately 500,000 cholecystectomies are performed in US. As biliary tree structures are embedded in adipose tissue, they cannot be visualized directly by the surgeon, which causes inadvertent injuries to the common bile duct, vein and artery during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thus there is an urge for an imaging modality which could see biliary tree structure through fatty tissue. Successful clinical implementation of an imaging system which could attain this goal would reduce surgical time, improve patient safety and minimize the risk of complications and expenses attributable to the current standard practice of intraoperative cholecystectomy. It is hoped that …
Automated Quantification Of White Matter Hyperintensity Burden Using Mprage And Flair Images From A Large Population, Keith Mcleod Hulsey
Automated Quantification Of White Matter Hyperintensity Burden Using Mprage And Flair Images From A Large Population, Keith Mcleod Hulsey
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
White Matter Hyperintensity(WMH) burden, as observed in T2 and proton weighted MR images, is associated with several health factors such as decreased cognitive ability, hypertension, diabetes and cerebrovascular disease. An algorithm was developed to automatically estimate WMH burden from pairs of MPRAGE and FLAIR images which is robust and requires essentially no operator involvement. The WMH burden estimation generated by this fully automated algorithm has been shown to correlate well with known risk factors for WMH burden.
Synthesis And Characterisation Of Raman Nanotags For Molecular Detection, James Otieno Nyagilo
Synthesis And Characterisation Of Raman Nanotags For Molecular Detection, James Otieno Nyagilo
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The realization that most diseases are preceded or accompanied by changes in the genetic and cellular level of an organism has increased with the need for imaging modalities, with the sensitivity and specificity, to quantitatively detect biomolecules at those levels. Specifically there has been a need for the development of a modality that has the ability to detect multiple biomolecules from a single sample in order to increase accuracy of molecular diagnosis and allow for early detection of terminal diseases. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy provides potential for such a modality. The distinct spectrum of each Raman active molecule serves as …
Visible To Near Infra Red Hyperspectral Imaging: Visualizing The Neurological And Biological Nature Of Ischemic Tissue, Swetha Suresh
Visible To Near Infra Red Hyperspectral Imaging: Visualizing The Neurological And Biological Nature Of Ischemic Tissue, Swetha Suresh
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Diabetic Neuropathy is a neuropathic disorder which is associated with Diabetes Mellitus. It is known to result in lower limb ulcers which can lead to amputation. Nerve damage, microvascular dysfunctions and use of ill fitting shoes are significant causes for it. These abnormal dysfunctions can lead to Ischemia. We have used the Multimodal Hyperspectral Imaging System image areas of high pressure on the skin that correspond to pain and also to visualize vascular changes that are associated with this pain. The instrument majorly consists of near-infrared and visible charge coupled devices (CCDs), lenses, liquid crystal tunable filters (LCTFs) for both …
Mechanism Of Nanoparticle And Nanotube-Induced Cell Death, Syed Khaja Sohaebuddin
Mechanism Of Nanoparticle And Nanotube-Induced Cell Death, Syed Khaja Sohaebuddin
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Recent advances in nanotechnology have lead to synthesis of high-quality nanoparticles which exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. The novel properties of these nanoparticles are widely being applied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and enable new means of biosensing and targeted drug delivery. However, increasing evidence has suggested that some nanoparticles may cause detrimental effects on cells and tissues. Using titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (5-10 nm diameter), silicon oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (30 nm diameter), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of different diameters (<8 nm, 20-30 nm, >50 nm), 0.5-2 µm in length as test subjects, we evaluated the in vitro interaction of these …
Integration Of Hyperspectral Imaging System For Optimized Data Acquisition And Control To Revolutionized Pathology Applications, Dipen Rana
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Detecting and measuring the interactions and expression levels of tumor markers in a cancerous cell are quintessential in prognosis and management of cancer. These have propagated the need to develop better microscopic imaging techniques to understand the cellular structure and its functional behavior. Pathologist use techniques such immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to measure and detect these tumor marker expression levels. Fluorophores are used in these techniques as fluorescent tags to identify the tumor markers. These fluorophores have unique absorption and emission spectrum, making them useful to not only identify but also quantify the concentration levels of these markers. This …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Crosslinked Urethane Doped Polyesters For Vascular Tissue Engineering, Jagannath Dey
Synthesis And Characterization Of Crosslinked Urethane Doped Polyesters For Vascular Tissue Engineering, Jagannath Dey
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Traditional crosslinked polyester elastomers are inherently weak, and the strategy of increasing crosslink density to improve their mechanical properties makes them brittle materials. Biodegradable polyurethanes, although strong and elastic, do not fare well in dynamic environments due to the onset of permanent deformation. The design and development of a soft, strong and completely elastic (100% recovery from deformation) material for tissue engineering still remains a challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a new class of biodegradable elastomers, crosslinked polyurethane-doped polyesters (CUPEs), which is able to satisfy the need for soft, strong, and elastic biomaterials. Tensile strength of …
Development Of Novel Multilayered Particles For Drug Delivery And Cell Isolation Applications, Bhanuprasanth Koppolu
Development Of Novel Multilayered Particles For Drug Delivery And Cell Isolation Applications, Bhanuprasanth Koppolu
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The objective of this work is to develop multilayered nanoparticles for drug delivery and cell isolation applications. These particles principally consist of three layers; biodegradable polymer, thermo sensitive polymer and magnetic materials. For drug delivery, multilayered nanoparticles (MLNP) consisting of a magnetic core and two encompassing shells made up of temperature sensitive polymer, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), and biodegradable polymer, poly(D, L lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), were developed for targeted and controlled drug delivery. The PNIPAAm layer was immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via a silane coupling agent, Vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), and free radical polymerization. These particles were then encapsulated with PLGA using a …
Localization Of Biliary Tree Structures By Use Of Photon Diffusion Models, Dharmendra Nadkar
Localization Of Biliary Tree Structures By Use Of Photon Diffusion Models, Dharmendra Nadkar
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
A novel computational methodology is proposed for the intraoperative localization of biliary tree structures by means of spectrally resolved near-infrared reflectance measurements. As these structures are embedded in fatty tissue, they cannot be visualized directly, which results in inadvertent injuries during a cholecystectomy operation. Localizing the biliary tree intraoperatively is therefore an important clinical problem. Successful clinical implementation of an imaging system which could attain this goal would reduce surgical time, improve patient safety, and minimize the risk of complications and expenses attributable to the current standard practice of intraoperative cholangiography. It is hoped that the work presented here will …