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Articles 271 - 300 of 366
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Advances In Helical Stent Design And Fabrication: Studies Of Stent Thermal Treatment, Stent Mechanical Properties, And Stent Interactions With A Simulated Plaque-Laden Artery, Tre Raymond Welch
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Advancements in processing biomaterials have lead to the development of bioresorbable PLLA drug-loaded stents with different geometric configurations. To further advance the technology, systematic studies have been carried out. This dissertation consists of six specific aims: 1) To characterize the effects of thermal annealing on the mechanical characteristics of PLLA helical stent, 2) To characterize the mechanical characteristics of a PLLA double helix stent, 3) To characterize the physical and chemical properties of PLLA films impregnated with niacin and curcumin, 4) To characterize the mechanical interaction of expanded stent and vascular wall with both model simulation and experimental studies using …
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy For The Assessment Of Motor Cortex Plasticity In Pediatric Subjects Affected By Cerebral Palsy, Bilal Khan
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is widely used to monitor hemodynamic changes occurring in the cerebral cortex as a result of neuronal activation. One of the current challenges in this field is that activation-related hemodynamic signals are often eclipsed by global hemodynamic fluctuations due to cardiac pulsation, respiration and Mayer waves. In this study, we demonstrate by using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and adaptive filtering that the global hemodynamic modulation signals can be effectively removed from the fNIRS measuring cortical hemodynamic response. While pediatric subjects were performing a finger tapping task, we concurrently recorded cardiac pulsation and …
Spatiotemporal Measurement Of Freezing-Induced Deformation Of Engineered Tissues, Ka Yaw Teo
Spatiotemporal Measurement Of Freezing-Induced Deformation Of Engineered Tissues, Ka Yaw Teo
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
In order to cryopreserve functional engineered tissues (ETs), the microstructure of extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as the cellular viability should be maintained given that the functionality of ETs is closely related to the ECM microstructure. Since the post-thaw ECM microstructure is determined by the deformation of ETs during cryopreservation, the freezing-induced deformation of ETs was measured in the present study with a newly developed quantum dot (QD)-mediated cell image deformetry technique using dermal equivalents as a model system. The dermal equivalents were constructed by seeding QD-labeled fibroblasts in type I collagen matrices. After 24 hour incubation, the ETs were …
Development Of Microscope Stage Incubator For Long-Term Monitoring Of Neuronal Cell Culture During Axotomy, Kailash Karthikeyan
Development Of Microscope Stage Incubator For Long-Term Monitoring Of Neuronal Cell Culture During Axotomy, Kailash Karthikeyan
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
It is imperative to understand the patterns in regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system after injury. This understanding would provide a fundamental cue towards molecules and other factors involved in regeneration, and how they affect the regeneration pattern after injury. In most culturing techniques currently used for neuronal culturing and observing the neuronal regeneration, it is difficult to determine the regeneration pattern (individual axonal level) though the overall regeneration is observed due to the complexity of neuronal network. Thus a model that provides isolation of individual axons and allowing us to monitor continuously upon injury has been developed. …
Controlled Vascular Cellular Growth By Microstructured Patterned Surfaces On Implantable Biodegradable Polymer Scaffold., Nitin Garg
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The technological advances in the field of MEMS and biodegradable polymers with elastomeric properties have opened new areas of application for engineering of soft tissues such as blood vessel, heart valves, cartilage, tendon, and bladder, which exhibit elastic properties. In this thesis work, Microfabrication technology has successfully been applied to biodegradable polymer films to encourage cell growth in designated area. This work is presented with the final goal of fabricating implantable polymer scaffolds to produce small diameter blood vessels in a controlled manner spatially by using the concept of wettability and contact guidance.There are several methods to control cell growth …
Molecular Modelling Of Dna Translocation In Bio-Functionalized Nanopores With Applications In Gene Sequencing, Abhijit Ramachandran
Molecular Modelling Of Dna Translocation In Bio-Functionalized Nanopores With Applications In Gene Sequencing, Abhijit Ramachandran
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The human genome project which was completed in 2003 took more than 12 years to complete at a cost of $2.7 billion. The advancement in technologies in the next five years led to the same feat being achieved in 5 months with a total cost of $1.5 million. Micro-fabrication technology has now made it possible miniaturize to micro- and nanofluidic devices for biochemical analysis. Solid-state nanopore based molecular analysis provides the potential to characterize and sequence DNA, based on the signature of the ionic current measured. A major challenge in using solid-state nanopores for DNA detection and sequencing is the …
Effects Of Cyclic Strain And Growth Factors On Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Responses, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Hao Xu
Effects Of Cyclic Strain And Growth Factors On Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Responses, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Hao Xu
Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive
Under physiological and pathological conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are exposed to different biochemical factors and biomechanical forces. Previous studies pertaining to SMC responses have not investigated the effects of both factors on SMCs. Thus, in our research we investigated the combined effects of growth factors like bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), TGF-�� (transforming growth factor ��) and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) along with physiological cyclic strain on SMC responses. Physiological cyclic strain (10% strain) significantly reduced SMC proliferation compared to static controls while addition of growth factors bFGF, TGF-�� or PDGF-AB had a positive influence on SMC growth …
Dlp Hyperspectral Imaging For Surgical And Clinical Utility, Robert Paul Francis
Dlp Hyperspectral Imaging For Surgical And Clinical Utility, Robert Paul Francis
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Surgeons want technology to help them see differences in tissue chemistry. If they know how oxygenated tissues and organs are during medical procedures, they are more able to eliminate dangerous tissues and maintain viable organs. Hyperspectral imaging non-invasively measures the optical absorbance spectrum of each pixel in a spatial field of view and, with chemometric image processing, can visualize the spatial distribution of tissue oxygenation. Current hyperspectral imaging systems are too slow to monitor real-time physiological changes in live tissue. Therefore, a novel DLP Hyperspectral Imaging (DLP HSI) system is developed for real-time, non-invasive, in-vivo imaging of tissue chemistry in …
A Novel Device For The Establishment Of An Animal Model Mimicking Spinal Deformity Surgery For Neurological Deficit Risk Mitigation, Bradley Elmer
A Novel Device For The Establishment Of An Animal Model Mimicking Spinal Deformity Surgery For Neurological Deficit Risk Mitigation, Bradley Elmer
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Correction forces during spine deformity surgery impart significant multidirectional stress forces to the spinal cord, which in some cases result in severe damage to the spinal cord and permanent paralysis, the most feared complication. Animal models are critical for the development of neuroprotective strategies. However, those currently available are limited to contusion, transection, or unidirectional distraction injuries, which fail to replicate the multidirectional forces that occur during spine corrective surgery. In order to develop an improved model of distraction spinal cord injury we designed a device based on intervertebral grip fixation and linear actuators, capable of inducing controllable bidirectional distraction …
In Situ Crosslinkable Polyesters For Tissue Engineering And Drug Delivery, Dipendra Raj Gyawali
In Situ Crosslinkable Polyesters For Tissue Engineering And Drug Delivery, Dipendra Raj Gyawali
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
In situ crosslinkable elastic materials are increasingly being explored for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their site specific nature. The creation of an in situ crosslinkable elastomer rich in pendant chemistry has been a challenge in the field of biomaterials. Herein, we have developed two new in situ biodegradable materials: poly(octamethylene maleate citrates) (POMC) and poly(poly(ethylene glycol) maleate citrate) (PPEGMC). These materials are all low molecular weight in their pre-polymeric form, which shows their potential to be used as an injectable biomaterial. The preservation of pendant carboxylic and hydroxyl groups in these polymeric …
Development Of An Optical Spectroscopic Method To Detect Neurohemodynamic Changes Induced By Pain In Rats, Sweta Narvenkar
Development Of An Optical Spectroscopic Method To Detect Neurohemodynamic Changes Induced By Pain In Rats, Sweta Narvenkar
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
In my optical spectroscopy study, multi-channel, thin optical probes with short source-detector separation have been implemented, calibrated, and used along with a multi-channel spectrometer as a quantitative technique to observe changes in vascular hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation as well as light scattering of tissues. Each of the four needle probes used in my study consists of two bifurcated fibers; one fiber is connected to a halogen light source and the other fiber to a CCD-array spectrometer having a spectral window from 450 nm to 900 nm. Each fiber is 100 micron in diameter. As we utilized the four …
Nanoscale Approaches For Biomolecule Separation And Detection, Swati Goyal
Nanoscale Approaches For Biomolecule Separation And Detection, Swati Goyal
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Nanotechnology has the potential to contact and impact the biological interactions at the most basic chemical and physical levels. New approaches to nanodevices allow high sensitivity and specificity with low sample requirement. Such devices are potential candidates for early disease detection at molecular levels and have important implications in associated therapeutics.This research work focuses on two different areas: developing devices for DNA detection, protein enrichment and exploring material properties to fabricate microscale/nanoscale structures. In one approach, hairpin probe DNA was used to detect fmol of ss-DNA from k-ras oncogene. In another approach, nanochannel based device was developed to selectively increase …
A Study On The Effect Of Mechanical Stretch And Aligned Scaffold Architecture On Morphology Of Rat Ventricular Cells, Shruti Kanakia
A Study On The Effect Of Mechanical Stretch And Aligned Scaffold Architecture On Morphology Of Rat Ventricular Cells, Shruti Kanakia
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Heart disease is one of the major causes of death in developing and industrialized countries. Myocardial infarction leads to remodeling of the left ventricle, which severely affects the pumping efficiency of the heart. In order to provide mechanical support to left ventricle the scaffold material should be elastic and mechanically strong. For the success of cardiac graft in vivo one of the important factor is ability of cardiac myocyte morphology to resemble that in vivo. The goal of this study is to build thick, prevascularized cardiac graft for myocardial infarction repair. Mechanical stress has been recognized as one of the …
An Evaluation Of The Biomechanical Properties Of The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, Matthew David Ruff
An Evaluation Of The Biomechanical Properties Of The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, Matthew David Ruff
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) is a well defined tissue layer of the face commonly utilized in facial surgery, including facelifts. There are several reasons for the utilization of this tissue, including aesthetic results and reliability. Basic to the outcomes for these procedures are the inherent biomechanical properties of the SMAS. Most important for the surgeon in this regard are tissue burst pressure, elasticity, stress-relaxation under load, and creep. This study experimentally determines the biomechanical properties for human cadaveric tissue specimens. As well as defining the cited biomechanical properties, the study examines how they change, as sampled from different regions …
Signal Processing Techniques For Artifact Removal In Electroencephalogram (Eeg), Jyoti Bhat
Signal Processing Techniques For Artifact Removal In Electroencephalogram (Eeg), Jyoti Bhat
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The electroencephalographic recordings measure the electric impulses generated in the brain, in response to a given stimulus. The spontaneous EEG data is used for diagnosis and treatment of some brain diseases. For the data to be used for clinical applications, it needs to be free of the various artifacts like the eye blinks, movement, head movements and muscle activity. These artifacts need to be corrected or the affected parts need to be removed in the preprocessing of the EEG dataset. This pre-processing is normally done manually, which tends to be not only time-consuming but also subjective. With large number of …
Diffuse Optical Imaging Of Brain Function Under Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Sameer C. Dhamne
Diffuse Optical Imaging Of Brain Function Under Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Sameer C. Dhamne
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which measures the changes in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations at a high temporal resolution based on the principle of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.DOI was combined with repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to assess the neuronal changes induced in the cortical regions, which are directly under rTMS and the connected areas, by applying 1Hz rTMS to the left hemisphere of the motor cortex followed by the stimulation to the prefrontal cortex for two visits. The DOI signals were simultaneously acquired from both ipsilateral and contralateral brain regions before, during, and after rTMS. We observed …
Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran
Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cancer is a disease that is the central focus of many a researcher's attention. As it is a disease that can spread very rapidly and can be fatal in many cases, its early detection and early treatment can dramatically change mortality. Towards the early detection of the disease, antibodies are most commonly used for the detection of cancer biomarkers. The use of antibodies in diagnostics has proven fruitful in the past. But advancements in molecular biology have introduced aptamers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Aptamers are oligonucleotides or peptides that are usually synthesized by a selective process called SELEX. Aptamers …
Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye
Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Limb lengthening procedures are used commonly to correct limb length discrepancies. Current methods in limb lengthening require a distraction of 1 mm per day using an external fixation device. Although the underlying mechanisms of new bone growth have been studied and discussed extensively, they remain not fully understood. It is thought, however, that mechanoreceptor cells of the periosteum play an important role. In an attempt to understand the contribution of periosteum, the biaxial mechanical properties of the periosteum are studied. Freshly excised porcine periosteum was used to investigate the effects of preload on the material symmetry, and the effects of …
Analysis Of Oxygen Uptake During Blood Flow Through A Rectangular Microchannel: A Two Phase Eulerian Model With Oxygen-Hemoglobin Reaction, Jamie Wright
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The evolution of oxygenator design has culminated in the current strategy of utilizing micro-porous membranes to separate blood and oxygen phases while utilizing extra-luminal blood flow orientations to promote passive and active secondary mixing of the blood to inhibit the build up of concentration boundary layers near oxygen transfer surfaces that impede efficiency. Advances in fabrication techniques could allow for the manufacturing of oxygenators employing microchannels to decrease the diffusion path between oxygen and the red blood cells, more closely mimicking the strategy employed by the body. Because blood is actually a complex suspension, it is difficult to model. Furthermore, …
Targeted Drug Delivery To Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Using Biodegradable Nanoparticles, Danyel Specht
Targeted Drug Delivery To Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Using Biodegradable Nanoparticles, Danyel Specht
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Restenosis is a common problem that can occur in angioplasty patients. In order to reduce the restentosis rate, various treatments such as glucocorticoids and drug eluting stents have been used for angioplasty patients. However, their limitations include the inefficient delivery of drugs to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation, a major cause of restenosis. Therefore, we propose the use of biodegradable nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for transporting a therapeutic agent to human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) to prevent their proliferation. In this study the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) was chosen as the therapeutic agent. A biodegradable polymer, poly (D,Llactide-co-glycolide) …
Subcellular Light Activation, Control And Manipulation Using A Dynamically Reconfigurable Nanopatterning System, Amruta Rajiv Joshi
Subcellular Light Activation, Control And Manipulation Using A Dynamically Reconfigurable Nanopatterning System, Amruta Rajiv Joshi
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cellular communication is the basis of all cellular activities and functions. Cell signaling is crucial in the processes of tissue maintenance, tissue development and homeostasis. Errors in transmission or interpretation of these signals can result in the onset of diseases like cancer. Efforts have been made to probe into the communication between cells, and the extracellular signals that cells transmit to each other. There is however, a necessity to understand cell communication within the cellular components themselves and to be able to perform a nanoscale analysis of the cell organelle behavior. Many cellular mechanisms involve processes at the subcellular level, …
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer For High Throughput Label Free Cell Analysis, Sajal Chirvi
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer For High Throughput Label Free Cell Analysis, Sajal Chirvi
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Microfluidic flow cytometer for high throughput label free cell analysis is proposed. Detection of cell morphology plays an important role in determination of state of health and diagnosis of many diseases such as sickle cell anemia, cancer, urine analysis, blood analysis etc. The platform proposed integrates label free cell analysis, microfluidic platform and high throughput imaging. Label free analysis helps in analyzing cells without altering cell/protein of interest and also allows biophysical characterization of living cells. Microfluidic platform used is fabricated from soft lithography. It mimics biological environment due to its channel confinement and is biocompatible. Being optically clear (PDMS), …
Cytotoxicity Evaluation Of Temperature Sensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery, Aniket Sharadrao Wadajkar
Cytotoxicity Evaluation Of Temperature Sensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery, Aniket Sharadrao Wadajkar
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
The objective of this research project was to develop temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. These nanoparticles were formulated by a radical polymerization method, and their toxicity was studied in vitro using MTS assays and various cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Cytotoxicity results did not show a significant difference in cell survival when cells were exposed to different particle sizes (100, 300, and 500 nm). In addition, dose studies of 100 nm nanoparticles showed that the cells exposed to PNIPA nanoparticles at concentrations less than or equal to 5 mg/ml were …
Exploratory Study Of Gold Nanoshell As A Therapeutic Thermal Ablation Agent For Cancer Treatment Using Laboratory And Animal Tissue Phantoms, Yajuvendra Rathore
Exploratory Study Of Gold Nanoshell As A Therapeutic Thermal Ablation Agent For Cancer Treatment Using Laboratory And Animal Tissue Phantoms, Yajuvendra Rathore
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in the United States and the second leading cause of male death from cancer. Surgical removal of the prostate is associated with high risks of surgical complications and consequences such as incontinence and sexual dysfunction. In my study, I have investigated a nanoparticle-assisted photothermal therapeutic method that may be used for treatment of prostate cancer in the future. This method is minimally-invasive and uses gold nano-shells as hyperthermia agents to treat localized necrosis of cancer cells. I have conducted a feasibility study for a new class of NIR absorbing nanoparticles called Gold …
Study Of Normobaric Hyperoxia Effects During Focal Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury In Mice Using Optical Spectroscopy Measurements, Shereen Mohideen
Study Of Normobaric Hyperoxia Effects During Focal Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury In Mice Using Optical Spectroscopy Measurements, Shereen Mohideen
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Optical spectroscopy has seen tremendous growth and development in recent years and has been extensively used to characterize the optical properties of biological tissues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the values of oxygen saturation and concentration of hemoglobin in mice with focal hypoxic ischemia after being recovered in normobaric hyperoxia. Mice at five different age levels were used for this purpose, in order to see the effects of hyperoxia at different developmental stages of the brain; ischemia was induced in them by ligating their right carotid artery and subjecting them to hypoxic (8% oxygen) environment for half …
Model Driven Analysis Of Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy For Detection Of Human Prostate And Kidney Cancers, Aditya Vivek Mathker
Model Driven Analysis Of Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy For Detection Of Human Prostate And Kidney Cancers, Aditya Vivek Mathker
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most common forms of kidney cancer originating from the renal tubule. During surgery, it is difficult for the surgeons to identify the cancer tissue from the normal tissue and also the benign tumor from malignant tumor. Moreover, prostate cancer is the leading cause of death amongst men in the United States. In this study, optical reflectance spectroscopy with short source-detector separation is used as a minimally invasive technique to differentiate normal tissues from tumor lesions and also to differentiate benign from malignant tissues in renal cell carcinoma. Clinical post-operative readings were obtained using …
Comparison Of Hemodynamic Response Non-Linearity Using Simultaneous Functional Near Infrared Spectrsoscopy And Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities, Renuka Parlapalli
Comparison Of Hemodynamic Response Non-Linearity Using Simultaneous Functional Near Infrared Spectrsoscopy And Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities, Renuka Parlapalli
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response, which is measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is known to be a combination of various vascular parameters, among which deoxy-hemoglobin is argued to be a major contributor. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) though limited in its spatial resolution provides a promising tool to study cortical activations, due to its specificity of independent measurement of blood parameters (Oxy, De-oxy and Total Hemoglobin), high temporal resolution and ease of use. To integrate the best aspects of two imaging modalities, it becomes important to study the close relationship between the two imaging modalities. A finger …
Surgical Fluorescence Imager For Visualizing Anteriorly Placed Biliary Structures, In-Vivo During Human Cholecystectomy, Santosh Hariharan
Surgical Fluorescence Imager For Visualizing Anteriorly Placed Biliary Structures, In-Vivo During Human Cholecystectomy, Santosh Hariharan
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Cholecystectomy is one of the most common procedures occurring in United States to cure gall bladder diseases. There are two means of performing this procedure, Open Cholecystectomy and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, the later one being more frequent. The critical issue while performing Cholecystectomy is injury to Common Bile Duct (CBD) which could cause post procedural complications. Since the CBD is under fat layer it is important to image and locate the CBD during the procedure. The novel fluorescence imager developed in this project would help visualize the CBD by using the fluorescence properties of Indocyanine Green, to be injected into the …
Study Of Nirs Based Motor Cortex Activation Patterns In Cerebral Palsy Affected Kids Using Image Based Metrics, Nayan Jaikrishna Asanani
Study Of Nirs Based Motor Cortex Activation Patterns In Cerebral Palsy Affected Kids Using Image Based Metrics, Nayan Jaikrishna Asanani
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
In recent years the National Institutes of Health has placed great emphasis on addressing the emergent need to accelerate translation of laboratory discoveries into clinical practice. The proposed study is very much aligned with this NIH emphasis, targeting on the translation of near infrared (NIR) brain imaging to clinical assessment for children with cerebral palsy. Over ten million Americans are affected by central nervous system disorders that result in motor deficits. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disorder of central origin in childhood and affects at least 2 children per 1000 live births every year . One of …
Influence Of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia And Inspiratory Efforts On Sympathoexcitation During Apnea, Vikram Rao
Influence Of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia And Inspiratory Efforts On Sympathoexcitation During Apnea, Vikram Rao
Bioengineering Theses - Archive
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by frequent periods of apnea resulting in hypoxia, hypercapnia and fluctuations of intrathoracic pressure (inspiratory efforts). Hypoxia, hypercapnia and inspiratory efforts lead to stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors, central chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, respectively, which in turn influence Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity (MSNA). We hypothesized that hypoxia and hypercapnia result in an elevated MSNA response, while inspiratory efforts result in a reduced MSNA response during apnea. To test the hypothesis, we determined the contributions of hypoxia (at 12% O2), hypercapnia (at 3% CO2) and inspiratory efforts (mueller maneuvers at 20 mmHg) to MSNA (using microneurographic techniques) …